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List of lemuroids

Species in mammal superfamily Lemuroidea

Summary

Species in mammal superfamily Lemuroidea

Ring-tailed kawanu resting with hands on wooden branch — [[Ring-tailed lemur]] (''Lemur catta'')

Lemuroidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this superfamily are called lemuroids, or lemurs. Lemuroidea is one of two superfamilies that form the suborder Strepsirrhini, itself one of two suborders in the order Primates. They are found exclusively on the island of Madagascar, primarily in forests but with some species also in savannas, shrublands, or wetlands. They range in size from the Margot Marsh's mouse lemur, at 8 cm plus a 11 cm tail, to the indri, at 90 cm plus a 6 cm tail. Lemuroids primarily eat fruit, leaves, and insects. Most lemuroids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 40 mature individuals to 5,000. Most lemuroid species are at risk of extinction, with 45 species categorized as endangered, and a further 32 species categorized as critically endangered.

Madagascar, with the coastal and some inland areas shaded — Range of all lemur species

The 107 extant species of Lemuroidea are divided into five families. Cheirogaleidae contains 41 dwarf, mouse, and fork-marked lemur species in five genera. Daubentoniidae contains a single species, the aye-aye. Indriidae contains nineteen woolly lemur and sifaka species in three genera. Lemuridae contains 21 ruffed, ring-tailed, bamboo, and other lemur species in five genera. Lepilemuridae contains 25 sportive lemur species in a single genus.

Dozens of extinct prehistoric lemuroid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. At least 17 species and eight genera are believed to have become extinct in the 2,000 years since humans first arrived in Madagascar.

All known extinct species were large, ranging in weight from 10 to. The largest known subfossil lemur was Archaeoindris fontoynonti, a giant sloth lemur, which weighed more than a modern female gorilla. The extinction of the largest lemurs is often attributed to predation by humans and possibly habitat destruction. Since all extinct lemurs were not only large (and thus ideal prey species), but also slow-moving (and thus more vulnerable to human predation), their presumably slow-reproducing and low-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans. Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible.

Conventions

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the lemuroid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

Main article: Taxonomy of lemurs

The superfamily Lemuroidea consists of five extant families: Cheirogaleidae, Daubentoniidae, Indriidae, Lemuridae, and Lepilemuridae. Cheirogaleidae contains 41 species in five genera. Daubentoniidae contains a single species. Indriidae contains nineteen species in three genera. Lemuridae contains 21 species in five genera. Lepilemuridae contains 25 lemur species in a single genus. There are additionally three families which went extinct prior to modern record-keeping: Archaeolemuridae, Megaladapidae, and Palaeopropithecidae, as well as an extinct genus in Lemuridae.

Family Archaeolemuridae (monkey lemurs)

Genus Archaeolemur: two extinct species
Genus Hadropithecus: one extinct species

Family Cheirogaleidae

Genus Allocebus (hairy-eared dwarf lemur): one species
Genus Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs): ten species
Genus Microcebus (mouse lemurs): twenty-four species
Genus Mirza (giant mouse lemurs): two species
Genus Phaner (fork-marked lemurs): four species

Family Daubentoniidae

Genus Daubentonia (aye-aye): one species

Family Indriidae

Genus Avahi (woolly lemurs): nine species
Genus Indri (indri): one species
Genus Propithecus (sifakas): nine species

Family Lemuridae

Genus Eulemur (true lemurs): twelve species
Genus Hapalemur (bamboo lemurs): five species
Genus Lemur (ring-tailed lemur): one species
Genus Pachylemur: two extinct species
Genus Prolemur (greater bamboo lemur): one species
Genus Varecia (ruffed lemurs): two species

Family Lepilemuridae

Genus Lepilemur (sportive lemurs): twenty-five species

Family Megaladapidae (koala lemurs)

Genus: Megaladapis

Family Palaeopropithecidae (sloth lemurs)

Genus: Archaeoindris: one extinct species
Genus: Babakotia: one extinct species
Genus: Mesopropithecus: three extinct species
Genus: Palaeopropithecus: three extinct species

Lemuroids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.

Family Cheirogaleidae

Main article: Cheirogaleidae

Family Daubentoniidae

Main article: Daubentoniidae

|authority-name=Gmelin |authority-year=1788 |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown

Family Indriidae

Main article: Indriidae

Family Lemuridae

Main article: Lemuridae

Family Lepilemuridae

Main article: Lepilemuridae

Extinct species

Main article: Subfossil lemur

All known extinct lemurs from Madagascar are known from recent, subfossil remains. Conditions for fossilization were not ideal on the island, so little is known about ancestral lemur populations. All known extinct lemurs are thought to have died out after the arrival of humans.

