List of monarchs by nickname

Cognomen

A swung dash, or tilde (), is used to indicate where the personal name occurs in the nickname; thus " the Accursed", followed by entries about Sviatopolk, Alexander and Tekle Haymanot, means "Sviatopolk the Accursed", "Alexander the Accursed" and "Tekle Haymanot the Accursed".

A

• "~ the Abandoned": John I of Aragon (; also known as John the Hunter or John the Lover of Elegance)
• "~ the Absolutist/the Absolute-King: Miguel I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Accursed":
  • Sviatopolk I of Kiev ()
  • Iskander the Accursed (Middle Persian: Gizistag Aleksandar; more commonly known as Alexander the Great)
  • Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia ( irgum tekle hāymānōt)
• "~ the Adopted": Childebert of Austrasia ()
• "~ (the) Ætheling": Edgar Ætheling of England ()
• "~ the Affable": Charles VIII of France ()
• "~ the African":
  • Scipio the African (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus).
  • Afonso V of Portugal (Afonso o Africano)
  • Alfonso XIII of Spain (Alfonso el Africano)
• "~ the Aggressor": Indulf of Alba ()
• "~ the Alchemist": John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach ()
• "~ Albanian-slayer": Thomas of Epirus (, el)
• "~ All-fair": Eadwig of England
• "~ the Apostate": Julian, Roman Emperor ()
• "~ the Arab": Philip I, Roman Emperor ()
• "~ the Artist-King": Ferdinand II of Portugal ()
• "~ the Asleep": Sebastian of Portugal ()
• "~ the Astrologer": Alfonso X of Castile (; more commonly known as Alfonso the Wise)
• "~ the Avenger": Alfonso XI of Castile (; also known as Alfonso the Just)

B

• "~ the Bad":
  • Alexander III of Wallachia (Romanian: ''Alexandru '''cel Rău''''')
  • Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria ()
  • Charles II of Navarre ()
  • Emund of Sweden (; more commonly known as Emund the Old)
  • Mihnea of Wallachia (Romanian: ''Mihnea '''cel Rău''''')
  • Ordoño IV of León ()
  • Sigurd Magnusson, pretender of Norway ( or Sigurd Slembedjakn)
  • William I of Sicily ()
• "~ the Bald":
  • Charles II of France ()
  • Baldwin II, Count of Flanders (; )
  • Idwal ab Anarawd of Gwynedd ()
  • Radu II of Wallachia (Church Slavonic: ''Radu '''Praznaglava''''')
  • Constantine III of Scotland (Middle Irish: ''Causantín '''in Maol''''')
• "~ Barbarossa": Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor ()
• "~ Barefoot" or "~ Bareleg": Magnus III of Norway ()
• "~ Barn-Lock": Magnus III of Sweden ()
• "~ the Bastard":
  • Ebalus, Duke of Aquitaine (, )
  • Henry II of Castile (; more commonly known as Henry of Trastámara)
  • John I of Portugal (; more commonly known John of Avis, John the Great, or John of Fond Memory)
  • William I of England (; or Willelm bastard; more commonly known as William the Conqueror)
• "~ the Battler": Alfonso I of Aragon (; also known as Alfonso the Warrior)
• "~ the Bavarian": Louis IV of Germany ()
• "~ the Bear": Albert the Bear ()
• "~ the Bearded":
  • Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders ()
  • Berthold II, Duke of Carinthia ()
  • Constans II, Byzantine Emperor ()
  • Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg ()
  • Egino IV, Count of Urach ()
  • Geoffrey III of Anjou ()
  • Henry I, Duke of Silesia ()
• "~ Beauclerk" or "~ Beauclerc" (French, "Good Clerk"): Henry I of England ()
• "~ the Beer Jug": John George I, Elector of Saxony ()
• "~ the Beloved": Louis XV of France ()****
• "~ the Bewitched": Charles II of Spain ()
• "~ the Bibliophile": Manuel II of Portugal (; more commonly known as Manuel the Patriot or Manuel the Unfortunate)
• "~ the Big Nest": Vsevolod III Yuriyevich of Vladimir (, ru)
• "~ the Black Prince": Edward the Black Prince ()
• "~ the Black":
  • Leszek II the Black ()
  • Fulk III of Anjou ()
  • Halfdan III of Vestfold ()
  • Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (; also called the pious)
  • Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria ()
  • Margaret II, Countess of Flanders ()
• "~ the Blessed": Alexander I of Russia ()
• "~ the Blind":
  • Boleslaus III of Bohemia (; also known as Boleslaus the Red)
  • Béla II of Hungary ()
  • Magnus IV of Norway ()
  • Stefan Branković ()
  • Vasily II Vasiliyevich ()
  • Bogdan III of Moldavia ()
  • John of Bohemia (; ; )
• "~ the Blind Earl": Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon
• "~ the Blond": Selim II of the Ottoman Empire ()
• "~ Bloodaxe": Eric I of Norway ()
• "~ the Bloodthirsty": Ismail of Morocco ()
• "Bloody ~": Mary I of England
• "~ the Bloody": Nicholas II of Russia ()
• "~ Bluetooth": Harold I of Denmark ()
• "~ the Bold":
  • Boleslaw II of Poland ()
  • Charles of Burgundy ()
  • Philip II of France ()
  • Philip III of France ()
• "~ the Boneless": Ivar Ragnarsson ()
• "~ the Bookish" or "~ the Book-Lover": Coloman of Hungary (; more commonly known as Coloman the Learned)
• "~ the Boulonnais": Afonso III of Portugal ()
• "~ the Brash": Olof of Denmark
• "~ the Brave":
  • Afonso IV of Portugal ()
  • Boleslaw I of Poland (; also known as Boleslaw the Great)
  • Dan II of Wallachia ()
  • John III of Moldavia (Romanian: Ioan Vodă cel Viteaz; more commonly known as John the Terrible)
  • Michael of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia ()
• "~ the Brilliant": George V of Georgia (გიორგი V ბრწყინვალე)
• "~ the Broad-shouldered": Haakon II of Norway ()
• "~ Broom-plant": Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (; also known as Geoffrey the Fair)
• "~ the Brown": Donnchadh mac Flainn, High King of Ireland ()
• "~ the Bruce": Robert I of Scotland (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis)
• "~ Builder":
  • David IV of Georgia (დავით აღმაშენებელი)
  • Peter III of Portugal ()
• "~ the Builder King": Leopold II of Belgium (, )
• "~ Bulgar-Slayer": Basil II, Byzantine Emperor (, el)
  • George of Saxe-Wittenberg (1500–1539)
  • Geoffrey I of Brabant
  • Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou
  • Geoffrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine
  • Henry I, Duke of Krakow
  • Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia
  • Louis VII of Bavaria
  • Louis XII of Ottingen
• "The Beautiful" (Por. O Formoso): Ferdinand I of Portugal
• "The Beauty": John II of Moscow
• "The Belligerent": Frederick IV, Elector of Saxony
• "The Beloved":
  • Louis XVI of France
  • Otto, Duke of Austria
  • Peter V of Portugal
• "The Benign" (Sp. el Benigno): Alfonso IV of Aragon
• "The Bewitched": Charles II of Spain
• "The Bitten": Frederick I, Landgrave of Thuringia
• "The Black" (Fr. le Noir, Ger. der Schwarze, Pol. Czarny):
  • Conrad IV, Duke of Silesia
  • Fulk III, Count of Anjou
  • George of Serbia
  • Halfdan III of Vestfold
  • Henry IX of Bavaria
  • Hugh, Duke of Burgundy (923–952)
  • Leszek II, Duke of Krakow
  • Rainald II, Duke of Gelderland
  • Rudolph III of Tubingen-Herrenberg (d.1277)
  • Theodore of Smolensk (d.1299)
• "Black-Knee": Niall Glúndub, High King of Ireland
• "The Black Prince": Edward, Prince of Wales
• "The Blessed": Amadeus IX, Count of Savoy
• "The Blinded": Constantine VI, Byzantine Emperor
• "The Bobbed": John IV of Pskov (1460–1461)
• "The Bold" (Fr. le Hardi, le Temeraire, Pol. Smialy):
  • Albert, Duke of Saxony
  • Boleslaw II of Poland
  • Charles, Duke of Burgundy
  • Philip II, Duke of Burgundy
  • Philip III of France
  • Rudolph II of the Palatinate
• "The Bolonian": Alfonso III of Portugal
• "The Bookish, Booklike, Book Lover" (Hun. Konyves):
  • Coloman of Hungary
  • Constantine I of Rostov (1207–1218) | Constantine I of Moscow (1216–1218),
  • "The Boneless": Ivar the Boneless Viking Royalty
  • Peter of Beloozero (1389–1428)
• "The Brave" (Cze. Chrabry, Por. O Bravo, Ger. der Beherzte, Rum. cel Viteaz, Viteazul, Sp. el Bravo, Tur. Yavuz):
  • Albert, Landgrave of Thuringia
  • Alfonso IV of Portugal
  • Alfonso VI of Castile
  • Baldwin V, Count of Hainault
  • Baldwin VIII, Count of Flanders
  • Basil I of Rostov
  • Boleslaus, Duke of Bohemia
  • Boleslaus I of Poland
  • Decebala of Dacia
  • Ernest of Ostmark
  • Igor II of Kiev (d.1202)
  • John, Prince of Moldavia
  • Michael, Prince of Moldavia
  • Rostislav I of Rostov (d.1067)
  • Sancho IV of Castile
  • Selim I, Ottoman Sultan
  • Vadim I of Novgorod (d.872)
• "The Brown": (Fr. le Brun, Irish Donn)
  • Hugh IV of Lusignan
  • Hugh IX of Lusignan
  • Hugh X of Lusignan
  • Hugh XI of Lusignan
  • Hugh XII of Lusignan
• "The Bruce": Robert of Scotland
• "The Builder": Baldwin IV, Count of Hainault
• "The Bulgar-Slayer" (Gr. Bulgaroctonus): Basil I, Byzantine Emperor
• "The Burlap-Head": Raymond Berengar II of Barcelona
• "The Bushy-Eyebrowed" (Gr. Murzuphlus): Alexis V, Byzantine Emperor
• "The Butcher": Leo I, Byzantine Emperor

--

C

• "~ Capet": Hugh Capet ()

• "~ the Cabbage": Ivaylo of Bulgaria (, )

• "~ the Capacidónio": Peter III of Portugal (; also known as Peter the Builder)

• "~ the Cardinal-King": Henry, King of Portugal ()

• "~ the Capuched": Sancho II of Portugal (; also known as Sancho the Hooded or Sancho the Pious)

• "~ the Catholic":

  • Alfonso I of Asturias ()
  • Andrew I of Hungary (; more commonly known as Andrew the White)
  • Ferdinand II of Aragon (, )
  • Isabella I of Castile ()
  • Peter II of Aragon (, )
  • Frederick I, Duke of Austria ()

• "~ the Caulker": Michael V, Byzantine Emperor (, Michaíl Kalaphátis)

• "~ the Ceremonious": Peter IV of Aragon (, )

• "~ the Chaste":

  • Alfonso II of Aragon (; ; ; also known as Alfonso the Troubador)
  • Alfonso II of Asturias ()
  • Bolesław V the Chaste ()
  • Henry, King of Portugal ()

• "~ the Chief": Kenneth III of Scotland ()

• "~ the Child"

  • Charles, King of Aquitaine ()
  • Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal ()
  • Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse ()
  • Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg ()
  • Louis III of East Francia ()
  • Louis of Sicily ()
  • Nicholas I, Lord of Rostock ()

• "~ the Clement": John VI of Portugal ()

• "~ the Clubfoot": Sverker I of Sweden ()

• "~ Coal-Burner": Anund Jacob of Sweden ()

