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List of hyperboloid structures

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This page is a list of hyperboloid structures. These were first applied in architecture by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853–1939). Shukhov built his first example as a water tower (hyperbolic shell) for the 1896 All-Russian Exposition. Subsequently, more have been designed by other architects, including Le Corbusier, Antoni Gaudí, Eduardo Torroja, Oscar Niemeyer and Ieoh Ming Pei.

The shapes are doubly ruled surfaces, which can be classed as:

Hyperbolic paraboloids, such as saddle roofs
Hyperboloid of one sheet, such as cooling towers

Image:Ruled hyperboloid.jpg|A hyperboloid of one sheet is a doubly ruled surface, and it may be generated by either of two families of straight lines. Image:Hyperbolic-paraboloid.jpg|The hyperbolic paraboloid is a doubly ruled surface so it may be used to construct a saddle roof from straight beams.

Notable projects

Structure	Image	Date completed	Location	Country	Function	Height	Architect	Notes
Shukhov Tower in Polibino	[[File:First Shukhov Tower Nizhny Novgorod 1896.jpg	100px]]	1896	Polibino	Russia	Hyperboloid water tower	37 m (121 ft)	Vladimir Shukhov	The world's first hyperboloid structure featured at the 1896 All-Russian Exposition in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
Adziogol Lighthouse	[[File:Adziogol hyperboloid Lighthouse by Vladimir Shukhov 1911.jpg	100px]]	1911	Kherson	Ukraine	Hyperboloid lighthouse tower	64 m (211 ft)	Vladimir Shukhov	Illustrates a hyperboloid lattice.
Stanislav Range Front Light	[[File:Stanislav Range Front.jpg	100px]]	1911	Kherson	Ukraine	Hyperboloid lighthouse tower	26 m (85 ft)	Vladimir Shukhov
Church of Colònia Güell	[[File:Exterior i entrada a la Cripta de la Colònia Güell 03.JPG	100px]]	1915	Santa Coloma de Cervelló	Spain	Hyperboloid building cathedral vaults		Antoni Gaudí	An unfinished building with hyperbolic paraboloid vaults.
Shukhov Tower	[[File:Shukhov Tower photo by Maxim Fedorov. Night.jpg	100px]]	1922	Moscow	Russia	Hyperboloid broadcast tower	160 m (525 ft)	Vladimir Shukhov	Unless the international campaign can save it, the 1922 Shukhov Tower is under current threat of demolition.
Shukhov tower on the Oka River	[[File:Shukhov Oka Towers 1988 photo by Igor Kazus.jpg	100px]]	1929	Nizhny Novgorod	Russia	Hyperboloid electricity pylon towers	128 m (420 ft)	Vladimir Shukhov	The Shukhov Tower on the Oka River is the world's only diagrid hyperboloid electricity pylon transmission tower. In 2005 one tower was illegally taken down to re-sell the metal.
Dorton Arena	[[File:Dorton Arena West Side.JPG	100px]]	1952	Raleigh, North Carolina	United States	Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof on arena		Maciej Nowicki
Transmitter Building of Europe 1 https://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?buildingID=73958	[[File:Europe 1 Sendegebaude12092016 1.JPG	100px]]	1954	Überherrn	Germany	Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof	16 m (52 ft)		transmitter building of a 2000 kW longwave broadcasting transmitter
Fedala Reservoir		1957	Mohammedia	Morocco	Hyperboloid water tower		Eduardo Torroja	https://structurae.net/structures/fedala-reservoir
Ochsenkopf TV Tower	[[File:Der Sender Ochsenkopf .jpg	100px]]	1958	Ochsenkopf	Germany	Hyperboloid broadcast tower	163 m (535 ft)		Radio and TV tower made of reinforced concrete.
