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List of histologic stains that aid in diagnosis of cutaneous conditions
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A number of histologic stains are used in the field of dermatology that aid in the diagnosis of conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system.
| Stain | Cell, material, and/or structure(s) stained | Condition(s) in which stain is positive |
|---|---|---|
| Actin-specific enolase | Infantile digital fibromatosis | |
| AE1/AE3 | Squamous cell carcinoma | |
| Alcian blue | Lipoid proteinosis | |
| Papular mucinosis | ||
| Scleredema | ||
| Pretibial myxedema | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | ||
| Alizarin red | Calcinosis cutis | |
| Azure A | Mast cell | Mastocytosis |
| Bcl-2 | Basal cell carcinoma | |
| Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma | ||
| Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma leg type | ||
| Bcl-6 | Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma | |
| BerEp4 | Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma | |
| Basal cell carcinoma | ||
| Brown–Brenn | Eumycotic mycetoma | |
| CAM 5.2 | Merkel cell carcinoma | |
| CCR7 | Melanoma | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Eccrine gland | Extramammary Paget's disease |
| Microcystic adnexal carcinoma | ||
| Eccrine poroma | ||
| CD1a | Langerhans cell | Langerhans cell histiocytosis |
| Indeterminate cell histiocytosis | ||
| CD4 | Mycosis fungoides | |
| Sézary syndrome | ||
| CD5 | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | |
| CD8 | Pagetoid reticulosis | |
| CD10 | Renal cell carcinoma | |
| CD15 | Hodgkin's disease | |
| CD20 | Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma | |
| Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma | ||
| Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma leg type | ||
| CD30 (Ki-1) | Lymphomatoid papulosis | |
| Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma | ||
| Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa | ||
| Hodgkin's disease | ||
| CD31 | Endothelial cell | Kaposi's sarcoma |
| Angiosarcoma | ||
| Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma | ||
| CD34 | Dermal dendritic cell | Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma |
| Spindle cell lipoma | ||
| Angiosarcoma | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans | ||
| Atypical fibroxanthoma | ||
| Pleomorphic fibroma | ||
| Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma | ||
| CD38 | Plasma cell | Multiple myeloma |
| Plasmablastic lymphoma | ||
| Pagetoid reticulosis | ||
| CD44 | Merkel cell carcinoma | |
| CD56 | Extranodal natural killer cell lymphoma | |
| Merkel cell carcinoma | ||
| CD68 | Benign cephalic histiocytosis | |
| Generalized eruptive histiocytosis | ||
| Indeterminate cell histiocytosis | ||
| Juvenile xanthogranuloma | ||
| Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma | ||
| Giant cell reticulohistiocytoma | ||
| Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis | ||
| Xanthoma disseminatum | ||
| Rosai–Dorfman disease | ||
| Atypical fibroxanthoma | ||
| Melanoma | ||
| CD79a | Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma | |
| Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma | ||
| Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma leg type | ||
| CD117 | Mast cell | Mastocytosis |
| CD138 | Plasma cell | Multiple myeloma |
| Plasmablastic lymphoma | ||
| CD207 (Langerin) | Langerhans cell | Langerhans cell histiocytosis |
| Chloracetate esterase (Leder) | Mast cell | Mastocytosis |
| Chromogranin A | Merkel cell carcinoma | |
| Cystokeratin 7 | Paget's disease (breast and extramammary) | |
| Cytokeratin 20 | Extramammary Paget's disease of endodermal origin | |
| Merkel cell carcinoma | ||
| Colloidal iron | Papular mucinosis | |
| Scleredema | ||
| Pretibial myxedema | ||
| Congo red | Amyloidosis | |
| Colloid milium | ||
| Crystal violet | Amyloidosis | |
| Colloid milium | ||
| D2-40 | Lymphangioma circumscriptum | |
| de Galantha | Pseudogout | |
| Dylon | Amyloidosis | |
| Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) | Eccrine gland | |
| Sebaceous gland | Paget's disease | |
| extramammary Paget's disease | ||
| Microcystic adnexal carcinoma | ||