• "~ the Confessor": Edward the Confessor (of England), also known as Saint Edward

• "~ the Colonizer": John III of Portugal ()

• "~ the Conqueror":

  • Afonso I of Portugal ()
  • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (; )
  • James I of Aragon ()
  • John V, Duke of Brittany ()
  • Mehmed II of The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: ota)
  • Nicholas I of Russia
  • William I of England (; )
  • Valdemar II of Denmark ()

• "~ the Constable Prince": John, Constable of Portugal ()

• "~ the Constant": John, Elector of Saxony ()

• "~ Corvinus" (from Latin "like a raven"): Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (; )

• "~ the Courteous": William, Duke of Austria ()

• "~ the Crosseyed": Vasili Kosoi, Muscovian usurper (, ru)

• "~ Crouchback":

  • Inge I of Norway ()
  • Richard III of England (also known as Crookback)

• "~ the Cruel":

  • Boleslaus I of Bohemia ()
  • Boleslaus II of Poland ()
  • Louis XI of France
  • Peter I of Portugal ()
  • Peter of Castile ()

• "~ the Crusader":

  • Sigurd I of Norway (; )
  • Robert II, Count of Flanders ()
  • Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn ()
  • Simon V, Lord of Montfort ()

• "~ the Curly" Bolesław IV the Curly ()

• "~ Curthose" (Middle English, "short stockings"): Robert II, Duke of Normandy ()

• "~ Curtmantle" (Middle English, "short cloak"): Henry II of England

• "The Captive" (Fr. le Captif): Geoffrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine

• "The Cardinal": Henry I of Portugal

• "The Castilian": Alvar, Count of Urgel

• "The Catholic" (Sp. el Catolico):

  • Alfonso I of Asturias
  • Andrew I of Hungary
  • Ferdinand II of Aragon
  • Frederick I, Duke of Austria
  • Isabella I of Castile
  • Peter II of Aragon

• "The Caulker" (Gr. Kalafates): Michael V, Byzantine Emperor

• "The Ceremonious": Peter IV of Aragon

• "The Chansonnier":

  • Theobald IV, Count of Champagne

• "The Chaste" (Sp. el Casto):

  • Alfonso II of Aragon
  • Alfonso II of Asturias

• "The Cheerful": Otto of Austria

• "The Child" (Fr. l'Enfant, Ger. das Kind, Sp. el Niño):

  • Conrad IV of Bavaria
  • Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse
  • John I, Duke of Lower Bavaria
  • Louis III of Germany
  • Nicholas, Duke of Mecklenburg
  • Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg
  • Ramiro III of Leon
  • William III, Count of Burgundy

• "The Chip": Alexander IV of Pskov (d.aft.1434)

• "The Church's-Friend": Henry of Reuss-Weida (1282–1306)

• "The Citizen King": Louis Philippe of France

• "The City's Friend": Henry I of Reuss-Lobenstein (d.1488)

• "The Clement" (Por. O Clemente): John VI of Portugal

• "The Clever": Henry I of Reuss-Plauen (1303-c1340)

• "The Cloister-Founder": Henry I of Reuss-Weida (c1206-1225)

• "The Comb": Basil III of Pskov (1448–1455)

• "The Confessor" (Ger. der Bekenner):

  • Edward of England
  • Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg

• "The Conqueror" (Fr. le Conquerant, Sp. el Conquistador, Tur. el-Fatih)

  • Alfonso I of Portugal
  • James I of Aragon
  • John V, Duke of Brittany
  • Mehmed II, Ottoman Sultan
  • William I of England

• "The Cossack" (Rum. Cazacul): Peter, Prince of Moldavia

• "The Constable" (Fr. le Connetable): Arthur III of Brittany

• "The Constant": William V of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)

• "The Contender": Eberhard III, Count of Wurttemberg

• "The Corpulent" (Pol. Brzuchaty): Henry V, Duke of Silesia

• "The Courageous" (Fr. le Courageux, Ger. der Tapfere):

  • Albert, Duke of Saxony
  • Baldwin VIII, Count of Flanders
  • William, Landgrave of Thuringia

• "The Courteous": William of Austria

• "The Cowherd" (Rum. Haidaul): Radu Ilie, Prince of Wallachia

• "The Crafty": Burebista of Dacia

• "The Cripple": Henry III of Reuss-Lobenstein (1482–1498)

• "The Crooked" (Cat. el Corbat): Berenger Raymond I, Count of Barcelona

• "The Crude": Helena of Bosnia

• "The Crusader":

  • Gaston IV, Viscount of Béarn
  • Robert II, Count of Flanders
  • Sigurd I of Norway

• "The Cruel" (Pol. Okrutny, Sp. el Cruel):

  • Boleslaus I of Bohemia
  • Boleslaus II of Poland
  • Christian II of Denmark
  • Fruela I of Asturias
  • John I of Silesia
  • Peter I of Castile
  • Peter I of Portugal
  • Phalaris of Agrigento

• "The Cuman": Ladislas IV of Hungary

--

D

• "~ the Damned" or "~ the Accursed": Sviatopolk I of Kiev (, ru; , uk)

• "~ the Deacon": Bermudo I of Asturias (; )

• "~ the Debonaire": Louis I of France ()

• "~ the Deed-Doer": Edmund I of England

• "~ the Desired":

  • Ferdinand VII of Spain
  • Louis XVIII of France
  • Sebastian of Portugal ()

• "~ the Determined": Anthony I of Portugal ()

• "~ the Devil":

  • Robert I, Duke of Normandy ()
  • Vlad II of Wallachia ()
  • Hugh VI, Lord of Lusignan ()
  • Robert II, Lord of Bellême ()

• "~ the Diplomat": Charles I of Portugal ()

• "~ Do-Nothing", "~ the Indolent" or "~ the Sluggard": Louis V of France ()

• "~ Dracul" (Romanian, "The Devil" or "The Dragon"): Vlad II of Wallachia ()

• "~ Dracula" (Romanian, "Son of the Devil" or "Son of the Dragon"): Vlad III of Wallachia

• "~ the Drunkard":

  • Michael III, Byzantine Emperor (, Michaíl G' o Méthysos)
  • Selim II, Ottoman Emperor ()
  • Wenceslaus, King of the Romans (; )

• "~ the Dung-Named": Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor (, Konstantínos E' Koprónymos)

• "The Damned":

  • Abdulhamid II, Ottoman Sultan
  • Gleb II of Riazan (d.aft.1237)

• "~ the Dancer": Peter I of Portugal ()

• "The Daring": Henry XI of Hohnstein

• "The Deacon" (Sp. el Diacono):

  • Bermudo I of Asturias
  • Sigurd of Norway

• "The Deaf" (Rum. Surdul): Peter, Prince of Wallachia

• "The Dean": Conrad VI of Silesia

• "The Debonair": Matthew I, Duke of Lorraine

• "The Decadent" (Ger. der Entartete): Albert, Landgrave of Thuringia

• "The Degenerate": Albert, Landgrave of Thuringia

• "The Desired" (Sp. el Deseado):

  • Sancho III of Castile (1157–1158)
  • Sebastian I of Portugal

• "The Devil" (Fr. le Diable):

  • Hugh VI of Lusignan, Count of La Marche
  • Vlad II, Prince of Moldavia
  • Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury

• "The Do-Gooder": Alfonso III of Aragon

• "The Do-Nothing King" (Fr. le Faineant): Louis V of France

• "The Downcast": Henry of Reuss (d.1367)

• "The Dragon" (Rum. Dracul): Vlad II, Prince of Wallachia

• "The Drowned" (Rum. Inecatul): Vlad, Prince of Wallachia

• "The Drunk": Selim II, Ottoman Sultan

• "The Drunkard":

  • Michael III, Byzantine Emperor
  • Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor

• "The Dung-named" (Gr. Copronymus): Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor

--

E

• "Earth-Shaker ~": Inca Yupanqui (Quechua: Pachakutiq Inka Yupanki)

• "~ the Ecclesiastic" or "~ the Priest": Martin I of Aragon (; Spanish: "Martín el Eclesiástico" o "el Cura")

• "~ the Edifier": Peter III of Portugal ()

• "~ the Educator": Maria II of Portugal ()

• "~ the Elbow-High" or "The Ell-High": Władysław I of Poland ()

• "~ the Elder":

  • Eadweard I of England (?)
  • Martin I of Aragon
  • Tarquin I (Latin: Tarquinius Senior)
  • Mircea I of Wallachia ()
  • Boso III of Turin

• "~ the Eloquent": Edward of Portugal ()

• "~ the Emperor-King": Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

• "~ the Emperor-Sacristan": Joseph II of Austria

• "~ the Enabler": Peter III of Portugal

• "~ the Enemy-Son": Peter I of Portugal ()

• "~ the Enlightened": Charles III of Spain ()

• "~ Epiphanes" (Greek "the manifest"): several Hellenistic kings, including

  • **Ptolemy V Epiphanes **

• "~ Euergetes" (Greek "the benefactor"): several Hellenistic kings, including

  • **Ptolemy III Euergetes **
  • **Ptolemy VIII Physcon **

• "~ Eupator" (Greek "of noble father"):

  • Antiochus V ()
  • Mithridates VI of Pontus ()
  • Ptolemy Eupator

• "~ the Executioner": Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire ()

• "~ the Exile":

  • Władysław II the Exile (')
  • Edward the Exile

• "The Eagle": William VII of Aquitaine

• "The Earring" (Rum. Cercel): Peter, Prince of Wallachia

• "The Ecclesiastic": Martin I of Aragon

• "The Elder" (Ger. der Altere, Rum. cel Batrin, Swe. den Aldre):

  • Botho of Stolberg-Stolberg (1403-1455)
  • Burchard of Mansfeld
  • Christian I of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst
  • Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia
  • Conrad IV of Silesia
  • Cosimo of Florence (1434–1464, de facto)
  • Demetrius of Nizhny Novgorod (1365–1383)
  • Demetrius IV of Moscow (d.1383)
  • Dionysius I of Syracuse
  • Edward of England (899–925)
  • Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg
  • Frederick IV, Elector of Saxony
  • George Frederick I of Hohenlohe
  • Gerard I of Hallermund
  • Henry of Mecklenburg-Stargard
  • Henry I of Reuss (d.1572)
  • Henry I of Reuss-Obergreiz (1647–1681)
  • Henry VIII of Brunswick
  • Henry XIV of Lower Bavaria (1309–1339)
  • Heinrich XIV of Reuss-Greiz (1564–1572)
  • Inge I of Sweden
  • Keno I of East Frisia
  • Martin I of Aragon
  • Mircea, Prince of Wallachia
  • Ocko I of East Frisia
  • Sigismund I of Poland
  • Sverker I of Sweden
  • William I of Hesse
  • William I of Solms-Greifenstein (1592–1635)
  • William III of Brunswick
  • Ziemowit IV of Mazovia

• "The Elder Sage": Conrad VII of Silesia

• "The Eloquent": Edward of Portugal

• "The Emperor" (Sp. El Emperador): Alfonso VII of Castile

• "The Empowerer": Henry I of Reuss-Lobenstein (1500–1538)

• "The Evergood" (Dan. Ejegood): Eric I of Denmark

• "The Evil" (Rum. cel Rau):

  • Garcia Galindez of Aragon
  • Mihnea, Prince of Wallachia

• "The Executioner" (Tur. Celebi Kirisci): Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan

• "The Exempted": Henry of Reuss (1378–1420)

  • Alexander I of Pskov (d.1339)
  • Demetrius I of Dmitrov (d. after 1364)
  • John VII of Riazan (d.aft.1521)
  • Ladislaus II of Poland

--

F

• "~ the Fair":