Philips Pavilion	[[File:Expo58 building Philips.jpg	100px]]	1958	Brussels, Belgium	Belgium	A cluster of nine hyperbolic paraboloid concrete roofs		Le Corbusier	Commissioned by the Netherlands electronics company Philips, the pavilion at the World's Fair Expo '58 in Brussels was designed by Le Corbusier to house a multimedia spectacle that celebrated postwar technological progress.
Mürwik Wasserturm
[[File:Flensburg Wasserturm Mürwik.jpg	100px]]	1961	Flensburg	Germany	Hyperboloid water tower			https://structurae.de/bauwerke/wasserturm-flensburg-muerwik
Warszawa Ochota railway station	[[File:W-wa Ochota PKP-WKD.jpg	100px]]	1962	Warsaw	Poland	Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof on train station
Church Army Chapel, Blackheath	[[File:Church Army chapel 042.jpg	100px]]	1963	Blackheath, south east London	United Kingdom	Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof on church		E.T. Spashett
Kobe Port Tower	[[File:Kobe port tower11s3200.jpg	100px]]	1963	Kōbe	Japan	Hyperboloid observation tower	108 m (354 ft)	Nikken Sekkei Company
Saint Louis Science Center's James S. McDonnell Planetarium	[[File:Mcdonnell planetarium slsc.jpg	100px]]	1963	St. Louis, Missouri	United States	Hyperboloid building museum planetarium		Gyo Obata of Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum
Möglingen Wasserturm
[[File:WasserturmMöglingen.jpg	100px]]	1965	Ludwigsburg	Germany	Hyperboloid water tower		R. Kessler
Święty Krzyż TV Tower	[[File:PL-SK Świętokrzyski Park Narodowy, wieża radiowo-telewizyjna 2016-08-18--11-30-05-004.jpg	100px]]	1966	Łysa Góra	Poland	Hyperboloid broadcast tower	157 m (515 ft)
Water tower in Rishon LeZion	[[File:Гиперболоидная водонапорная башня.jpg	Hyperboloid water tower in Rishon LeZion	100px]]	1967	Rishon LeZion	Israel	Hyperboloid water tower	33.5 m (109.9 ft)
Newcastle International Airport air traffic control tower	[[File:Newcastle International Airport Control Tower.jpg	100px]]	1967	Newcastle upon Tyne	United Kingdom	Hyperboloid observation tower
Cockfosters Water Tower	[[File:Cockfosters water tower 16.jpg	100px]]	1968	London	United Kingdom	Hyperboloid water tower		Edmund C. Percey of Scherrer and Hicks and J.W. Milne	Cockfosters Water Tower is in Cockfosters Road, north London, on the edge of Trent Park.
Ještěd Tower	[[File:Jested 002.JPG	100px]]	1968	Liberec	Czech Republic	Hyperboloid broadcast tower	94 m (308 ft)	Karel Hubáček
Wrexham Swimming Baths,
[[File:Wrexham Waterworld Leisure and Activity Centre.JPG	100px]]	1969	Wrexham, Wales	United Kingdom	Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof on indoor swimming pool		F.D. Williamson associates of Bridgend
Cathedral of Brasília	[[File:Catedral1 Rodrigo Marfan.jpg	100px]]	1970	Brasília	Brazil	Hyperboloid building cathedral	42 m (138 ft)	Oscar Niemeyer
Scandinavium	[[File:Gothia Towers, Mässan och Scandinavium 02.JPG	100px]]	1971	Gothenburg	Sweden	Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof on arena		Poul Hultberg, for Nils Olsson's Gothenburg firm
Ciechanów Water Tower	[[File:Ciechanow water tower.jpg	100px]]	1972	Ciechanów	Poland	Hyperboloid water tower		Jan Bogusławski, Jerzy Michał Bogusławski	A toroidal water tower tank on a doubly ruled hyperboloid structure.
Gettysburg National Tower	[[File:SLOCUM AVENUE WITH VIEW OF NATIONAL TOWER AND CEMETERY HILL. VIEW W. - Gettysburg National Military Park Tour Roads, Gettysburg, Adams County, PA HAER PA,1-GET.V,21-60.tif	100px]]	1974-2000	Gettysburg, Pennsylvania	United States	Hyperboloid observation tower	120 m (390 ft)	Joel H. Rosenblatt	Demolished in 2000.