Please do not add newly identified species to these lists unless a taxonomic authority has acknowledged the species status in a formal publication.

Scientific name	Common name	Estimated size	Extinction date	References	Archaeoindris fontoynonti	Archaeolemur edwardsi	Archaeolemur majori	Babakotia radofilai	Daubentonia robusta	Hadropithecus stenognathus	Megaladapis edwardsi	Megaladapis grandidieri	Megaladapis madagascariensis	Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion	Mesopropithecus globiceps	Mesopropithecus pithecoides	Pachylemur insignis	Pachylemur jullyi
Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	350 BCE	author1=William L. Jungers	author2=Laurie R. Godfrey	author3=Elwyn L. Simons	author4=Prithijit S. Chatrath	name-list-style=amp	title=Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)	date=28 October 1997	journal=PNAS	volume=94	pages= 11998–12001	issue=22	pmc=23681	doi=10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998	pmid=11038588	bibcode=1997PNAS...9411998J	doi-access=free }}
Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs)	Archaeolemuridae	1047–1280 CE	Mittermeier]], p. 43
Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs)	Archaeolemuridae	1047–1280 CE
Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	3050 BCE
Giant aye-aye	Daubentoniidae	891–1027 CE	Mittermeier]], p. 50
Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs)	Archaeolemuridae	444–772 CE
Koala lemurs	Megaladapidae	1280–1420 CE	Mittermeier]], pp. 46–49
Koala lemurs	Megaladapidae	1280–1420 CE
Koala lemurs	Megaladapidae	1280–1420 CE
Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	245–429 CE
Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	245–429 CE
Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	245–429 CE
Pachylemur	Lemuridae	680–960 BCE	Godfrey; Jungers; Burney]], pp. 354, 361
Pachylemur	Lemuridae	Holocene
Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	1300–1620 CE	Mittermeier]], pp. 44–46
Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	Late Quaternary
Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	1300–1620 CE

References

Montagne d'Ambre Dwarf Lemur: New Species Found |date=October 12, 2015 |website=Sci News |access-date=November 27, 2023}}

Sources

{{cite book |last1=Mittermeier |first1=R. A. |last2=Louis |first2=E. E. |last3=Richardson |first3=M. |last4=Schwitzer |first4=C. | last5=Langrand |first5=O. |last6=Rylands |first6=A. B. |last7=Hawkins |first7=F. |last8=Rajaobelina |first8=S. |last9=Ratsimbazafy |first9=J. |last10=Rasoloarison |first10=R. |last11=Roos |first11=C. |last12=Kappeler |first12=P. M. |last13=MacKinnon |first13=J. |author-link1=Russell Mittermeier |author-link2=Edward E. Louis, Jr. |display-authors=4 |date=2010 |title=Lemurs of Madagascar |others=Illustrated by S.D. Nash |edition=3rd |publisher=Conservation International |isbn=978-1-934151-23-5 |ref=CITEREF_LEMURSMAD}}