| Sebaceous carcinoma | ||
| Renal cell carcinoma | ||
| Schwannoma | ||
| Factor VIII | Dabska-type hemangioendothelioma | |
| Angiosarcoma | ||
| Factor XIII | Cutaneous focal mucinosis | |
| Factor XIIIa | Dermal dendritic cell | Dermatofibroma |
| Epithelioid cell histiocytoma | ||
| Fite | Leprosy | |
| Nocardiosis | ||
| Fontana–Masson | Cryptococcus neoformans | Cryptococcus |
| Giemsa | Mast cell | Mastocytosis |
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | ||
| Gomori methenamine silver | Histoplasma capsulatum | |
| Blastomyces dermatitidis | ||
| Coccidioides immitis | ||
| Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | Histoplasmosis | |
| Blastomycosis | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | ||
| Paracoccidioidomycosis | ||
| Gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15) | Apocrine gland | Extramammary Paget's disease of cutaneous origin |
| HAM56 | Histiocyte | Dermatofibroma |
| HMB45 | Gp100 (pmel17, silver protein) | MelanomaMelanoma stains positive with HMB45 with the exception of desmoplastic melanoma. |
| India | Cryptococcus neoformans | Cryptococcus |
| KP-1 | Histiocyte | Dermatofibroma |
| LYVE-1 | Kaposi's sarcoma | |
| MAC387 | Histiocyte | |
| MART-1 (MART-1) | Melanoma | |
| Masson's trichrome | Infantile digital fibromatosis | |
| Mel-5 | TYRP1 | Melanoma |
| Methylene blue | Mast cell | Mastocytosis |
| Ochronosis | ||
| MIB-1 | Melanoma | |
| Muscle-specific actin | Glomus tumor | |
| Dermatofibroma | ||
| Infantile myofibromatosis | ||
| Neurofilament | Neurofibroma | |
| Neuro-specific enolase | Merkel cell carcinoma | |
| Non-aqueous alcoholic eosin stain (NAES) | Pseudogout | |
| Oil red O | Sebaceous carcinoma | |
| Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum | ||
| Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn | ||
| Peanut agglutinin | Basal cell carcinoma | |
| Phosphotungsten acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) | Infantile digital fibromatosis | |
| Pogoda red | Amyloidosis | |
| Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) | Nerve sheath myxoma | |
| Silver nitrate | Urate crystal | Gout |
| Sirius red | Amyloidosis | |
| Smooth muscle actin (SMA) | Angiomyxoma | |
| Leiomyosarcoma | ||
| SOX10 | Neuroectodermal neoplasms of neural crest origin, especially: | |
| Sudan IV | Leprosy | |
| Sudan black | Sebaceous carcinoma | |
| Synaptophysin | Merkel cell carcinoma | |
| S100 | Melanocyte | |
| Langerhans cell | ||
| Schwann cell | ||
| Chondrocyte | ||
| Adipocyte | ||
| Eccrine gland | Langerhans cell histiocytosis | |
| Indeterminate cell histiocytosis | ||
| Schwannoma | ||
| Neurofibroma | ||
| Nerve sheath myxoma (Cellular neurothekeoma) | ||
| Extraskeletal chondroma | ||
| Thioflavin T | Amyloidosis | |
| Colloid milium | ||
| Toluidine blue | Mast cell | Mastocytosis |
| Mucopolysaccharidoses | ||
| Papular mucinosis | ||
| Scleredema | ||
| Pretibial myxedema | ||
| Tryptase | Mast cell | Mastocytosis |
| Tyrosinase | Tyrosinase | Melanoma |
| Ulex eropaeus agglutinin | Dabska-type hemangioendothelioma | |
| VEGF-3 | Dabska-type hemangioendothelioma | |
| VEGFR-3 | Kaposi's sarcoma | |
| Verhoeff van Gieson | Collagen | |
| Elastin | Elastosis perforans serpiginosa | |
| Acquired perforating dermatosis | ||
| Perforating periumbilical calcific elastosis | ||
| Pseudoxanthoma elasticum | ||
| Vimentin | Non-specific mesenchymal components | Melanoma |
| Glomus tumor | ||
| Dermatofibroma | ||
| Pleomorphic fibroma of the skin | ||
| Epithelioid cell histiocytoma | ||
| von Kossa | Calcium | Calcinosis cutis |
| Pseudoxanthoma elasticum | ||
| Wade | Leprosy | |
| Wright | Blood cells | Transient neonatal pustular melanosisStaining of pustule contents in transient neonatal pustular melanosis will reveal numerous neutrophils |
| Erythema toxicum neonatorumStaining of pustule in erythema toxicum neonatorum will reveal numerous eosinophils | ||
| Granuloma inguinale | ||
| Ziehl–Neelsen stain | LeprosyThe Ziehl-Neelsen stain is positive in leprosy but notable for being negative with nocardiosis. Fite stain is positive in leprosy and nocardiosis. |
Footnotes
References
References
- Nat Pernick. "Stains - SOX10".
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