:de:BIZ-Turm
[[File:Basel - Bank für internationalen Zahlungsausgleich1.jpg	100px]]	1977	Basel	Switzerland	Hyperboloid skyscraper tower	69.5 m (228 ft)	Martin Burckhardt	Tower for the untouchables.
Sydney Tower	[[File:Amp tower center point tower sydney.jpg	100px]]	1981	Sydney	Australia	Hyperboloid observation tower	309 m (1,014 ft)	Donald Crone, Australian
Le Havre's House of Culture,
[[File:Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret-113542.jpg	100px]]	1982	Le Havre	France	Hyperboloid building concert hall		Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian	https://web.archive.org/web/20070518200018/http://www.archi.fr/DOCOMOMO-FR/fiche-havre-volcan-va.htm
Roy Thomson Hall	[[File:Toronto - ON - Roy Thomson Hall.jpg	100px]]	1982	Toronto	Canada	Hyperboloid building concert hall		Arthur Erickson and Mathers and Haldenby, Canadian
Scotiabank Saddledome	[[File:Pengrowth Saddledome.jpg	100px]]	1983	Calgary	Canada	Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof on indoor arena		Graham McCourt Architects
THTR-300 thorium nuclear reactor cooling tower	[[File:Thtr300 kuehlturm.jpg	100px]]	1983	Hamm-Uentrop	Germany	Hyperboloid cooling tower	180 m (590 ft)	Schlaich Bergermann & Partner	The THTR-300 cable-net dry cooling tower for the now decommissioned thorium high-temperature nuclear reactor.
Canada Place	[[File:Canada Place - Vancouver 052.jpg	100px]]	1985	Vancouver, British Columbia	Canada	Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roofs in series with masts and fabric resembling sails		Zeidler Roberts Partnership in joint venture with Musson Cattell Mackey Partnership and DA Architects + Planners.	Canada Place houses the Vancouver Convention Centre, the Pan Pacific Vancouver Hotel, Vancouver's World Trade Centre, the virtual flight ride FlyOver Canada, and is the main cruise ship terminal for the region.
Tractricious	[[File:U.S. Department of Energy - Science - 270 005 010 (9366749068).jpg	100px]]	1988	Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois	United States	Hyperboloid public art sculpture		Robert R. Wilson	url=http://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/images07/tractricious_02_08_2007.jpg	date=2007-02-08	title=Image: tractricious_02_08_2007.jpg, (800 × 1200 px)	publisher=fnal.gov	accessdate=2015-09-05}} who derived the name Tractricious from tracktrix, a curve such that any tangent segment from the tangent point on the curve to the curve's asymptote have constant length, a concept first introduced by Claude Perrault in 1670.
Yangudun Radio and Television Tower		1994	Qingdao	China	Hyperboloid observation tower	108 m (354 ft)
Corporation Street Bridge	[[File:Bridge over Corporation Street - geograph.org.uk - 809089.jpg	100px]]	1999	Manchester	United Kingdom	Hyperboloid building enclosed walkway		Hodder + Partners
Orion Tower		2001	Samara	Russia	Hyperboloid broadcast tower	201 m (660 ft)		Radio and TV steel lattice tower
Killesberg Tower	[[File:Killesberg Tower.jpg	100px]]	2001	Stuttgart	Germany	Hyperboloid observation tower	40.4 m (133 ft)	Jörg Schlaich and Schlaich Bergermann Partner	Originally planned for the 1993 World Horticultural Exposition, it was only erected in 2001.
Aussichtsturm Schlossberg
[[File:Freiburg Schlossberg Aussichtsturm.jpg	100px]]	2002	Freiburg im Breisgau	Germany	Hyperboloid observation tower	35 m (115 ft)	Hubert Horbach, Freiburg
Hitachinaka Power Plant		2003	Hitachinaka	Japan	Hyperboloid smokestack	230 m (754 ft)