References

[[#CITEREF_LEMURSMAD. Mittermeier]], pp. 50–51
[[#CITEREF_LEMURSMAD. Mittermeier]], p. 23
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[[#CITEREF_LEMURSMAD. Mittermeier]], p. 43
[[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], pp. 91–92
[[#CITEREF_LEMURSMAD. Mittermeier]], p. 50
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[[#CITEREF_LEMURSMAD. Mittermeier]], pp. 46–49
[[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], p. 83
[[#CITEREF_CENOZOIC. Godfrey; Jungers; Burney]], pp. 354, 361
[[#CITEREF_LEMURSMAD. Mittermeier]], pp. 44–46
[[#CITEREF_PrimWorld. Nowak]], pp. 89–91
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[[#CITEREF_MSW. Wilson, Reeder]], pp. 114–120
(2020). "''Allocebus trichotis''".
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(2020). "''Cheirogaleus andysabini''".
(2020). "''Cheirogaleus crossleyi''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], pp. 102–103
(2020). "''Cheirogaleus grovesi''".
(2017). "A New ''Cheirogaleus'' (Cheirogaleidae: ''Cheirogaleus crossleyi'' Group) Species from Southeastern Madagascar". [[Primate Conservation]].
(2020). "''Cheirogaleus lavasoensis''".
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[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 105
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(2020). "''Cheirogaleus medius''".
(2008). "''Cheirogaleus medius''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Cheirogaleus shethi''".
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(2020). "''Cheirogaleus sibreei''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 104
(2020). "''Cheirogaleus thomasi''".
(2020). "''Microcebus arnholdi''".
(2008). "Revision of the Mouse Lemurs, ''Microcebus'' (Primates, Lemuriformes), of Northern and Northwestern Madagascar with Descriptions of Two New Species at Montagne d'Ambre National Park and Antafondro Classified Forest". [[Primate Conservation]].
(2011). "Seasonal Changes in Feeding Ecology and Activity Patterns of Two Sympatric Mouse Lemur Species, the Gray Mouse Lemur (''Microcebus murinus'') and the Golden-brown Mouse Lemur (''M. ravelobensis''), in Northwestern Madagascar". [[International Journal of Primatology]].
(2022). "''Microcebus berthae''".
(2013). "''Microcebus berthae''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Microcebus bongolavensis''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 98
(2020). "''Microcebus boraha''".
(2020). "''Microcebus danfossi''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 99
(2020). "''Microcebus ganzhorni''".
(2014). "''Microcebus gerpi''".
(2011). "First indications of a highland specialist among mouse lemurs (''Microcebus'' spp.) and evidence for a new mouse lemur species from eastern Madagascar". [[Primates (journal).
(2020). "''Microcebus griseorufus''".
(2020). "''Microcebus jollyae''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 95
(2021). "''Microcebus jonahi''".
(2022). "''Microcebus lehilahytsara''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 94
(2020). "''Microcebus macarthurii''".
(2020). "Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (''Microcebus'' spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species". [[American Journal of Primatology]].
(2020). "''Microcebus mamiratra''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 97
(2020). "''Microcebus manitatra''".
(2020). "''Microcebus margotmarshae''".
(2014). "''Microcebus marohita''".
(2020). "''Microcebus murinus''".
(2000). "''Microcebus murinus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2014). "''Microcebus myoxinus''".
(2011). "''Microcebus myoxinus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Microcebus ravelobensis''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 90
(2020). "''Microcebus rufus''".
(2002). "''Microcebus rufus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Microcebus sambiranensis''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 91
(2020). "''Microcebus simmonsi''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 96
(2020). "''Microcebus tanosi''".
(2013). "Two new species of mouse lemurs (Cheirogaleidae: ''Microcebus'') from Eastern Madagascar". [[International Journal of Primatology]].
(2020). "''Microcebus tavaratra''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 92
(2020). "''Mirza coquereli''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], pp. 108–109
(2020). "''Mirza zaza''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 110
(2020). "''Phaner electromontis''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 111
(2020). "''Phaner furcifer''".
(2023). "''Phaner furcifer''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Phaner pallescens''".
Quinlan, K. Clare. (August 2022). "Pale Fork-Marked Lemur, ''Phaner pallescens''".
(2020). "''Phaner parienti''".
(2020). "''Daubentonia madagascariensis''".
(2007). "''Daubentonia madagascariensis''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Avahi betsileo''".
(2020). "''Avahi cleesei''".
Elster, Eli. (June 2023). "Bemaraka Wooly Lemur, ''Avahi cleesei''".
(2007). "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the woolly lemurs, Genus ''Avahi'' (Primates: Lemuriformes)". Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University.
(2020). "''Avahi laniger''".
(2002). "''Avahi laniger''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Avahi meridionalis''".
(2020). "''Avahi mooreorum''".
(2008). "Nocturnal lemur diversity at Masoala National Park". Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University.
(2020). "''Avahi occidentalis''".
(2013). "''Avahi occidentalis''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Avahi peyrierasi''".
Esp, Dana. (September 2023). "Peyrieras' Wooly Lemur, ''Avahi peyrierasi''".
(2020). "''Avahi ramanantsoavanai''".
(2020). "''Avahi unicolor''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 180
(2020). "''Indri indri''".
