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List of heads of state of Romania
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This is a list consisting of all the heads of state of modern and contemporary Romania, since the establishment of the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 to the present day.
The incumbent head of state, as of , is President Nicușor Dan.
United Principalities (1859–1881)
| Domnitor | Reign | Claim | No. | Portrait | Name | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Birth–Death) | House | Reign start | Reign end | Duration | 1 | — | — | — | 2 | ||||
| [[File:Alexandru Ioan Cuza - Photo by Carol Popp de Szathmáry.jpg | 100px]] | Alexandru Ioan Cuza | |||||||||||
| (1820–1873) | Cuza | 24 January 1859 | 22 February 1866 | ||||||||||
| (Abdicated) | Previously ruled as Prince of Wallachia and Moldavia | ||||||||||||
| (in a personal union from 1859 until official unification in 1862) | |||||||||||||
| [[File:Lascarcatargiu.jpg | 100px]] | Lascăr Catargiu | |||||||||||
| (1823–1899) | — | 22 February 1866 | 20 April 1866 | [[File:LocotenentaDomneasca1866.jpg | 60px]] | ||||||||
| ** | |||||||||||||
| [[File:Nicolae Golescu desen.png | 100px]] | General | |||||||||||
| Nicolae Golescu | |||||||||||||
| (1810–1877) | |||||||||||||
| [[File:Nicolae Haralmbie.jpg | 100px]] | Colonel | |||||||||||
| Nicolae Haralambie | |||||||||||||
| (1835–1908) | |||||||||||||
| [[File:Carol I King of Romania.jpg | 100px]] | Carol I | |||||||||||
| (1839–1914) | Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | 20 April 1866 | 15 March 1881 | 1866 Referendum |
Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
| King | Reign | Claim | No. | Portrait | Name | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Birth–Death) | House | Reign start | Reign end | Time in office | (2) | 3 | 4 | — | — | — | — | 5 | (4) | Military rule}}; color:black;" | — | |||
| [[File:Carol I King of Romania.jpg | 100px]] | Carol I | ||||||||||||||||
| (1839–1914) | Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | 15 March 1881 | 10 October 1914 | Previously ruled as Domnitor | ||||||||||||||
| [[File:King Ferdinand of Romania.jpg | 100px]] | Ferdinand I | ||||||||||||||||
| (1865–1927) | Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | 10 October 1914 | 20 July 1927 | Nephew of Carol I | ||||||||||||||
| [[File:Michael I of Romania (1927).jpg | 100px]] | Michael I | ||||||||||||||||
| (1921–2017) | Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | 20 July 1927 | 8 June 1930 | |||||||||||||||
| (Deposed) | Grandson of Ferdinand I | |||||||||||||||||
| [[File:1903Nicholas-09.jpg | 100px]] | Prince Nicholas | ||||||||||||||||
| (1903–1978) | Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | 20 July 1927 | 8 June 1930 | |||||||||||||||
| (Resigned) | [[File:1930 - Regenta - Miron Cristea - Nicolae - Sarateanu.PNG | 60px]] | ||||||||||||||||
| Regency Council | ||||||||||||||||||
| For Michael I | ||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Miron Cristia patriach of Romania.JPG | 100px]] | Patriarch | ||||||||||||||||
| Miron Cristea | ||||||||||||||||||
| (1868–1939) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| [[File:1929 - Gheorghe Buzdugan - Regent.PNG | 100px]] | Gheorghe Buzdugan | ||||||||||||||||
| (1867–1929) | 7 October 1929 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Died) | ||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:1929 - Constantin Sarateanu - Regent.PNG | 100px]] | **** | ||||||||||||||||
| (1862–1935) | 9 October 1929 | 8 June 1930 | ||||||||||||||||
| (Resigned) | ||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Carol II of Romania.jpg | 100px]] | Carol II | ||||||||||||||||
| (1893–1953) | Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | 8 June 1930 | 6 September 1940 | |||||||||||||||
| (Abdicated) | Son of Ferdinand I | |||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Mihai.jpg | 100px]] | Michael I | ||||||||||||||||
| (1921–2017) | Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | 6 September 1940 | 30 December 1947 | |||||||||||||||
| (Abdicated) | Son of Carol II | |||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Ion Antonescu 1941.jpg | 100px]] | Marshal | ||||||||||||||||
| Ion Antonescu | ||||||||||||||||||
| (1882–1946) | — | 6 September 1940 | 23 August 1944 | |||||||||||||||
| (Deposed) | Conducător | |||||||||||||||||
| With Michael I |
Romanian People's Republic/Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)
;Title
- 1947–1948: President of the Provisional Presidium of the Republic
- 1948–1961: President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly
- 1961–1989: President of the State Council
- 1974–1989: President of Romania
;Status
| No. | Portrait | Name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Election | Political party | Position(s) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | 6 | Ploughmen's Front}}; color:white;" | 7 | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | — | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | — | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | 8 | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | 9 | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | — | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | — | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | — | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | 10 | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | 11 |