  • Charles IV of France ()
  • Donald III of Scotland ()
  • Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou ()
  • Ivan II of Moscow ()
  • Leopold II, Margrave of Austria ()
  • Louis I of France ()
  • Philip IV of France ()
  • Philip I of Castile (Philip the Fair, , )

• "~ Fairhair": Harald I of Norway ()

• "~ the Fair Sun": Vladimir I of Kiev ()

• "Farmer ~": George III Great Britain

• "~ the Farmer": Denis of Portugal ()

• "~ The Swift(?): Eystein Halfdansson of Romerike and Vestfold ()

• "~ the Fat":

  • Afonso II of Portugal ()
  • Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor ()
  • Conan III, Duke of Brittany ()
  • Henry I of Cyprus ()
  • Henry I of Navarre (; )
  • Louis VI of France ()
  • Ptolemy VIII of Ptolemaic Egypt
  • Sancho I of León

• "~ the Fearless": John the Fearless ()

• "~ the Frank": Alfonso III of Aragon (; ; also known as Alfonso the Liberal or Alfonso the Free)

• "~ the Fighter": Anthony I of Portugal ()

• "~ First-Crowned": Stefan of Raška ()

• "~ Fitzempress": Henry II of England

• "~ Flatnose": Ketil of Man ()

• "~ Forkbeard": Sweyn I of Denmark ( or Svend Tyvskæg; )

• "~ the Fortunate":

  • Manuel I of Portugal ()
  • Dietrich of Oldenburg ()
  • Philip VI of France ()

• "~ the Founder": Afonso I of Portugal ()

• "~ the Fowler": Henry I of Germany ( or Heinrich der Finkler)

• "~ the Fratricide":

  • Berengar Raymond II, Count of Barcelona ()
  • Francis I of Brittany
  • Henry II of Castile ()

• "~ From Overseas": Louis IV of France ()

• "The Fair" (Fr. le Bel, Rus. Krasnyj):

  • Albert of Nurnberg
  • Basil I of Kiev (d.1237)
  • Charles IV of France
  • Frederick I of Austria
  • Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
  • Gunther IV of Barby
  • John II, Grand Prince of Moscow
  • Oleg I of Riazan (1252–1258)
  • Philip IV of France
  • Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine
  • Wolfgang of Ottingen

• "The Fair Maid of Kent": Joan of Kent, Princess of Wales

• "The Faithful": Louis V of Hesse-Darmstadt

• "The Farmer" (Por. O Lavrador): Denis I of Portugal

• "The Fart": Eystein I of Vestfold

• "The Fast-Rider": Henry I of Reuss (1302-c1331)

• "The Fat" (Dut.de Vette, Fr. le Gros, Ger. der Dicke, der Fette, Pol. Otyty, Sp. el Gordo):

  • Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen
  • Alfonso II of Portugal
  • Charles III of Germany
  • Conan III, Duke of Brittany
  • Florent II, Count of Holland
  • Henry I of Navarre
  • Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg
  • Henry V, Duke of Silesia
  • Leopold IV of Austria
  • Louis VI of France
  • Mieszko II, Duke of Silesia
  • Sancho of Leon
  • Simon I, Duke of Lorraine
  • Welf II, Duke of Bavaria
  • William VI, Duke of Aquitaine

• "The Father of His People": Louis XII of France

• "The Fearless" (Fr. Sans Peur): John, Duke of Burgundy

• "The Field Captain": Henry II of Reuss-Plauen (c1206-1232)

• "The Fierce": Alexander I of Scotland

• "The First-Crowned" (Serb. Prvovencani): Stephen II, ruler of Raska

• "The Fool": Lulach of Scotland

• "The Forceful": Stephen Dushan of Serbia

• "The Forseer": Henry V of Reuss (1583–1604)

• "The Fortunate" (Ger. der Gluckselige):

  • Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg
  • Philip VI of France

• "The Found": Peter II of Pskov (d.aft.1510)

• "The Founder" (Ger. der Stifter):

  • Basarab I, Prince of Wallachia
  • Bogdan I, Prince of Moldavia
  • Rudolph IV of Austria

• "The Fowler" (Ger. der Vogler): Henry I of Germany

• "The Franciscan": Henry II of Reuss-Weida (d.c1278)

• "The Frank": Louis III of Hesse

• "The Fratricide" (Sp. el Fratricida):

  • Berengar Raymond II, Count of Barcelona
  • Francis I of Brittany
  • Henry II of Castile

• "The Friendly": Henry of Austria

• "The Frisian" (Fr. le Frison): Robert I, Count of Flanders

• "The Fugitive":

  • Alexander II of Tver (d.1339)
  • Alexander Mavrocordat of Moldavia

--

G

• "~ the Generous" or "~ the Liberal":

  • Alfonso III of Aragon (; )
  • Boleslaus II of Poland ()
  • Leopold, Duke of Bavaria ()

• "~ the Gentle":

  • Rupert of Germany
  • Frederick II, Elector of Saxony ()
  • Harald III of Denmark (); see also "~ Hen" below

• "~ the German": Louis I of the East Franks ()

• "~ the Glorious":

  • Athelstan of England (Old English: Æþelstan, ætniman)
  • Elizabeth I of England (Gloriana)
  • Leopold VI, Duke of Austria ()

• ""~the God-Given": Louis XIV ()

• "~ the God-Like One": Murad I, Ottoman Emperor ()

• "~ the God-Loving": Andrey I Bogolubsky ()

• "~ the Good":

  • Alfonso IV of Aragon (; ; )
  • Alexandru of Moldavia ()
  • Fulk II of Anjou (?)
  • Hywel ap Cadell of Wales ()
  • Haakon I of Norway ()
  • John I of Portugal ()
  • John II of France ()
  • Louis I of Holland ()
  • Magnus I of Norway ()
  • Philip III of Burgundy ()
  • William II of Sicily ()

• "Good King ~":

  • Edward III of England (Good King Edward)
  • Henry IV of France (Bon Roi Henri)
  • René of Two Sicilies (then deposed, remained duke of Anjou and count of Provence) ()
  • Wenceslas I of Bohemia (Good King Wenceslas)

• "Good Queen ~": Elizabeth I of England (Good Queen Bess)

• "~ of Good Memory" or "~ the One with Good Memory": John I of Portugal ()

• "~ the Good Mother": Maria II of Portugal ()

• "~ the Gouty":

  • Piero I de Medici of Florence ()
  • Bermudo II of León ()

• "~ the Great": see List of people known as The Great

• "the Great Elector": Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg ()

• "~ Greyfell" or "~ Greyhide": Harald II of Norway ()

• "~ Greymantle": Geoffrey I of Anjou ()

• "~ the Grim" or "~ the Brave" or "~ the Inexorable": Selim I of the Ottoman Empire ()

• "~ the Grocer-King" or "~ the Spices-King": Manuel I of Portugal (, and ), a nickname given to him by Francis I of France with a double entendre, as the French word épicier refers to a grocer, and is derived from épice, "spice")

• "~ Gylle": (Old Norse, "Servant"): Harald IV of Norway

• "The General":

  • Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor
  • Nicephorus I, Byzantine Emperor

• "The Generous" (Pol. Szczodry):

  • Alfonso III of Aragon
  • Boleslaus II of Poland
  • Leopold IV of Ostmark

• "The Gentle: Frederick II, Elector of Saxony

• "The German" (Fr. l'Allemand, Ger. der Deutsche):

  • Louis II of Germany
  • William II, Count of Burgundy

• "The German Hector": Albert, Duke of Saxony

• "The Glorious":

  • Alexander III of Scotland
  • Athelstan of Wessex
  • Ivar of Novgorod
  • Leopold VI of Austria

• The God-Given" (Fr. Dieudonne): John I, Duke of Lorraine

• "The God-like One": Murad I, Ottoman Sultan

• "The Good" (Fr. le Bon, It. il Buono, Nor. den Gode, Pol. Dobry):

  • Alexander of Moldavia,
  • Alfonso IV of Aragon
  • Anthony, Duke of Lorraine
  • Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders
  • Charles I, Count of Flanders
  • Charles II, Duke of Savoy
  • Francis I, Emperor of Austria
  • Fulk II, Count of Anjou
  • Haakon of Norway
  • Henry I, Duke of Lorraine
  • Henry VI, Duke of Silesia
  • Howell, Prince of Wales
  • John I of Portugal
  • John II of France
  • John II of Silesia
  • John III, Duke of Brittany
  • Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
  • Louis of Bourbon
  • Magnus I of Norway
  • Philibert II, Duke of Savoy
  • Philip III of Burgundy
  • Rene of Naples
  • Robert I, Count of Artois
  • William II of Sicily

• "The Good King" (Fr. Le Bon Roi): Rene I of Naples

• "The Good Mother": Mary II of Portugal

• "The Goodly": Ferdinand I of Austria

• "The Gouty": Peter of Florence

• "The Gracious": Duncan of Scotland

• "The Grandson": Demetrius VI of Moscow (d.1508)

• "The Great" (Cat. el Gran, Dan. den Store, Fr. le Grand, Ger. der Grosse, Hun. Nagy, Nor. den Mektige, Pol. Wielki, Rum. cel Mare, Rus. Velikij, Sp. el Grande, el Magno, el Mayor, Welsh, Mawr):

  • Alain (1471–1522), 16th Lord of Albret
  • Alain I, Duke of Brittany
  • Albert I, Duke of Brunswick
  • Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg
  • Alfonso III of Asturias
  • Alfred of England
  • Amadeus III, Duke of Savoy
  • Arnulf I, Count of Flanders
  • Berenguela, Queen of Castile
  • Bogislaw III, Duke of Pomerania
  • Boris of Tver (1425–1461)
  • Charlemagne
  • Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
  • Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
  • Casimir III of Poland
  • Catherine II, Empress of Russia
  • Canute I of England | Canute II of Denmark
  • Conrad, Margrave of Meissen
  • Constantine I, Byzantine Emperor
  • Enguerand III, Count of Coucy
  • Edzard I, Count of East Frisia
  • Ferdinand I of Castile
  • Frederick II of Prussia
  • Frederick II, Duke of Silesia
  • Gerard III, Count of Holstein
  • Gero, Margrave of Ostmark
  • Gustav II Adolph of Sweden
  • Henry IV of France
  • Herman III, Margrave of Baden
  • Hugh, Count of Paris,
  • Hugh I, Count of Vermandois
  • Hugh of Tuscany
  • John I of Portugal
  • John II of Aragon
  • John III, Grand Prince of Moscow
  • Justin I, Byzantine Emperor
  • Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor
  • Leo I, Byzantine Emperor
  • Llewelyn, Prince of Wales
  • Louis of Hungary
  • Louis I, Duke of Boubon
  • Louis XIV of France
  • Matthew I, Duke of Milan
  • Mstislav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (d.1132)
  • Oleg II of Riazan (d.1402)
  • Otto I of Germany
  • Otto II of Saxony (d.973)
  • Otto IV of Kirchberg
  • Otto Henry, Duke of Burgundy
  • Peter I of Pskov (1507–1509)
  • Peter I, Emperor of Russia
  • Peter III of Aragon
  • Raymond Berengar III, Count of Barcelona
  • Rhodri, Prince of Wales
  • Roger II of Sicily
  • Sancho III of Navarre
  • Simeon I of Bulgaria
  • Stephen, Prince of Moldavia
  • Svyatoslav IV of Smolensk (1358–1386)
  • Svantipolk | Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerelia
  • Theodoric of the Visigoths
  • Theodosius I, Byzantine Emperor
  • Valdemar I of Denmark
  • Valdemar II, Duke of Schleswig
  • Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev
  • William I, Count of Burgundy
  • William V, Duke of Aquitaine

• "The Great Conde": Louis II, Prince of Conde

• "The Great Countess": Matilda, Margravine of Tuscany

• "The Great Elector": Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg

• "The Great Duke": Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg

• "The Green Count": Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy

• "The Grim" (Tur. Yavuz): Selim I, Ottoman Sultan

• "The Great Conde": Louis II, Prince of Conde

• "The Great Countess": Matilda, Margravine of Tuscany

• "The Great Elector": Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg

• "The Great Duke": Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg

• "The Greek" (Fr. le Grec): Henry II of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1322–1351

• "The Green Count": Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy (1343–1383)

• "The Grim" (Ger. der Gestrenge, Tur. Yavuz): Selim I, Ottoman Sultan, 1512–1521

--

H

• "~ the Hairy": Wilfred I of Urgel

• "~ the Hammer":

  • Charles Martel of the Franks
  • Geoffrey II of Anjou
  • Geoffrey IV of Anjou

• "~ The Hammer of the Scots": Edward I of England (see also Longshanks below).

