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List of people who did not pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr

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This is a list of people who did not pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr.

Ali had been widely expected to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad upon his death, due to their closeness and Muhammad's reported preference. As he performed Muhammad's funeral rites, a group of companions of Muhammad left and proclaimed Abu Bakr as the caliph, while the rest remained loyal either to Ali or Sa'd ibn Ubadah.

Background

In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11 AH (632 CE), several of the Ansar (natives of Medina) gathered in the Saqifah (courtyard) of the Saida clan. According to Madelung, the Ansar likely believed that their allegiance to Muhammad had elapsed with his death and expected that Muhammad's community would disintegrate. For this reason, the purpose of their meeting might had simply been to re-establish control over their city, Medina, under the belief that the majority of the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca) would return to Mecca anyway.

Upon learning about the meeting, Muhammad's companions Abu Bakr and Umar quickly forced their way into Saqifah. After a heated meeting, in which a chief of the Ansar was beaten into submission by Umar, the small group of Muslims gathered at Saqifah agreed on Abu Bakr as the new head of the Muslim community. The Saqifah event did not include Muhammad's family, who were preparing to bury him, and many of the Muhajirun. Many members of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, as well as a number of Muhammad's companions opposed the nomination of Abu Bakr; they held that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad, appointed by him at the Event of Ghadir Khumm. The issue over the succession to Muhammad would eventually lead to the formation of the two main sects of Islam, with Sunnis considering Abu Bakr to be Muhammad's successor and Shias believing that Ali was the rightful successor to Muhammad.

List

According to various sources, many people did not pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr immediately after the Saqifah. Some did later, for various reasons. They included:

NameHousePosition during Muhammad's lifetimeNotes
Abbas ibn Abd al-MuttalibBanu Hashim
Abbas2021p=96}}: "Many leading companions of the Prophet, meanwhile, had approached Abu Bakr to remind him about Ali's right to the office of the caliphate. These included Salman al-Farsi, Ammar ibn Yasir, Abu Dharr, Miqdad, Utbah ibn Abi-Lahab, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Al-Numan ibn Ajlan, Uthman ibn Hunayf, Abu Ayub Ansar and Khuzamah ibn Thabit, among others."Banu Najjar (father's side); Banu Khazraj (mother's side)
Abu Buraidah al-Aslami
Abu Dhar al-GhifariBanu Ghifar
Al-Bara' ibn AzibBanu Khazraj
Ali ibn Abi TalibBanu Hashim
Ammar ibn YasirBanu Makhzum (affiliation)
last1=Banerjeefirst1=Prathamatitle=Elementary Aspects of the Political: Histories from the Global Southdate=2021publisher=Duke University Pressisbn=9781478012443quote=Bilal, appointed by the Prophet Muhammad as the first muezzin, who refused allegiance to Abu Bakr after Muhammad's death}}Banu Jumah
title=The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ Al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3), An English Translationdate=2018page=744quote=al-Fadl b. al-Abbas, who was the spokesman of Quraysh, stood up to say, "People of Quraysh, it is not right that the succession (khilafa) should become yours through deceit; we are entitled to it before you, and our companion is more entitled to it than you are."}}Banu Hashim
Farwah ibn Amr ibn Wadqah al-Ansari
Ibn AbbasBanu Hashim
Madelung1997p=41}}: "The refusal of the Umayyad Khalid b. al-As, one of the earliest converts to Islam and a prominent Companion, to swear allegiance to Abu Bakr when he returned from the Yemen to Medina a month after the latter's succession and his insistence on the rights of the Banu 'Abd Manaf (including both Hashim and 'Abd Shams) are significant." (Disputed)Banu Umayya
Khuzaima ibn ThabitBanu Aws
Malik ibn NuwayrahBanu Yarbu'
Miqdad
Qays ibn Sa'dBanu Khazraj
last1=Razekfirst1=Ali Abdeltitle=Islam and the Foundations of Political Powerdate=2012publisher=Edinburgh University Pressisbn=9780748656318page=110chapter=Chapter 8: The Arab Statequote=It is also clear from the fact that Sa'd ibn 'Ubadah refused to give allegiance to Abu Bakr, saying..."I will not renounce by the truth of God. Even if the demons and all the men allied themselves to support you, I will not join them, and will wait until I know the judgement of the Almighty"...He stayed in this state of mind until Abu Bakr died.}}Banu Khazraj
Salman the Persian
Sahl ibn HunaifBanu Aws
Talha (Disputed)
Ubay ibn Ka'bBanu Khazraj
Utbah ibn Abi LahabBanu Hashim
Baladhuri]], each in his Ta'rikh, Muhammad Bin Khawind Shah in his Rauzatu's-Safa, Ibn Abdu'l-Birr in his Isti'ab
Abbas2021p=95}}: "Besides his family and members of Banu Hashim, a handful of Ali's friends had started to gather around him, including some of the Prophet's companions, such as Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Talha ibn Ubaydullah."Banu Asad