Radio Mast at Krupskoi Street		2003	Perm	Russia	Hyperboloid broadcast tower	180 m (591 ft)		Radio and TV steel lattice tower
Messe Wien Turm / Messeturm
[[File:Messe Wien 0.jpg	100px]]	2004	Vienna	Austria	Hyperboloid public art sculpture decorative illuminated tower landmark	63 m (207 ft)	Gustav Peichl, Rudolf F. Weber, Katharina Fröch, Christoph Lechner, Paul Katzberger, Gerhard Moßburger, Norbert Erlach	The largest trade fair in Austria and one of the most important economic factors of Vienna.
Barcelona–El Prat Airport air traffic control tower	[[File:17-12-04-Aeropuerto de Barcelona-El Prat-RalfR-DSCF0722.jpg	100px]]	2005	El Prat de Llobregat, near Barcelona	Spain	Hyperboloid observation tower		Ricardo Bofill, Spanish	url=http://www.castelldefels.com/aeroport/ingl/torredecontrolin.htm	title=Air Traffic control tower Barcelona Airport	publisher=castelldefels.com	accessdate=2015-09-05}}
Borůvka Tower	[[File:Rozhledna Boruvka.JPG	100px]]	2005	Chrudim	Czech Republic	Hyperboloid observation tower	18.5 m (61 ft)	Martin Novák and Antonín Olšina	url=http://www.mastale.cz/cs/stranka/rozhledna-boruvka	title=Rozhledna Borůvka Sdružení obcí Toulovcovy Maštale	publisher=mastale.cz	access-date=2015-09-05	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429055321/http://www.mastale.cz/cs/stranka/rozhledna-boruvka	archive-date=2013-04-29	url-status=dead}}
:de:TBZ-Turm
[[File:TBZ Turm.JPG	100px]]	2005	Zürich	Switzerland	Hyperboloid observation tower	13.3 m (47 ft)	Daniel Roth (artist), German	The winner of a 2003 competition had his tower built on the roof of the Zürich's Technical Vocational School. Initially accessible, the observation tower has been closed indefinitely due to student mischief.
Aspire Tower
[[File:Aspire Tower at Aspire Park, Doha.jpg	100px]]	2007	Doha	Qatar	Hyperboloid skyscraper tower	300 m (984 ft)	Hadi Simaan and AREP and engineer Ove Arup and Partners
BMW Welt
[[File:BMW-Welt at night 2.JPG	100px]]	2007	Munich	Germany	Hyperboloid building event venue and museum		Viennese professor Wolf D. Prix and architect firm Coop Himmelb (l) au
Tornado Tower
[[File:City montage of Doha2.png	100px]]	2008	Doha	Qatar	Hyperboloid skyscraper tower	195 m (640 ft)
:de:Lörmecke-Turm
[[File:Lörmecketurm.jpg	100px]]	2008	Warstein, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia	Germany	Hyperboloid observation tower	35 m (115 ft)	Joh.-Ulrich Blecke and Dr. Ing. Michael Maas
Slunečná Tower	[[File:Rozhledna Slunečná.JPG	100px]]	2009	Velké Pavlovice	Czech Republic	Hyperboloid observation tower	18.6 m (61 ft)	Ing. Martin Novák in cooperation with Antonín Olšina
Canton Tower
[[File:Canton Tower 20220626 (cropped 2).jpg	100px]]	2010	Guangzhou	China	Hyperboloid skyscraper tower	604 m (1,982 ft)	Dutch architects Mark Hemel and Barbara Kuit of Information Based Architecture, together with Arup, the international design, engineering and business consulting firm headquartered in London	url=http://www.designcommunity.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=11994	title=ArchitectureWeek DesignCommunity • View topic - 610m - Hyperboloid Tower in Guangzhou	publisher=designcommunity.com	accessdate=2015-09-05	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213757/http://www.designcommunity.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=11994	archive-date=2015-09-23	url-status=dead}}
Ferrari World Abu Dhabi		2010	Yas Island in Abu Dhabi	United Arab Emirates	Hyperboloid building			the largest space frame structure ever built
:de:Jübergturm