• "~ the Handsome":

  • Ferdinand I of Portugal ()
  • Frederick I of Austria
  • John II Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor ()
  • Philip IV of France ()
  • Philip I of Spain ()
  • Radu of Wallachia ()

• "~ the Hardy": Canute III of Denmark (; )

• "~ Hardrada" (from Old Norse "Harðráði", "Stern Counsel"): Harald III of Norway

• "~ Harefoot": Harold I of England

• "~ the Hero of Two Worlds" (): Peter I of Brazil & IV of Portugal

• "~ the Hidden": Sebastian of Portugal ()

• "~ the Holy":

  • Canute IV of Denmark
  • Eric IX of Sweden
  • Olaf II of Norway

• "~ the Holy Prince": Ferdinand of Portugal ()

• "~ the Hopeful": Peter V of Portugal ()

• "~ the Hunchback": Pippin the Hunchback

• "~ the Humane" or "~ the Humanist": Martin I of Aragon

• "~ Hunger": Olaf I of Denmark

• "~ the Hunter":

  • Gudrød
  • John I of Aragon (; )
  • Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: ota)

• "~ the Hunter-King":

  • Charles I of Portugal ()

• "The Hammer" (Martel): Charles of Neustria

• "The Handsome" (Ger. der Schone, Rum. cel Frumos, Sp. el Hermoso):

  • Albert VI, Duke of Mecklenburg
  • Frederick III, King of the Romans | Frederick I, Duke of Austria
  • Leopold II of Austria
  • Philibert II, Duke of Savoy (1497–1504)
  • Philip I of Castile
  • Radu III, Prince of Wallachia, 1462–1475

• "The Happy": Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy

• "The Hardy" (Dan. Hardeknud): Canute III of Denmark

• "The Hairy": Wifred, Count of Barcelona

• "The Hammer" (Fr. Martel, Ger. Martell): Charles, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia

• "The Harsh": Frederick III, Margrave of Meissen

• "The Heir": Henry II of Reuss (1425–1470, d.c1481)

• "The Holy" (Rus. Svatoj):

  • Leopold III, Margrave of Austria
  • Humbert III, Count of Savoy
  • Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona
  • Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev

• "The Honest" (Ger. der Aufrichtige):

  • Conrad of Rechberg and Rothenlowen
  • Frederick IV of the Palatinate
  • Henry I of Reuss-Plauen (1387–1429)
  • Henry IV, Duke of Silesia
  • Philip of the Palatinate

• "The Horseshoe" (Rum. Potcoava): John, Prince of Moldavia

• "The Humane, Humanist":

  • Henry of Reuss (1319–1335, d.c1339)
  • Martin I of Aragon

• "The Hunchback" (Fr. le Bossu):

  • Alfonso Froilaz of Galicia
  • Berengar Raymond I, Count of Barcelona
  • Conrad III, Duke of Silesia
  • Geoffrey IV, Duke of Lower Lorraine
  • John VI of Pskov (1502–1503)
  • Pepin, Prince of the Franks (d.813)

• "The Hunter" (Tur. Avci):

  • Hugh I of Lusignan
  • John I of Aragon
  • Mehmed IV, Ottoman Sultan
  • Philibert I, Duke of Savoy, 1472–1482

• "The Hussite": Bolko V of Silesia

--

I

• "~ the Idle": Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia ()

• "~ the Ill-Tempered": Fulk IV of Anjou

• "~ the Illustrious":

  • Otto II, Duke of Bavaria ()
  • Otto I, Duke of Saxony ()
  • Henry III, Margrave of Meissen ()
  • Leopold I, Margrave of Austria ()

• "~ the Impaler": Vlad III of Wallachia

• "~ the Impotent" Henry IV of Castile ()

• "~ the Inconstant" or "~ the Fickle": Ferdinand I of Portugal ()

• "~ the Indolent":** Louis V of France**

• "~ the Independentist": Anthony I of Portugal ()

• "~ the Invincible":** Demetrius I of Bactria**

• "~ the Iron":

  • Ernest of Austria ()
  • Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia ()
  • Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse ()
  • Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg ()
  • Henry III, Duke of Żagań (; )
  • Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg ()

• "~ Ironside":

  • Edmund II of England
  • Björn Ironside

• "The Idle" (Fr. le Faineant): Gothelo II, Duke of Lower Lorraine

• "The Illustrious" (Fr. l'Illustre, Ger. der Erlauchte):

  • Albert V, Duke of Austria
  • Charles (1298-1328), Duke of Calabria
  • Eberhard I, Count of Wurttemberg, 1279-1325
  • Eberhard II, Count of Wurttemberg
  • Frederick VI of Nurnberg
  • Henry I, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1247–1265
  • Leopold I of the Ostmark
  • Otto I of Saxony
  • Otto II of Bavaria

• "The Implacable": Alfonso XI of Castile

• "The Impotent" (Sp. el Impotente): Henry IV of Castile, 1454–1474

• "The Impaler" (Ger. der Pfähler, Rum. Tepes): Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia, 1448, 1456–1462, 1476

• "The Impaler Prince" (Tur. Kaziglu Bey): Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia, 1448, 1456–1462, 1476

• "The Inconstant" (Por. O Inconstante):

  • Ferdinand I of Portugal
  • Henry II of Reuss-Unter-Greiz (1572–1583, d.1608)

• "The Indolent" (Fr. le Faineant): Louis V of France

• "The Infamous": Wladyslaw of Silesia

• "The Infirm" (Sp. el Doliente): Henry III of Castile

• "The Injured": Henry I of Reuss-Plauen (1338–1356)

• "The Intermediate" (Ger. der Mittlere):

  • Henry IV of Reuss-Obergreiz (1625–1629)
  • Henry XV of Reuss-Greiz (1535–1564, d.1578)
  • Henry XVIII of Reuss-Greiz (1607–1616)
  • Henry VII, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg
  • John I of Nassau
  • John Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, 1554–1566
  • William II of Hesse

• "The Iron" (Ger. der Eiserne):

  • Ernest I of Austria
  • Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse (1328–1377)
  • Henry II, Count of Holstein
  • Henry V, Duke of Silesia
  • Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (1140–1172)

• "The Iron-Arm":

  • William I, Duke of Apulia
  • William IV, Duke of Aquitaine

• "The Iron Hand": Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony

• "The Ironhead": Pandulf I of Benevento

• "The Iron Duke": Ernest I of Austria

• "The Isaurian":

  • Leo III, Byzantine Emperor
  • Zeno the Isaurian, Byzantine Emperor

--

J

• "~ the Just":

  • Casimir II, Duke of Poland ()
  • Ferdinand VI of Spain ()
  • James II of Aragon ()
  • Leopold III, Duke of Austria ()
  • Louis XIII of France
  • Matthias I of Hungary
  • Peter I of Portugal ()
  • Bayezid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

• "The Jerusalem-Farer, Jerusalem-Traveler" (Nor. Jorsalafar):

  • Dirk III, Count of Holland
  • Henry I, Duke of Mecklenburg
  • Sigurd I of Norway

• "The Jerusalemite" (Fr. le Hierosolymitain): Robert II, Count of Flanders

• "The Jolly" (Ger. der Frohliche): Otto of Austria

• "The Judas of Meissen": Maurice, Elector of Saxony

• "The Jumper/Springer": Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (1056–1123)

• "The Just" (Fr. le Juste, Pol. Sprawiedliwy, Por. O Justiciero; Sp. el Justo):

  • Alfonso XI of Castile
  • Casimir II of Poland
  • Ferdinand I of Aragon
  • Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, 1806–1827
  • James II of Aragon, (1285–1295)
  • James II of Mallorca
  • Louis XIII of France
  • Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
  • Peter I of Portugal
  • William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)

• "The Justiciar" (Fr. le Justicier):

  • Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (1457–1458)
  • Richard, Duke of Burgundy (887–921) --

K

• "~ the Kind":
  • Alexandru of Moldavia
  • Alfonso IV of Aragon
• "~ the Kind-Hearted": Eric I of Denmark
• "~ the Khazar" (Gr. Chozar): Leo IV of the Byzantine Empire
• "The Kind" (Rum. cel Bun):
  • Alexander I Musat, Prince of Moldavia, 1400-1432
  • Anthony of Saxony
  • Patrascu, Prince of Wallachia, 1554-1557
• "The Knight": Henry of Reuss-Weida (1374-1400) --

L

• "~ Lackland":
  • John, King of England ()
  • John, Count of Eu ()
  • Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal ()
• "~ the Lamb": Eric III of Denmark
• "~ the Lame":
  • Timur (Persian: fa)
  • Sigobert King of the Ripuarian Franks
  • See also under "the Lisp and Lame" below
• "~ the Last":
  • Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Wales ()
  • Louis XVI of France ()
• "~ Law-Mender": Magnus VI of Norway
• "~ the Lawgiver":
  • Eric IX of Sweden
  • Henry II of England
  • Magnus VI of Norway
  • Süleyman I of the Ottoman Empire (, ota)
• "~ the Learned": Alfonso X of Castile
• "~ the Leprous": Afonso II of Portugal ()
• "~ the Liberal":
  • Alfonso III of Aragon
  • Edward of Savoy
  • Henry I of Champagne
• "~ the Liberator":
  • Alexander II of Russia
  • Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal ()
• "~ the Lion":
  • Albert II of Mecklenburg
  • Brian Boruma of Ireland
  • Heinrich II, Lord of Mecklenburg
  • Henry III, Duke of Saxony
  • Louis VIII of France ()
  • William I of Scotland (Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric)
  • Richard I of England ()
• "~ the Lionheart": Richard I of England ()
• "~ the Lisp and Lame" Eric XI of Sweden ()
• "~ the Little Impaler": Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr of Wallachia ()
• "~ (the) Longhaired (king)": Chlodio
• "~ Longshanks": Edward I of England
• "~ the Lover of Elegance": John I of Aragon (; )
• "The Lamb": Eric III of Denmark
• "The Lame" (Fr. le Boiteux, la Boiteuse, Rum. Schiopul):
  • Albert II, Duke of Austria
  • Charles II of Naples
  • Gaston III (d.1536), Captal de Buch
  • Joanna of Burgundy, Queen of France
  • Joanna, Duchess of Brittany
  • Nicholas II, Duke of Ferrara (1361–1388)
  • Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, 1434–1445
  • Otto II of Gelderland
  • Peter V, Prince of Moldavia, 1574–1577, 1578–1579, 1582–1591
• "The Landless": Philip II of Savoy
• "The Lapp": John II of Zimmern (1384–1441)
• "The Land-Righter": Henry I of Reuss (1337, 1347)
• "The Last":
  • Constantine XI, Byzantine Emperor
  • Llewelyn, Prince of Wales
• "The Last Knight": Maximilian I of Austria
• "The Lawgiver" (Ger. der Prächtige, Tur. Kanuni): Suleiman I, Ottoman Sultan
• "The Law-Mender" (Nor. Lagabote):
  • Magnus VI of Norway
  • Valdemar IV of Denmark
• "The Layman": Henry of Reuss-Weida (1306–1348)
• "The Lazy": Gothelo II, Duke of Lower Lorraine
• "The Learned" (Ger. der Gelehrte):
  • Herman II, Landgrave of Hesse (1377–1413)
  • Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (1592–1627)
• "The Leper": Fruela II of Asturias
• "The Liberal":
  • Alfonso III of Aragon
  • Edward, Duke of Savoy (1323–1329)
  • Henry I, Count of Champagne
  • Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine
• "The Liberator": Peter IV of Portugal ()
• "The Limp" (Rum. Schiopul): Peter, Prince of Moldavia
• "The Lion" (Ger. der Lowe):
  • Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (d.1379)
  • Henry II, Duke of Mecklenburg
  • Henry XII, Duke of Bavaria
  • Louis VIII of France
  • William I of Scotland
• "The Lionheart" (Fr. Couer de Lion): Richard I of England (1189–1199)
• "The Little": Stephen of Montenegro
• "The Little Charlemagne": Peter II, Duke of Savoy
• "Little Arthur": James VI of Scotland/James I of England
• "The Locust" (Rum. Lacusta): Peter IV, Prince of Moldavia
• "The Long" (Pol. Wysoki): Boleslaus I of Silesia-Wroclaw, 1163–1172
• "The Long One" (Ger. der Lange): Heinrich II of Reuss-Greiz (1572–1583)
• "The Lucky" (Fr. l'Heureux):
  • Botho of Stolberg-Stolberg (1511–1538)
  • Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg, 1423–1440
  • Manuel I of Portugal ()
  • Mstislav I of Galitzia (d.1228)