(2000). "''Indri indri''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Propithecus candidus''".
(2013). "''Propithecus candidus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Propithecus coquereli''".
(2011). "''Propithecus coquereli''". [[University of Michigan]].
Starr, Eric. (April 2018). "Coquerel's Sifika, ''Propithecus coquereli''".
(2020). "''Propithecus coronatus''".
Quinlan, K. Clare. (September 2019). "Crowned Sifika, ''Propithecus coronatus''".
(2020). "''Propithecus deckenii''".
Lussier, Zachary. (March 2020). "Von der Deckens' Sifika, ''Propithecus deckenii''".
(2020). "''Propithecus diadema''".
(2000). "''Propithecus diadema''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Propithecus edwardsi''".
(2009). "''Propithecus edwardsi''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Propithecus perrieri''".
(2009). "''Propithecus perrieri''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Propithecus tattersalli''".
(2000). "''Propithecus tattersalli''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Propithecus verreauxi''".
(2011). "''Propithecus verreauxi''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Eulemur albifrons''".
Downey, Kathleen. (February 2023). "White-Fronted Lemur, ''Eulemur albifrons''".
(2020). "''Eulemur cinereiceps''".
(2015). "''Eulemur cinereiceps''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Eulemur collaris''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 164
(2020). "''Eulemur coronatus''".
(2000). "''Eulemur coronatus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Eulemur flavifrons''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 168
(2020). "''Eulemur fulvus''".
(2000). "''Eulemur fulvus''". [[University of Michigan]].
Abrams, Sylvie. (January 2021). "Common Brown Lemur, ''Eulemur fulvus''".
(2020). "''Eulemur macaco''".
(2019). "''Eulemur macaco''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Eulemur mongoz''".
(2001). "''Eulemur mongoz''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2021). "''Eulemur rubriventer''".
(2002). "''Eulemur rubriventer''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Eulemur rufifrons''".
Botting, Jennifer. (March 2021). "Red-Fronted Lemur, ''Eulemur rufifrons''".
(2020). "''Eulemur rufus''".
(2012). "''Eulemur rufus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Eulemur sanfordi''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 156
(2020). "''Hapalemur alaotrensis''".
Quinlan, K. Clare. (February 2022). "Lac Alaotra Gentle Lemur, ''Hapalemur alaotrensis''".
(2020). "''Hapalemur aureus''".
(2014). "''Hapalemur aureus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Hapalemur griseus''".
(2011). "''Hapalemur griseus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Hapalemur meridionalis''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 140
(2020). "''Hapalemur occidentalis''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 139
(2020). "''Lemur catta''".
(2017). "''Lemur catta''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Prolemur simus''".
(2011). "''Prolemur simus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Varecia rubra''".
(2008). "''Varecia rubra''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Varecia variegata''".
(2019). "''Varecia variegata''". [[University of Michigan]].
[[#CITEREF_Animal. Burnie; Wilson]], p. 138
(2020). "''Lepilemur aeeclis''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 130
(2020). "''Lepilemur ahmansoni''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 131
(2020). "''Lepilemur ankaranensis''".
DiCesare, Maria. (November 2022). "Ankarana Sportive Lemur, ''Lepilemur ankaranensis''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur betsileo''".
[[#CITEREF_Animal. Burnie; Wilson]], p. 139
(2022). "''Lepilemur dorsalis''".
Abrams, Sylvie. (December 2021). "Gray-Backed Sportive Lemur, ''Lepilemur dorsalis''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur edwardsi''".
(2012). "''Lepilemur edwardsi''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Lepilemur fleuretae''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 120
(2020). "''Lepilemur grewcockorum''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 128
(2020). "''Lepilemur hollandorum''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur hubbardorum''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 134
(2020). "''Lepilemur jamesorum''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 118
(2020). "''Lepilemur leucopus''".
(2005). "''Lepilemur leucopus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Lepilemur microdon''".
Covert, Tara. (September 2019). "Small-Toothed Sportive Lemur, ''Lepilemur microdon''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur milanoii''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 122
(2022). "''Lepilemur mustelinus''".
(2000). "''Lepilemur mustelinus''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Lepilemur otto''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur petteri''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur randrianasoloi''".
Downey, Kathleen. (October 2021). "Randrianasolo's Sportive Lemur, ''Lepilemur randrianasoloi''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur ruficaudatus''".
DiCesare, Maria. (April 2023). "Red-Tailed Sportive Lemur, ''Lepilemur ruficaudatus''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur sahamalaza''".
Botting, Jennifer. (October 2020). "Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur, ''Lepilemur sahamalaza''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur scottorum''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur seali''".
(2020). "''Lepilemur septentrionalis''".
(2006). "''Lepilemur septentrionalis''". [[University of Michigan]].
(2020). "''Lepilemur tymerlachsoni''".
[[#CITEREF_MamMadagascar. Garbutt]], p. 126
(2020). "''Lepilemur wrightae''".

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