Notes

References

Sources

  • Ebook:

References

  1. (1985). "Women and the Family in the Middle East". University of Texas Press.
  2. {{Harvtxt. Abbas. 2021
  3. {{Harvtxt. Abbas. 2021
  4. {{Harvtxt. Fitzpatrick. Walker. 2014
  5. {{Harvtxt. Madelung. 1997. Abbas. 2021
  6. {{Harvtxt. Abbas. 2021. Hazleton. 2009
  7. {{Harvtxt. Hazleton. 2009. Madelung. 1997
  8. {{Harvtxt. Madelung. 1997. Fitzpatrick. Walker. 2014. Abbas. 2021. Hazleton. 2009. Momen. 1985
  9. {{Harvtxt. Khetia. 2013. Madelung. 1997
  10. {{Harvtxt. Fitzpatrick. Walker. 2014
  11. {{harvnb. Meri. 2005
  12. (2002). "The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam". Oxford University Press.
  13. [[A Shi'i-Sunni dialogue]] quoting from [[Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa]] page 16 [http://al-islam.org/murajaat/80.htm] {{Webarchive. link. (2011-06-10)
  14. {{Harvtxt. Abbas. 2021
  15. (2002). "The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam". Oxford University Press.
  16. (1982). "Seerat Al-Nabi". Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind.
  17. "Sahih al-Bukhari 4240, 4241 - Military Expeditions led by the Prophet (pbuh) (Al-Maghaazi) - كتاب المغازى - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".
  18. "Sahih Muslim 1759b - The Book of Jihad and Expeditions - كتاب الجهاد والسير - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".
  19. (2021). "Elementary Aspects of the Political: Histories from the Global South". Duke University Press.
  20. {{harvnb. Meri. 2005
  21. {{harvnb. Meri. 2005
  22. {{harvnb. Meri. 2005
  23. {{harvnb. Meri. 2005
  24. {{harvnb. Meri. 2005
  25. (2018). "The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ Al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3), An English Translation".
  26. {{harvnb. Madelung. 1997
  27. (2019). "Arabs: A 3,000-year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires". Yale University Press.
  28. (2011). "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia - Volume 1". ABC-CLIO.
  29. (2012). "Islam and the Foundations of Political Power". Edinburgh University Press.
  30. (2018). "THIS IS SHI'ISM (AN OBJECTIVE STUDY)".
  31. Muhammad [[Ibn Sa'd]]. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Medina'', pp. 298-299. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  32. A list composed of sources such as [[Ibn Hajar Asqalani]] and [[Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri. Baladhuri]], each in his Ta'rikh, [[Muhammad ibn Khwand. Muhammad Bin Khawind Shah]] in his [[Rawdatu 's-safa. Rauzatu's-Safa]], [[Yusuf ibn Abd-al-Barr. Ibn Abdu'l-Birr]] in his [[The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions. Isti'ab]]
  33. {{Harvtxt. Abbas. 2021
  34. "The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. 9: The Last Years of the Prophet: The Formation of the State A.D. 630-632/A.H. 8-11". The State University of New York Press.
  35. Shaikh, Asif. Sahaba: The Companion. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Pg. 42-45
  36. [[A Shi'i-Sunni dialogue]] on al-Islam.org [http://al-islam.org/murajaat/80.htm] {{Webarchive. link. (2011-06-10)
  37. {{Hadith-usc. Bukhari. 5. 59. 546
  38. {{hadith-usc. muslim. 19. 4352
  39. [[Ibn Qutaybah]], vol. 1, p.29; quoted in [[Ayoub]], 2003, 18 [http://islamichistory.wordpress.com/files/2006/12/the-succession-to-muhammad-web-edition.ppt]
  40. Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet by [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], quoting [[Ibn Qutaybah]] on [http://www.al-islam.org/ Al-islam.org] [http://www.al-islam.org/imamate/3.htm]
  41. [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]], vol. 3, p.208; Ayoub, 2003, 21 [http://islamichistory.wordpress.com/files/2006/12/the-succession-to-muhammad-web-edition.ppt]
  42. [[al-Islam.org. Shi'a encyclopedia]] [https://web.archive.org/web/19990224032315/http://www.al-islam.org/organizations/AalimNetwork/msg00166.html] quoting from [[Ibn Qutaybah]], [[Massudi]], [[Ibn Abu al-Hadid]]
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