[[File:Hemer-Juebergturm1-Asio.JPG	100px]]	2010	:de:Jüberg, Hemer, Märkischer Kreis, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia	Germany	Hyperboloid observation tower	23.5 m (77 ft)	Beat Müller and Katharina Schewe, Swiss + Birk and Heilmeyer, Stuttgart	The first wooden hyperboloid tower structurally supported only by the outer wood framework.
Khan Shatyry Entertainment Center	[[File:Khan Shatyr.jpg	100px]]	2010	Khan Shatyr, Astana	Kazakhstan	Hyperboloid superstructure	150 m (492 ft)	Norman Foster of Foster and Partners	The highest tensile structure in the world.
Lee Valley VeloPark
[[File:London Velopark, 16 April 2012.jpg	100px]]	2011	Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, East London	United Kingdom	Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof on cycling centre arena		Hopkins Architects, Grant Associates
Mae West (sculpture)	[[File:MUC Bghsn MaeWestA2 1.jpg	100px]]	2011	Munich	Germany	Hyperboloid public art sculpture	52 m (171 ft)	Rita McBride
San Clan	[[File:San clan 2012.jpg	100px]]	2012	Tankwa Karoo National Park	South Africa	Hyperboloid public art sculpture tower			A temporary tower and ephemeral effigy constructed to intentionally burn in celebration at AfrikaBurn 2012, a Burning Man regional event.
Vysoká u Tachova Tower	[[File:Tachov - rozhledna Vysoká (1).JPG	100px]]	2014	Tachov	Czech Republic	Hyperboloid observation tower		Hysek architectural studio	url=http://www.konstrukce.cz/clanek/tancici-rozhledna-v-tachove/	title=[English:] Dancing observation tower in Tachov	publisher=konstrukce.cz	date=2016-01-26	accessdate=2018-09-26}}
Perm TV Tower		2016	Perm	Russia	Hyperboloid broadcast tower	275 m (902 ft)		A radio and TV steel lattice tower
Warsaw Spire	[[File:Warsaw Spire, Poland 22 June 2016.jpg	100px]]	2016	Warsaw	Poland	Hyperboloid skyscraper tower	220 m (721 ft)	Jaspers-Eyers Architects and PROJEKT Polsko-Belgijska Pracownia Architektury	The Warsaw Spire is a complex of Neomodern office buildings in Warsaw, Poland.
Camp Adventure (observation tower and walkway)		2018	Gisselfeld Klosters forests, between Haslev and Næstved,	Denmark	Hyperboloid observation tower	45 m (148 ft)	EFFEKT Architects	url=https://www.campadventure.dk/en/	title=Camp Adventure Park	publisher=CampAdventure.dk	date=	accessdate=2018-10-06}}
Vakif Bank Headquarters Tower	[[File:Vakıfbank genel müdürlüğü.jpg	100px]]	2023	Istanbul Financial Center, Istanbul	Turkey	Hyperboloid skyscraper tower	222 m (726 ft)	Tabanlıoğlu Architects	The Vakif Bank Headquarters Tower is a project of Istanbul Financial Center (IFC) office buildings in Istanbul, Turkey.
Les Essarts-le-Roi Château d'Eau
[[File:Les Essarts-le-Roi Château d'eau.JPG	100px]]		Les Essarts-le-Roi, Yvelines	France	Hyperboloid water tower
Gen Coel Building	[[File:Heerlerheide Gen Coel (1).jpg	100px]]		Heerlerheide, Heerlen	Netherlands	Hyperboloid building public library, shopping, and community centre			url=http://www.mijnwater.com/?lang=en	title=Mine Water, Basis For Renewable Energy	publisher=Mijnwater.com	date=	accessdate=2018-10-08}} See also: :nl:Aardwarmte#Aardwarmte uit mijngangen.
Tempo (sculpture),
		Husnes	Norway	Hyperboloid public art sculpture		LEADinc	url=http://leadinc.no/Tempo_project_in_Husnes_Kvinnherad_Norway	title=Tempo (Samspel) Public Art Installation	publisher=LEADinc	accessdate=2018-09-26}}
Sagrada Família	[[File:SF - Passió 2018-m.jpg	100px]]		Barcelona	Spain	Hyperboloid building cathedral vaults and windows		Antoni Gaudí	Under construction since 1882 with an estimated completion in 2026.