--

M

• "~ the Mad":
  • Charles VI of France ()
  • Joanna of Castile ()
  • Ludwig II of Bavaria
  • Maria I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Madman": Donald II of Scotland ()
• "~ the Magnanimous":
  • Emperor Pedro II of Brazil ()
  • King Alfonso V of Aragon ()
  • John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony ()
  • Otto Henry, Elector Palatine ()
  • King John V of Portugal ()
  • Landgrave Philipp I of Hesse
  • King Ladislaus of Naples
  • Inca Roca (Quechua: ''Inka '''Roq'a''''')
  • Charles II of Alençon ()
• "~ the Magnificent":
  • Amenhotep III, Pharaoh of Egypt
  • Edmund I of England ()
  • Lorenzo de' Medici ()
  • Robert I of Normandy ()
  • Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire
  • Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley
• "~ the Maiden":
  • Eystein of Norway
  • Malcolm IV of Scotland
• "~ Martel" (Old French, "The Hammer"):
  • Charles Martel of the Franks
  • Geoffrey II of Anjou
  • Geoffrey IV of Anjou
• "~ the Man": John II of Portugal (, a nickname given to him by Isabella of Castile)
• "~ the Martyr":
  • Edward the Martyr of England
  • King Charles I of England
  • Charles I of Portugal ()
  • Nicholas II of Russia
• "~ the Master of Avis": John I of Portugal (, a reference to his position as Master of the Order of Avis before his election as King)
• "~ the Memorable": Eric II of Denmark
• "~ the Merry": Charles II of England
• "~ the Mild": Halfdan of Romerike and Vestfold
• "~ the Middle": Pippin of Herstal
• "~ the Mighty": Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia
• "~ Minus-a-Quarter": Michael VII Dukas, Byzantine Emperor
• "~ Moneybags":** Ivan I of Russia**
• "~ the Monk":
  • Alfonso IV of Leon
  • Fortun I of Pamplona
  • Ramiro II of Aragon
  • Vlad IV of Wallachia
• "~ Monk's-Cloak"?: Jon Kuvlung of Norway
• "~ Monomakh" (Russian "Мономах", from Greek "Μονομαχος", "One who fights alone"): Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev
• "~ Monomakhos" (from Greek "Μονομαχος", "One who fights alone"): Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor
• "~ the Moor":
  • Albert II Malaspina, Marquis of Malaspina ()
  • Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan ()
  • Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence ()
• "the Most Beautiful ~": Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile ()
• "Mother ~": Menelik II of Ethiopia ( imiyē Minīlik
• "The Macedonian": Basil I, Byzantine Emperor
• "The Mad" (Fr. l'Insense, Sp. la Loca):
  • Charles VI of France
  • Eudes I, Count of Vermandois
  • Joanna, Queen of Aragon
  • Louis II of Bavaria
  • Paul, Emperor of Russia, 1796-1801
• "The Mad Count": William V, Count of Hainault
• "The Mad Prince":
  • Alexander Mavrocordat of Moldavia
  • Charles VI of France
• "The Magnanimous" (Fr. le Magnanime, Ger. der Grossmutige, Por. O Magnanimo, Sp. el Magnanimo):
  • Alfonso V of Aragon
  • Henry II, Duke of Brabant
  • John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, 1532–1547
  • John V of Portugal
  • Ladislaus of Naples, 1386–1414
  • Otto II, Duke of Brunswick
  • Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (1509–1567)
  • Rudolph IV, Duke of Austria
• "The Magnificent" (Fr. le Magnifique, It. il Magnifico):
  • Dan of Denmark
  • Edmund of England
  • John, Duke of Berry
  • Lorenzo of Florence (1469–1492)
  • Orlando of Fidenza
  • Robert I, Duke of Normandy
  • Suleiman I, Ottoman Sultan
• "The Maid of Norway": Margaret, Queen of Scotland
• "The Maiden": Malcolm of Scotland
• "The Marian": Henry I of Reuss (d.1240)
• "The Martyr": Edward of England (975–978)
• "The Martyrized": Charles I of Portugal ()
• "The Marvelous" (Fr. le Marveilleux):
  • Frederick II of Germany=Frederick I of Sicily
  • Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1279–1322
• "The Meek":
  • Eberhard IV, Count of Wurttemberg
  • Louis IV of the Palatinate
• "The Memorable": Eric II of Denmark
• "The Menacing Eyes": Demetrius II of Tver, 1322–1326
• "The Merchant": Bjorn of Vestfold
• "The Merciful": John VI of Portugal ()
• "The Merry" (Ger. der Frohliche): Otto of Austria
• "The Mighty Advisor": Henry II of Reuss-Lobenstein (1482–1500)
• "The Mild" (Ger. der Milde):
  • Eberhard III, Count of Wurttemberg, 1392–1417
  • Frederick II of Saxe-Wittenberg
  • John III of Holstein
  • Louis V of Thuringia (1172–1190)
  • Olaf of Denmark
  • Otto III, Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen
• "The Milk Maiden": Malcolm IV of Scotland
• "The Milksop": John II of Pskov (1436)
• "The Monk" (Rum. Calugarul, Sp. el Monje):
  • Alfonso IV of Leon and Asturias
  • Fortun Garces of Navarre, 880–908
  • Ramiro II of Aragon
  • Vlad IV, Prince of Wallachia, 1481–1495
  • Vlad VI, Prince of Wallachia, 1521 --
• "~ the Missed-King": Manuel II of Portugal ()
• "~ the Mouth": Sigurd II of Norway ()
• "~ the Musician-King:
  • John IV of Portugal ()
  • Louis I of Portugal ()

N

• "~ the Navigator": Henry of Portugal

• "~ New-Day": Valdemar IV of Denmark

• "~ of the Nine Hostages" (): Niall Noigíallach

• "~ the Noble":

  • Charles III of Navarre
  • Magnus I of Norway

• "~ No-Counsel" or "~ the Unready": Ethelred II of England (; )

• "~ the Noisy" or "~ the Clatterer": Eystein the Noisy (Modern Norwegian: Øystein Glumra) was reputedly a petty king on the west coast of Norway

• "~ the Nun's-Lover" (): John V of Portugal

• "The Nail": Andrew III of Pskov (1480)

• "The Natterberger": Henry XV of Lower Bavaria (1312-1333)

• "The Noble" (Sp. el Noble):

  • Alfonso V of Leon
  • Alfonso VIII of Castile (1158-1214)
  • Charles III of Navarre
  • Magnus I of Norway
  • Sancho IV of Navarre
  • Philip I of Namur
  • Philip III of Navarre --

O

• "The Oath-Taker": Henry III of Reuss (1337–1378)
• "The Oberhofrichter": Henry of Reuss-Plauen (1271–1303)
• "The Oceanographer":
  • Albert I, Prince of Monaco
  • Charles I of Portugal (Portuguese: ''Carlos '''o oceanógrafo''''')
• "~ The Old" (Cat. el Vell, Fr. l'Ancien, le Vieux, Nor. den Gamle, Pol. Stary, Rum. cel Batran, Sp. el Velloso, Swe. den Gamle, Tgl. Matanda):
  • Ache of Luzon (c. 1480–1572)
  • Albert I of Carpi
  • Albert II of Wedenberg-Heiligenberg (1327–1370)
  • Arnulf I, Count of Flanders (also known as "the great"
  • Basarab Laiota, Prince of Wallachia
  • Boso I, Count of La Marche
  • Coel Hen (Welsh for "Coel the Old"; king of the Brittonic "Hen Ogledd" ("Old North"); possibly legendary)
  • Konrad III of Silesia ()
  • Dyfnwal Hen (Welsh for "Dyfnwal the Old") of Alt Clut
  • Emund II of Sweden
  • Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1495–1540
  • Frederick the Great (Prussia), also named "the Old Fritz" ()
  • George V, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, 1620–1623
  • Gorm of Denmark
  • Guthrum
  • Haakon IV of Norway
  • Hugh VIII, Lord of Lusignan ()
  • Igor of Kiev
  • Michael II of Beloozero (1432–1486)
  • Mieszko III of Poland
  • Pippin of Landen
  • Raymond VI of Toulouse
  • Raymond Berengar I, Count of Barcelona
  • Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg (died 1232); also "the Kind"
  • Sigismund I of Poland
  • Theodore II of Beloozero (13??-1380)
  • William, Count of Nassau, 1538–1559
• "The Old Dessauer": Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau
• "The One-Eyed" (Ger. der Einaugige):
  • John II, Count of Holstein-Kiel
  • William I, Margrave of Meissen
• "~ the One-Eyed":
  • Fortun I of Pamplona
  • Antigonus I Monophthalmus
  • Wenceslaus I of Bohemia
  • Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
• "The Oppressed": Dietrich, Margrave of Meissen ()
• "~ the Oppressor": Philip IV of Spain (in Portugal: )
• "The Orphan": Henry I of Reuss (1250–1295)
• "~ the Outlaw": Edgar Ætheling of England
• "~ d'Outremer" (French, "from Overseas"): Louis IV of France

P

• "~ the Pacific": Peter II of Portugal ()
• "~ the Painter-King":
  • Charles I of Portugal ()
  • Louis I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Pale": Constantius I, Roman Emperor
• "~ the Patriot": Manuel II of Portugal ()
• "~ the Peaceful":
  • Edgar of England
  • Olaf III of Norway
  • Aymon, Count of Savoy
  • Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
• "~ the Peacemaker":
  • Alexander III of Russia
  • Alfonso XII of Spain ()
• "~ the Perfect Prince": John II of Portugal ()
• "~ the Philosopher" or "~ the Philosopher King": Edward of Portugal ( or o Rei-Filósofo)
• "~ the Pilgrim:
  • Ermengol II, Count of Urgell () ()
  • Henry I, Lord of Mecklenburg ()
• "~ the Pious":
  • Boleslav II of Bohemia
  • Edward VI, King of England
  • Henry II, Duke of Silesia ()
  • John III of Portugal ()
  • Louis I of France ()
  • Maria I of Portugal ()
  • Philip III of Spain ()
  • Robert II of France ()
  • Sancho II of Portugal ()
  • William V, Duke of Bavaria ()
  • Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg ()
• "~ Ploughpenny": Eric IV of Denmark
• "~ the Poet" or "~ the Poet King": Denis of Portugal ( or )
• "The Poet Prince": Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd
• "~ the Poison King": Mithridates VI of Pontus
• "~ the Popular": Louis I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Populator": Sancho I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Posthumous":
  • John I of France
  • Ladislaus I of Bohemia
  • Theobald IV of Champagne
• "~ the Powerful": Uroš IV of Serbia
• "~ the Precious": Stephen II of Serbia
• "~ the Priest Hater": Eric II of Norway
• "~ the Prior of Crato": Anthony I of Portugal (, a reference to his position as Master of the Portuguese branch of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Hospitaller) before his acclamation as King)
• "~ the Proud":
  • Simeon of Moscow
  • Tarquin the Proud ()
• "~ the Prudent":
  • Louis XI of France (French: ''Louis '''le Prudent''''')
  • Philip II of Spain ()
• "~ the Purple-Born" (Greek Porphyrogenetes):
  • Baldwin II of Constantinople
  • Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor
• "The Pacific" (Por. O Pacifico, Sp. el Pacificador):
  • Alfonso XII of Spain
  • Christopher, Duke of Wurttemberg
  • Frederick I of Denmark, 1523-1533
  • Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1406-1440
  • Peter II of Portugal
  • Sancho I of Mallorca
• "The Paphlagonian": Michael IV, Byzantine Emperor
• "The Parricide": John of Austria (Duke of Swabia, 1290–1313)
• "The Peaceable":
  • Edgar of England, (959–975)
  • Edgar of Scotland
• "The Peaceful" (Ger. der Friedfertige):
  • Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
  • Edmund, Duke of Savoy
  • Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia
  • Frederick V of Austria
  • Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick
  • Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg
  • John I, Duke of Mecklenburg
  • John II, Duke of Brabant
  • John III of March
  • Louis II, Landgrave of Hesse (1413–1458)
  • Louis V of the Palatinate
  • Olav III of Norway
• "The Peasant's God" (Dut. Keerlen God): Floris V, Count of Holland
• "The Peculiar" (Ger. der Wunderliche): Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
• "The Perfect Prince": John II of Portugal
• "The Persistent": Henry II of Reuss-Lobenstein (1500–1547, d.1550)
• "The Philosopher":
• "The Pilgrim" (Sp. el Pelegrino):
  • Ermengol II, Count of Urgel
  • Henry I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d.1302)
  • Henry I of Reuss (1449–1475)
• "The Pious" (Fr. le Pieux, Ger. der Fromme, Pol. Pobozny, Sp. Pio):
  • Albert I, Count of Vermandois
  • Albert III of Bavaria
  • Andrew of Suzdal
  • Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
  • Boleslaus II of Bohemia
  • Burchard I of Querfurt
  • Canute of Schleswig
  • Conrad, Margrave of Meissen, 1130–1156
  • Ernest I (1601–1675), Duke of Saxe-Gotha
  • Frederick III, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg
  • Frederick III of the Palatinate
  • George, Margrave of Ansbach
  • George of Nurnberg
  • George I Hesse-Darmstadt
  • Henry of Saxe-Wittenberg (1539–1541)
  • Henry I of Brabant
  • Henry II of Reuss
  • Henry II of Silesia-Wroclaw
  • Henry V (1473–1541), Duke of Saxony
  • John III of Portugal
  • Louis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 814–840
  • Louis III of Wurttemberg (1568–1593
  • Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia
  • Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Gottingen
  • Mary I of Portugal
  • Otto III of Brandenburg
  • Robert II of France
  • Werner II, Count of Habsburg
  • William I, Duke of Aquitaine
• "The Pomeranian:"
  • Adolph V, Count of Holstein
  • Eric XIII of Sweden
• "The Popular": Louis I of Portugal
• "The Populator" (Sp. El Repoblador): Sancho I of Portugal
• "The Poor": Radu II, Prince of Wallachia
• "The Posthumous" (Fr. le Posthume):
  • Arthur I, Duke of Brittany
  • Frederick William II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
  • John I of France
  • Ladislas of Austria
  • William Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
• "The Priest": Sverre of Norway
• "The Priest-Hater" (Nor. Præsthatare); Eric Præsthatare of Norway
• "The Proud" (Ger. der Stolze):
  • Albert I, Margrave of Meissen
  • Godfred of Vestfold
  • Henry X of Bavaria
  • Simeon, Grand Prince of Moscow (1341–1353)
• "The Prudent" (Fr. le Prudent, Sp. el Prudente):
  • Ferdinand VI of Spain
  • Louis XI of France
  • Philip II of Spain
• "The Purple-born" (Gr. Porphyrogenitus): Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor

--

Q

• "~ the Quarreller":

  • Frederick of Saxony
  • Louis X of France

• "~ the Queen of Sad Mischance": Isabella II of Spain ()

• "~ the Quiet": Olaf III of Norway

• "~ the Quietest one": Alexis of Russia (, ru)

• "~The Quarrelsome" (Fr. le Hutin, Ger. der Zanker):

  • Christian I of Oldenburg
  • Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, 1423-1428
  • Frederick II of Austria
  • Frederick IV of Meissen
  • Gerard of Oldenburg
  • Henry II of Bavaria
  • Henry II, Duke of Carinthia
  • Louis X of France

• "~Queen": James I of England

--

R

• "~ the Rash": James III of Majorca
• "~ the Red":
  • Håkan of Sweden ()
  • Fulk I of Anjou
  • John I, Duke of Brittany
  • Odo I, Duke of Burgundy ()
  • Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
  • William II of England (Latin: William Rufus)
  • Rupert I, Elector Palatine ()
  • Ralph I, Count of Clermont ()
• "~ the Red King": Macbeth of Scotland (Medieval Gaelic: Mac Bethad mac Findlaích Rí Deircc)
• "~ the Redemptress": Isabel of Brazil ()
• "~ the Redless" or "~ the Redeless": Ethelred II of England ()
• "~ the Reformer": Joseph I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Resistant": Anthony I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Restorer":
  • Casimir I of Poland ()
  • García Ramírez of Navarre
  • Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire
  • John IV of Portugal ()
• "~ the Righteous":
  • Rupert of Germany ()
  • Henry IV of Silesia () ()
  • Frederick IV, Elector Palatine ()
• "~ the Rightly Guided": Harun al-Rashid ()
• "~ the Romanslayer": Kaloyan (Bulgarian: Калоян ромеубиеца)
• "~ Roundhead": Ragnvald of Sweden (; the exact meaning of the nickname is unclear)
• "The Rash": Charles I of Burgundy
• "The Reasonable": Gostomysl of Novgorod (8??-859)
• "The Rebel": Henry I of the Ostmark
• "The Red" (Ger. der Rote, Fr. le Rouge, le Roux, Swe. Rode):
  • Conrad of Lorraine | Conrad, Duke of Franconia
  • Conrad III of Mazovia
  • Eudes I, Duke of Burgundy
  • Fulk I, Count of Anjou
  • Gerard I of Gelderland
  • Gerard II of Gelderland
  • Gerard III of Gelderland
  • Gozmar III of Ziegenhain (1168–1184)
  • Haakon of Sweden (usurper)
  • Henry II of Reuss (fl.c.1373)
  • John I, Duke of Brittany (1237–1286)
  • Walram of Valkenburg
• "The Red Count": Amadeus VII of Savoy (1383–1391)
• "The Redbeard" (Barbarossa): Frederick I of Germany
• "The Redhead": Henry II of Reuss-Ober-Greiz (1578–1616)
• "The Reformer" (Por. O Reformador): Joseph I of Portugal
• "The Resolute" (Ger. der Beherzte): Albert, Duke of Saxony
• "The Resourceful": Robert Guiscard
• "The Restless": Frederick IV of Brunswick
• "The Restorer" (Pol. Odnowiciel, Por. O Restaurador):
  • Casimir I of Poland
  • Frederick I, Duke of Silesia
  • García Ramírez of Navarre
  • John IV of Portugal
• "The Restorer" (Por. O Restaurador): John IV of Portugal
• "The Rich" (Fr. le Riche, Ger. der Reiche):
  • Adalbert II of Tuscany
  • Albert III (d.1199), Count of Habsburg
  • Conrad, Margrave of Meissen
  • Frederick II of Lorraine
  • Frederick IV of Austria
  • George of Bavaria-Landshut (1479–1503)
  • Henry II, Count of Nassau, 1198–1249
  • Henry III of Hesse
  • Henry IV of Bavaria
  • Henry IV of Reuss
  • Henry XVI of Bavaria-Landshut (1393–1450)
  • Louis IX of Bavaria-Landshut (1450–1479)
  • Otto, Margrave of Meissen, 1156–1190
  • Otto III of Weimar and Orlamunde (1100–1123)
  • William, Duke of Berg. Julich and Cleves, 1539–1592
  • William of Marck
  • William I of Namur
  • William, Count of Nassau, 1538–1559
• "~The Righteous":
  • Henry IV Prawy of Poland
  • Frederick IV, Elector Palatine** ()
• "Rowney": Charles II or Great Britain.
• "The Roman" (Ger. der Romer): Louis VI der Romer, Margrave of Brandenburg
• "The Roman Slayer" (Bulgarian: Калоян Ромеоубиец; Greek: Rōmaioktonos): Kaloyan of Bulgaria, 1197–1207