Notable projects never built

Structure	Location	Country	Function	Height	Architect	Notes
Burj Al Alam	Business Bay, Dubai	United Arab Emirates	Hyperboloid skyscraper tower	510 m (1,670 ft)	Nikken Sekkei	Cancelled in 2013
Crystal Island	Moscow	Russia	Hyperboloid superstructure	450 m (1,476 ft)	Norman Foster of Foster and Partners	In 2009, due to the 2008 financial crisis, financial backing for the project was lost, and construction of the project was postponed.
Delta Tower	Mexico City	Mexico	Hyperboloid skyscraper tower	350 m (1,148 ft)	S*ARC Salvador Rivas Architects	Designed in 2017
Vortex Tower	London	United Kingdom	Hyperboloid skyscraper tower	300 m (984 ft)	Ken Shuttleworth	Designed in 2012

Gallery of more hyperbolic paraboloid structures

Image:Hyperbolic-paraboloid.svg|The hyperbolic paraboloid is a doubly ruled surface, and thus can be used to construct a saddle roof from straight beams. Image:Hyperbolic-paraboloid.jpg|A saddle roof is a hyperbolic paraboloid, that mathematically, as a doubly ruled surface, can be constructed from two rows of straight beams. Image:Pringles chips.JPG|Pringles are examples of hyperbolic paraboloids. Image:Stapelchips.jpg|Stackable Pringles Chips.

Gallery of more hyperboloid structures

Ruled hyperboloid.jpg|A hyperboloid of one sheet is a doubly ruled surface: it can be generated by either of two families of straight lines. Four hyperboloid towers.jpg|Four images of hyperboloid towers. First Shukhov Tower Nizhny Novgorod 1896.jpg|The Shukhov Tower in Polibino, the world's first hyperboloid structure, a water tower by Vladimir Shukhov at the All-Russian Exposition in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Worlds First Hyperboloid in Polibino photo by Arssenev.jpg|The Shukhov Tower in Polibino Worlds First hyperboloid Shukhov Tower by Faberge.jpg|A Carl Faberge miniature silver model replica of Shukhov Tower, in 1896. Shukhov Tower photo by Maxim Fedorov. Night.jpg|The Shukhov Tower in Moscow, Russia Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret-113542.jpg|House of Culture, nicknamed "Le Volcan" by its Brazilian architect, Oscar Niemeyer, Le Havre, France, 1982 Bridge over Corporation Street - geograph.org.uk - 809089.jpg|The Corporation Street Bridge in Manchester, England Musée BMW 007.jpg|BMW Welt, a museum and event venue at the Olympic Park, Munich, Germany, designed by Wolf D. Prix and architect firm Coop Himmelb(l)au Guangzhou Tower.jpg|The Canton Tower in Guangzhou, China Stamps of Kazakhstan, 2010-08.jpg|The Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center, a daytime computer render on a postage stamp. Tachov - rozhledna Vysoká (1).JPG|The Vysoká Tower in Tachov, Czech Republic Водонапорная башня в поселке Луговая.JPG|Shukhov's hyperpoloid water tower in Lobnya-Lugovaya near Moscow Shuhov tower Nikolaev.jpg|Shukhov water tower in Mykolaiv, Ukraine Space Needle 2011-07-04.jpg|Space Needle, Seattle, United States Pseudosphaera1.jpg|Pseudosphaera statue in Târgu Mureş Our Zuo table.jpg|Our Zuo table 3D dual use.jpg|3D-printed dual-use pen/toothbrush holder-cup. Printed on Ultimaker 2 Spaghetti spiral, 2008.jpg|Spaghetti spiral Nagoya Station (1043).JPG|Hyperboloid metallic monument near Nagoya Station in Japan Vukovar-watertower-after-war.jpg|Vukovar water tower, Croatia

Gallery of hyperboloid ship masts

Image:Imperator Pavel battleship.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on Russian Andrei Pervozvanny-class battleships, like the "Imperator Pavel" (Emperor Paul I), early June 1912. Image:ImperatorPavel-postcard.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on Andrei Pervozvanny-class battleships, like the Imperator Pavel I, underway, on this postcard circa 1917. Image:Pervozvanny class diagrams Brasseys 1912.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on Andrei Pervozvanny-class battleships, illustrated plans from Brassey's Naval Annual 1912.

Image:Arizona (BB39) Port Bow, Underway - NARA - 5900075 - 1930.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the , underway circa 1917–1929, prior to refitting in 1929. Image:USS Arizona in New York City Crisco edit.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the , a view from the Manhattan Bridge on the East River, in New York City, December 25, 1916. Image:USS Arizona (BB-39) 1918.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the , passing the 96th St. Pier in New York City, circa December 26, 1918. Image:U.S.S. Arizona in lock, Panama.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the , in lock, Panama, 1921. Image:USS Arizona (BB-39) - NH 86101.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the , with the ship's complement posing on her forecastle, forward turrets and superstructure, circa 1924.

Image:USS New Mexico BB-40 1921.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the , in 1921, prior to refitting in 1931.

Image:USS Oklahoma BB-37.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the , at anchor wearing experimental camouflage, circa 1917, prior to refitting in 1927–1929. Image:USS Oklahoma (BB-37) sea trials 1916.JPG|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the , under way during her sea trials, in "Popular Mechanics" Magazine, March 1916. Image:Uss oklahoma bb.jpg|Hyperboloid towers of , 1920.

Image:Uss west virginia bb.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the , in San Francisco Bay circa 1934, prior to refitting in 1942–1944. Image:USS WEST VIRGINIA aflame Nara 80-G-19947.png|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the aflame at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Image:USS West Virginia2.jpg|Hyperboloid mast towers were on the aflame at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and a small boat rescues a seaman. Image:USS West Virginia sunk-Pearl Harbor-7Dec41.jpg|Hyperboloid towers of , Pearl Harbor, 1941.

Notes

References

p.3, «Stählerne Grazie am Strand der Oka», Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 22.06.2005
(2007-02-08). "Image: tractricious_02_08_2007.jpg, (800 × 1200 px)". fnal.gov.
(2016-11-02). "The story of "Tractricious"". news.fnal.gov.
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"Samara TRK-Orion Tower, Samara {{pipe}} 1258243". Emporis.
(25 January 2020). "Orion Tower in Samara, Russian Federation".
"中部電力と東京電力が新会社設立、～早くも石炭火力発電所新設（茨城県内）へ始動TEPCO and Chubu Electric to form new company, push forward new coal-fired power plant in Ibaraki {{pipe".
"Hitachinaka Coal Power Station Japan - GEO".
"Radio Mast at Krupskoi Street, Perm {{pipe}} 291412". Emporis.
"Air Traffic control tower Barcelona Airport". castelldefels.com.
"Rozhledna Borůvka {{pipe}} Sdružení obcí Toulovcovy Maštale". mastale.cz.
[http://www.jaroslavmachacek.com/files/page0_blog_entry233_2.jpg Blog entry] jaroslavmachacek.com {{dead link. (December 2023)
"ArchitectureWeek DesignCommunity • View topic - 610m - Hyperboloid Tower in Guangzhou". designcommunity.com.
(2016-01-26). "[English:] Dancing observation tower in Tachov". konstrukce.cz.
"Rozhledna Vysoká u Tachova". kudyznudy.cz.
"Radio stations in Perm, Russia".
"Camp Adventure Park". CampAdventure.dk.
"Camp Adventure Park". EFFEKT.dk.
(2017-06-16). "EFFEKT's treetop experience observation tower offers breathtaking views". DesignBoom.com.
(2017-06-16). "Denmark Will Have This Amazing New Observation Tower Next Year". Contemporist.com.
"Mine Water, Basis For Renewable Energy". Mijnwater.com.
"Tempo (Samspel) Public Art Installation". LEADinc.
"Light Falls [on the Tempo (Sampsel) public art sculpture in Husnes, Norway, 2007]". Annette Walby.
"Panoramio - Photo of Samspel". panoramio.com.

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