--

S

• "~ the Sacrificer": Sweyn of Sweden (; unclear if "Sven" was his actual name or part of the nickname)
• "~ the Sacristan": Peter III of Portugal ()
• "~ the Sailor King": William IV of the United Kingdom
• "~ the Saint":
  • Edward the Confessor, also known as Saint Edward
  • Ferdinand III of Castile ()
  • Lulach of Scotland
  • Louis IX of France ()
  • William X, Duke of Aquitaine
  • Leopold III, Margrave of Austria ()
  • Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia ()
  • Raymond Benergar IV, Count of Barcelona ()
• "~ the Sapient": Mindaugas
• "~ the Saver of Europe": Tervel of Bulgaria
• "~ the Savior":
  • Ptolemy I Soter
  • Ptolemy IX Soter
  • Antiochus I Soter
  • Demetrius I Soter
  • Diodotus I Soter
  • Menander I Soter
• "~ the Seer": Oleg of Novgorod
• "~ of the Seven Parts (of the World)": Peter, Duke of Coimbra ()
• "~ the She-Wolf of France: Isabella of France
• "~ the Be-shitten": James II of England and Ireland, also James VII of Scotland ()
• "~ the Short": Pippin III, King of the Franks
• "~ of Showers": Niall Frossach, High King of Ireland
• "~ the Silent":
  • Olav III of Norway
  • William I of Orange
• "~ the Simple":
  • Charles III of France
  • William, Count of Sully
  • Frederick III of Sicily
  • Peter II, Duke of Brittany
• "~ the Singer": David III of Ethiopia ( ''Dawīt '''āzimarī''''')
• "~ Skötkonung" (Old Norse "Tax-King"?): Olof of Sweden
• "~ the Sluggard": Louis V of France
• "~ the Soldier": Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
• "~ the Soldier-King":
  • Frederick William I of Prussia
  • Peter IV of Portugal ()
  • Albert I of Belgium (French: *le '''Roi-Soldat''''' or *le Roi-Chevalier'')
• "~ the Sorcerer": Vseslav of Polotsk
• "~ the Sorrowful": Manuel II of Portugal ()
• "~ the Spider": Louis XI of France (l'Universelle Aragne)
• "~ the Spirited": Philip V of Spain ()
• "~ Split-Nose": Justinian II, Byzantine Emperor
• "~ the Stammerer": Louis II of France
• "~ the Stout": Olaf II of Norway
• "The Strict":
  • Louis II, Duke of Bavaria ()
  • Boleslaus I, Duke of Jawor ()
  • Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia ()
• "~ the Strong":
  • Augustus II the Strong
  • Magnus Nilsson, Swedish pretender
  • Sancho VII of Navarre
  • Uroš IV of Serbia
• "~ the Studious": Manuel II of Portugal ()
• "~ the Stutterer": Peter I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Sun King": Louis XIV of France
  • "The Portuguese Sun King": John V of Portugal
• "The Sage": Vermund of Denmark
• "The Sailor King": William IV of England (1830-1837)
• "~ The Saint" (Cat. el Sant, Ger. der Heilige, Nor. den Hellige, Sp. el Santo):
  • Alexander of Tver (d.1339)
  • Canute IV of Denmark
  • David of Scotland
  • Eric IX of Sweden
  • Ferdinand III of Castile
  • George II of Moscow (1212–1216, d.1238)
  • Gleb I of Kiev (1010–1015)
  • Hedwig, Queen of Poland, 1384–1386
  • Henry II of Germany
  • Igor I of Kiev (d.1147)
  • Ladislas I of Hungary
  • Leopold III of Austria
  • Leopold III of Ostmark
  • Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia
  • Louis IX of France
  • Michael of Kiev (d.1245)
  • Michael II of Moscow (1247–1248)
  • Michael III of Moscow (1304–1318, d.1319)
  • Olav II of Norway (1015–1028)
  • Raymond Berenger IV, Count of Barcelona
  • Roman II of Riazan (1258–1270)
  • Stephen I of Hungary
  • Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev
  • Wenceslaus I of Bohemia
  • William X of Aquitaine
• "The Sallow": Selim II, Ottoman Sultan
• "The Saxon Hercules" (Ger. Sachsischer Herkules): Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony
• "The Saxon Justinian" (Ger. Sächsischer Justinian): Augustus, Elector of Saxony
• "The Saxon Mars": John George III, Elector of Saxony
• "The Saxon Roland (Ger. Sächsischer Roland): Albert, Duke of Saxony
• "The Scholar": John I of Silesia
• "The Seer": Oleg of Novgorod (880–912)
• "The Serene": Henry I, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1247–1265
• "The Serious" (Ger. der Ernsthafte): Frederick, Landgrave of Thuringia
• "The Servant of Christ" (Nor. Gylle, Gille, Gylle Krist): Harald IV of Norway
• "The Severe" (Fr. le Severe, Ger. der Freudholdige):
  • Frederick II, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1323–1349
  • Henry of Reuss (1349–1459)
  • Louis II of Bavaria
  • Louis II of the Palatinate
  • Peter of Portugal
• "The Shepherd" (Rum. Ciobanul): Mircea, Prince of Wallachia, 1545–1554, 1558–1559
• "The Short" (Fr. le Bref, Ger. der Kleine, Pol. Lokietek):
  • Bolko II of Silesia
  • Henry II of Reuss (1303–1349)
  • Pepin III of the Franks, 751–768
  • Ladislaus IV of Poland
• "The Silent": William VIII (d.1584), Prince of Orange
• "The Simple" (Rum. Prasnaglava):
  • Adolph of the Palatinate
  • Charles III of France
  • Frederick III of Sicily (1355–1377)
  • Lulach of Scotland
  • William, Count of Sully
  • Peter II of Brittany
  • Radu II, Prince of Wallachia, 1421–1431
• "The Slimy" (Nor. Slembe): Sigurd Slembe of Norway
• "The Slit-Nosed" (Gr. Rhinotmetus): Justinian II Rhinotmetus, Byzantine Emperor
• "The Slobberer": Alfonso IX of Leon
• "The Small" (Fr. le Petit):
  • Charles II of Hungary, 1385–1386
  • Conan IV, Duke of Brittany
  • Nicholas of Silesia
  • Otto VI of Brandenburg
• "The Soldier King" (Por. O Rei-Soldado): Peter IV of Portugal
• "The Solemn": Frederick II of Meissen
• "The Sot":
  • Michael III, Byzantine Emperor
  • Selim II, Ottoman Sultan
• "The Sparrow": Henry VIII of Silesia
• "The Spendthrift": Albert VI of Austria
• "The Spittler": Henry III of Reuss (1225, 1264, d.c1266)
• "The Stammerer" (Fr. le Begue, Ger. der Stammerer, Gr. Psellus):
  • Frederick, Margrave of Meissen
  • Louis II of France
  • Michael II, Byzantine Emperor
  • Rudolph I, Duke of Bavaria
• "The Steady" (Ger. der Bestandige): John of Saxony (1525–1532)
• "The Stern" (Ger. der Strenge):
  • Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia
  • Louis II of Bavaria
• "The Steward": Robert II of Scotland
• "The Stingy": Halfdan II of Vestfold
• "The Stout": Olav II of Norway
• "The Strict": Bolko I, Duke of Silesia
• "The Strong" (Fr. le Fort, Ger. der Starke, Pol. Mocny, Sp. el Fuerte):
  • Asen I of Bulgaria
  • Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1349–1381
  • Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony, 1694–1733
  • George II of Anhalt-Dessau
  • Henry I, Margrave of Austria
  • Humbert II, Duke of Savoy
  • John II of Schwarzenberg
  • Leopold of Ostmark
  • Leopold, Margrave of Styria
  • Magnus Nielssen of Sweden
  • Magnus II of Denmark
  • Robert, Count of Tours, 853–866
  • Sancho II of Castile
  • Sancho VII of Navarre
• "The Stubborn" (Sp. el Obstinado): Louis X of France | Louis I of Navarre
• "The Sufferer" (Sp. el Doliente): Henry III of Castile (1390–1406)
• "The Summoned" (Sp. el Emplazado): Ferdinand IV of Castile, 1295–1312
• "The Sun King": Louis XIV of France --

T

• "~ the Tall":
  • Canute II of Sweden
  • Philip V of France (Philippe le Long)
  • Stephen of Serbia
  • Thorkell of East Anglia
  • Hasan the Tall (Uzun Hasan)
• "~ the Terrible":
  • Charles, Duke of Burgundy
  • Ivan IV of Russia (, Ivan Groznyy)
  • Shingas
  • Krum of Bulgaria
• "~ the Theologian": John I of Mecklenburg
• "~ the Thunderbolt":
  • Bayezid I, Ottoman Sultan
  • Ptolemy, King of Macedon (
• "~ the Till-the-End-of-the-World-Passionate": Peter I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Tough": Helen of Bosnia (Jelena Gruba)
• "~ the Traditionalist": Miguel I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Traditional Queen": Isabella II of Spain ()
• "~ Transmarinus": (Latin: transmarinus "from Outerseas") Louis IV of France ()
• "~ the Treacherous": Leonor Telles de Meneses ()
• "~ the Trembling": Garcia IV of Pamplona
• "~ the Tremulous": Garcia II of Navarre
• "~ of the Tributes": Brian Boru, High King of Ireland ()
• "~ the Troubadour":
  • Alfonso II of Aragon
  • Dinis of Portugal ()
  • Theobald I of Navarre (; ; also called Theobald the Posthumous)
• "~ Twistedbeard": Alan II, Duke of Brittany () ()
• "~ the Tyrant":
  • Christian II of Denmark (in Sweden: )
  • Ezzelino III, Lord of Romano ()
• "The Taciturn" (Fr. le Taciturne): William VIII (d.1584), Prince of Orange
• "The Tall" (Fr. le Long, Ger. der Faule):
  • Boleslaw I of Silesia
  • Henry I of Reuss (1316-1373)
  • Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg
  • Philip V of France
  • Rudolph VI of Baden-Pforzheim
  • Walram I of Monschau (Limburg?)
• "The Terrible" (Rum. cel Cumplit, Rus. Grozny):
  • John, Prince of Moldavia
  • John IV, Emperor of Russia
• "The Terror" (Mitarra): Sancho Garcia, Duke of Gascony
• "The Theologian": John I of Mecklenburg
• "The Thriftless": Boleslaw III of Silesia
• "The Thunderbolt" (Tur. Yildirim): Beyazid I, Ottoman Sultan
• "The Thuringian": Agilulf of Turin
• "The Towhead" (Cat. el Cap de Estopes):
  • Berenger Raymond II, Count of Barcelona
  • William III of Aquitaine
• "The Treacherous": Gabran of Dalriada
• "The Trembler, Tremulous": Garcia II of Navarre
• "The Triumphant": John III of Brabant
• "The Troubadour" (Sp. el Trovador):
  • Alfonso II of Aragon
  • Henry IV, Count of Champagne | Theobald I el Trovador, King of Navarre
  • William IX of Aquitaine
• "The True": Henry III of Silesia
• "The Turkified, the Turk" (Ger. der Islamisierte, Rum. Turcitul): Mihnea II, Prince of Wallachia, 1577–1583, 1585–1591
• "The Tyrant" (Rum. Tiranul):
  • Aaron, Prince of Moldavia, 1591–1595
  • Phocas, Byzantine Emperor --

U

• "~ the Unfortunate":

  • Manuel II of Portugal ()
  • Piero the Unfortunate

• "~ the Unique": Frederick II of Prussia

• "~ the Unlucky":

  • Arnulf III of Flanders
  • Henry III of Reuss

• "~ the Unready": Ethelred II of England

• "~ the Usurper":

  • Mauregato of Asturias
  • Miguel I of Portugal ()

• "The Unforgettable": Henry I of Reuss-Plauen (1368-1383)

• "The Unfortunate":

  • James of Urgel
  • James III of Mallorca

• "The Universal Spider" (Fr. l'Universelle Aragne): Louis XI of France

• "The Unlucky" (Fr. le Malheureux):

• Arnulf III, Count of Flanders

• Henry III of Reuss

• "The Unnamed": Henry III of Reuss

• "The Unready": Ethelred II of England (actually, a more accurate translation is "the badly-advised")

• "The Upholder": Henry of Reuss-Weida (1348–1360)

• "The Upright": Louis I of Bavaria

• "The Usurper" (Rum. Uzurpatorul): Vlad I, Prince of Wallachia, 1394–1397 --

V

• "~ the Vain": James I of England (VI of Scots)
• "~ the Valiant":
  • Halfdan Haraldsson, Legendary Prince of Scania
  • John IV, Duke of Brittany (), (John V in some English sources)
  • Ralph I, Count of Vermandois ()
  • Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine ()
  • Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine ()
• "~ the Venetian": Andrew III of Hungary (& III of Croatia)
• "~ the Vengeful": Peter I of Portugal ()
• "~ the Victorious":
  • Afonso VI of Portugal ()
  • Charles VII of France
  • Eric of Sweden ()
  • Frederick I of the Palatinate
  • Valdemar II of Denmark (; also "Valdemar the Conqueror")
• "~ the Virgin Queen": Elizabeth I of England
• "~the Virtuous": Leopold V, Duke of Austria ()
• "The Valiant" (Fr. le Vaillant, Sp. el Valiente):
  • Alfonso VI of Castile, (1072-1109)
  • Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1349-1381
  • John IV, Duke of Brittany
  • Rudolph of Lorraine
  • Rudolph I, Count of Vermandios
  • Thierry II, Duke of Lorraine
  • William III, Landgrave of Thuringia, 1445–1482
• "The Vicious": John II of Silesia
• "The Victorious" (Fr. le Victorieux, Dan. Sejr, Ger. der Siegreiche, Swe. Segersall):
  • Adalbert, Margrave of Austria (d.1055)
  • Alfonso VI of Portugal
  • Charles VII of France
  • Eric VIII of Sweden
  • Frederick I of the Palatinate
  • John I, Duke of Brabant
  • Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg
  • Rene II, Duke of Lorraine
  • Valdemar II of Denmark
• "The Virtuous": Leopold V, Duke of Austria --

W

• "~ the Warlike":

  • Albert, Prince of Beyreuth
  • Bernard VII of Lippe
  • Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
  • Frederick II of Austria
  • Herman of Schwarzenberg
  • Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor
  • Svyatoslav I of Kiev

• "~ the Warrior": Charles I of Savoy

• "~ the Weak": Uroš V of Serbia

• "~ Wearing-a-Cape": Hugh Capet of France

• "~ the Well-Beloved":

  • Charles VI of France
  • Louis I of Spain ()

• "~ the Well-Served": Charles VII of France

• "~ the Wench of Queluz": Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal ()

• "~ the White":

  • Henry III of Silesia
  • Leszek I of Poland ()

• "~ Whiteshirt":

  • Haraldr Whiteshirt

• "~ Who-Fights-Alone":

  • Constantine IX, Byzantine Emperor
  • Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev

• "~ the Wicked":

  • Ordoño IV of León
  • Yazdegerd I of Persia

• "~ the Wise":

  • Albert II of Austria
  • Albert IV of Bavaria
  • Alfonso X of Castile
  • Charles V of France
  • Coloman of Hungary
  • Frederick II of the Palatinate
  • Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
  • Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor
  • Mandukhai Khatun, empress of the Mongol Empire
  • Robert of Naples
  • Sancho VI of Navarre
  • William IV of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
  • Yaroslav I of KievBritannica Academic

• "~ the Wrymouth": Boleslaus III of Poland ()

• "The Warlike" (Ger. der Streitbare):

  • Bernard VII of Lippe
  • Christian I, Count of Oldenburg
  • Frederick, Margrave of Meissen
  • Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg
  • Frederick II, Duke of Austria (1230-1246)
  • Gerard, Count of Oldenburg
  • Herman of Schwarzenberg (1437–1448)
  • Svyatoslav I of Kiev (941–969, d.972)d

• "The Warrior": Charles I, Duke of Savoy (1482–1490)

• "The Well-Appointed": Henry I of Reuss (1475–1502)

• "The Well-Beloved" (Fr. le Bien-Aime, Sp. el Bien Amado, Port. O Bem-Amado):

  • Charles VI of France
  • Francis I, Duke of Brittany
  • Louis I of Spain
  • Pedro V of Portugal
  • Louis XV of France
  • Ulrich V, Duke of Wurttemberg (d.1480)

• "The Well-Loved": Ulrich V, Count of Wurttemberg

• "The Werewolf": Vseslav of Kiev (d.1101)

• "The Wheelwright": Piast of Poland

• "The Whiner": Eberhard II of Wurttemberg (1344–1392)

• "The White" (Pol. Bialy):

  • Henry III, Duke of Silesia
  • Leszek I of Poland

• "The Whitehanded" (It. Biancamano): Humbert I, Count of Savoy, 1003-1047/48

• "The Wicked": Ordoño IV of Leon

• "The Wild Bull": Vsevolod I of Kiev (1180–1196)

• "The Winter King": Frederick of Bohemia=Frederick V of the Palatinate

• "The Wise" (Fr., le Sage, Ger. der Weise, Rus. Muidryj, Sp. el Sabio):

  • Albert II of Austria
  • Albert IV (d.1229), Count of Habsburg
  • Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (1465–1508)
  • Alfonso X of Castile, 1252–1284
  • Berenger of Toulouse
  • Charles II of Naples, 1285–1309
  • Charles V of France
  • Dag of Sweden
  • Frederick II of the Palatinate
  • Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, 1486–1525
  • John V, Duke of Brittany
  • Leo VI, Byzantine Emperor
  • Oleg, Prince of Kiev
  • Robert I of Naples, 1309–1343
  • Sancho VI of Navarre
  • William IV of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
  • Yaroslav of Kiev (d.1054)

• "Without fear": John, Duke of Burgundy

• "The Wrangler": Henry II, Duke of Bavaria

• "The Wrong-Doer" (Rum. cel Rau): Alexander, Prince of Moldavia --

Y

• "Yellow " or " the Blond": Selim II of the Ottoman Empire ()
• "~ the Young":
  • **Basarab Ţepeluş of Wallachia **(Old Romanian: Basarab Ţepeluş cel Tânăr)
  • Fulk V of Anjou ()
• "~ the Young King": Henry the Young King ()
• "~ the Younger":
  • Conrad II of Sicily
  • Martin I of Sicily
  • Louis VII of France ()
  • Pippin III, King of the Franks (; , or Pippin der Jüngere); see also "~ the Short", above
• "The Young" (Fr. le Jeune, Rum. cel Tinar, Sp. el Joven):
  • Arnulf II, Count of Flanders
  • Baldwin III, Count of Flanders
  • Basarab IV, Prince of Wallachia, 1477-1482
  • Fulk V, Count of Anjou
  • Geoffrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine
  • Izyaslav I (1094–1096)
  • Miron II, Count of Besalu and Cerdanya
  • Peter I, Prince of Wallachia, 1559–1568
  • Vlad V, Prince of Wallachia, 1510–1512
  • William VIII (d.1584), Prince of Orange
  • William V, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, 1559–1592
  • Yaroslav II of Kiev=Yaroslav I of Riazan (d.1129)
• "The Younger" (Ger. der Jungere):
  • Azzo II of Ferrara (1215–1264)
  • Burchard of Mansfeld
  • Christian II of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst
  • Conan IV of Brittany (1156–1166)
  • Conrad of Sicily
  • Conrad II, Duke of Carinthia
  • Dionysius II of Syracuse
  • Eberhard V, Count of Wurttemberg
  • Eberhard II, Duke of Wurttemberg
  • Eric III, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg
  • George II of Dmitrov (1462–1472)
  • George Frederick II of Hohenlohe
  • Gerard II of Hallermund
  • Henry of Reuss (1595–1635)
  • Henry of Reuss (1450–1479)
  • Henry I, Duke of Carinthia
  • Henry III, Duke of Bavaria (983–985)
  • Henry III (XVI) of Reuss (1564–1572)
  • Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg
  • Inge II of Sweden
  • John II of Nassau
  • John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
  • John Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Jena (1554–1565)
  • Keno II of East Frisia
  • Louis of Germany
  • Henry IX, Duke of Brunswick
  • Louis VII of France
  • Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (1443–1445)
  • Martin I of Sicily (1390–1409)
  • Ocko II, Count of East Frisia
  • Przemyslaw II, Duke of Silesia
  • William II, Duke of Aquitaine
  • William II, Landgrave of Hesse
  • William II of Solms-Greifenstein (1635–1676)
  • William IV, Duke of Brunswick
  • William V, Duke of Brunswick
• "The Younger Sage": Conrad X, Duke of Silesia --

Sobriquets

• "The Accursed": Genghis Khan
• "The Alexander of the West": Henry II of England
• "Alix": Alexandra of Denmark
• "Bertie": George VI of the United Kingdom
• "Bloody Mary": **Mary I of England **
• "Bonnie Prince Charlie": Charles Edward Stuart, United Kingdom
• "Caligula" ("Little Boots"): Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, Roman Emperor
• "Caracalla" ("Hooded Tunic"): Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman Emperor
• "Cecco Peppe" (Italian, diminutive of Francesco Giuseppe): Franz Joseph I of Austria
• "Champion of the Reformation": John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
• "Daisy": Margrethe II of Denmark
• "Dickie": Louis Mountbatten
• "Dominus Mundi": Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
• "Ducky": Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
• "the Emperor of Universal Dominion": Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
• "Emperor-Sacristan": Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
• "Ena": Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
• "Farmer George": George III the United Kingdom
• "Father of England" Edward III of England
• "Father of Europe" (Latin: "Pater Europae"): Charlemagne
• "Father-in-law of Europe":
  • Christian IX of Denmark
  • Nicholas I of Montenegro
• "First Gentleman of Europe": Louis XV of France
• "Fox of Mecklenburg": Albert II of Mecklenburg
• "Gloriana": Elizabeth I of England
• "Good King Edward": Edward III of England
• "Good King Henry" (French: "le bon roi Henri"): Henry IV of France
• "Good King René" (French: "le bon roi René"): René of Anjou, (deposed) king of peninsular Sicily
• "Good Queen Bess": Elizabeth I of England
• "Grandfather of Europe": Miguel I of Portugal
• "Grandmother of Europe": Queen Victoria
• "The Great Belly-Gerent": Frederick I of Württemberg
• "The Great Elector" (German: "Großer Kurfürst"): Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
• "Greek Nicky": Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark
• "Hammer of the North": Harald III of Norway
• "Hammer of the Scots": Edward I of England
• "Harry": Maud of the United Kingdom
• "The Huckster King": Henry VII of England
• "The Iron and Golden King": Ottokar II of Bohemia (Czech: "Král železný a zlatý")
• "The Iron Duke": Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva (Dutch: "IJzeren Hertog")
• "The Iron Pope" (Italian: Il Papa Ferreo): Pope Sixtus V
• "Kaiser Bill": Wilhelm II, German Emperor
• "The King of May" (Italian: "Re di maggio"): Umberto II of Italy
• "The King of the Seas" Edward III of England
• "The Last Knight": Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
• "Lion of Justice": Henry I of England; Henry II of England
• "Lilibet": Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
• "Lion of the North": Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
• "The Little Corporal": Napoleon I of France
• "Little Sabre" (Italian: "Sciaboletta"): Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
• "May": Mary of Teck
• "Missy": Marie of Romania
• "The Merry Monarch" or "The Merrie Monarch":
  • Charles II of England
  • Kalākaua of Hawaiʻi
• "Mrs Brown": Queen Victoria. Refers to the Queen's relationship with her personal attendant, John Brown.
• "Napoleon of the Pacific": Kamehameha I of Hawaiʻi
• "Nicky": Nicholas II of Russia
• "The Nine Days Queen": Lady Jane Grey
• "Old Coppernose": Henry VIII of England
• "The One of the Little Dagger" (Catalan: "El del Punyalet"): Peter IV of Aragon
• "The People's King": Lunalilo of Hawaii
• "Pingo": Frederik X of Denmark
• "The Pious Grandfather" (Italian: Il Pio Nonno, a pun on the Italian form of his regnal name, Pio Nono): Pope Pius IX
• "The Prince of Whales": George IV of the United Kingdom. Note that it is Whales instead of Wales. George was indeed the Prince of Wales during his regency, while he was also quite obese. Political satirical cartoons at the time would make fun of his obesity and portray him as a massive whale.
• "The Sailor King": William IV of the United Kingdom
• "The Scourge of God": Attila the Hun
• "Skanderbeg" (from Albanian Skënderbeu, "Lord Alexander"): George Kastrioti of Albania
• "Sissi/Sisi": Empress Elisabeth of Austria
• "Soft-Sword": John, King of England
• "Stupid Willy" (Polish: "Głupi Wiluś"): Wilhelm II of Germany
• "Stupor Mundi": Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
• "The Sun King" (French: "Le Roi Soleil"): Louis XIV of France
• "The Tennis King": () Gustav V of Sweden
• "The Theater King": () Gustav III of Sweden
• "Thief of Cairo": Farouk of Egypt
• "The Uncle of Europe": Edward VII of the United Kingdom
• "The Universal Spider" (Old French: "l'universelle aragne"): Louis XI of France
• "The Virgin Queen": **Elizabeth I of England **
• "The Warrior King": Abdullah II of Jordan
• "The Warrior Pope" (Italian: Il Papa Guerriero): Pope Julius II
• "The Winter King": Frederick I of Bohemia
• "The Wisest Fool in Christendom": James I of England
• "The World-Emperor": Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Notes

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