| [[File:CI Parhon.jpg | 100px]] | Constantin Ion Parhon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1874–1969) | 30 December 1947 | 13 April 1948 | 1947 | PMR | President of the Provisional Presidium of the Republic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 13 April 1948 | 12 June 1952 | 1948 | President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Petru Groza Anefo.jpg | 100px]] | Petru Groza | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1884–1958) | 12 June 1952 | 7 January 1958 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Died) | 1952 | FP (1952–1953)Independent (1953–1958) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Mihail Sadoveanu (cropped).jpg | 100px]] | Mihail Sadoveanu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1880–1961) | 7 January 1958 | 11 January 1958 | — | PMR | Acting presidents of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:No image.png | 100px]] | Anton Moisescu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1913–2002) | PMR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Ion Gheorghe Maurer (1967).jpg | 100px]] | Ion Gheorghe Maurer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1902–2000) | 11 January 1958 | 21 March 1961 | 1958 | PMR | President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej1.jpg | 100px]] | Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1901–1965) | 21 March 1961 | 19 March 1965 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Died) | 1961 | PMR | President of the State Council | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Ion Gheorghe Maurer (1967).jpg | 100px]] | Ion Gheorghe Maurer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1902–2000) | 19 March 1965 | 24 March 1965 | — | PMR | Acting presidents of the State Council | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Stefan Voitec1.jpg | 100px]] | Ștefan Voitec | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1900–1984) | PMR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Avram Bunaciu.jpg | 100px]] | Avram Bunaciu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1909–1983) | PMR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Chivu Stoica 1957.jpg | 100px]] | Chivu Stoica | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1908–1975) | 24 March 1965 | 9 December 1967 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Resigned) | 1965 | PMRPCR | President of the State Council | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu.jpg | 100px]] | Nicolae Ceaușescu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1918–1989) | 9 December 1967 | 22 December 1989 | 1967 | PCR | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 28 March 1974 | 22 December 1989 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Deposed) | 1974 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1980 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1985 | President of Romania |
General Secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party/Romanian Communist Party
| Portrait | Name | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Position(s) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | Romanian Communist Party}}; color:white;" | ||||
| [[File:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej1.jpg | 100px]] | Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej | |||||||||||
| (1901–1965) | 16 October 1945 | 19 April 1954 | General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party | ||||||||||
| 21 February 1948 | General Secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party | ||||||||||||
| [[File:Gheorghe Apostol.jpg | 100px]] | Gheorghe Apostol | |||||||||||
| (1913–2010) | 19 April 1954 | 30 September 1955 | First Secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party | ||||||||||
| [[File:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej1.jpg | 100px]] | Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej | |||||||||||
| (1901–1965) | 30 September 1955 | 19 March 1965 | |||||||||||
| (Died) | |||||||||||||
| [[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu.jpg | 100px]] | Nicolae Ceaușescu | |||||||||||
| (1918–1989) | 22 March 1965 | 22 December 1989 | |||||||||||
| (Deposed) | |||||||||||||
| 24 July 1965 | General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party |
Romania (1989–present)
The Constitution of Romania prohibits the President to be a member of any political party while in office. The parties listed below represent the political affiliation before the 1991 Constitution was adopted and the party affiliation of the ad interim (i.e. acting) presidents, for whom such a restriction is not explicitly stipulated in the law.
;Title
- 1989: Council of the National Salvation Front (collective)
- 1989–1990: President of the Council of the National Salvation Front
- 1990: President of the Provisional National Unity Council
- 1990–present: President of Romania
;Status
| No. | Portrait | Name | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Election | Political party | Government(s)(Term) | Position(s) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | National Salvation Front (Romania)}}; color:white;" | — | National Salvation Front (Romania)}}; height:60px; color:white;" | — | Democratic National Salvation Front}}; height:60px; color:white;" | 12 | Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party}}; color:white;" | 13 | Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}; color:white;" | (12) | Democratic Party (Romania)}}; color:white;" | 14 | Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)}}; color:white;" | (14) | Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}; color:white;" | — | National Liberal Party (Romania)}}; color:black;" | — | National Liberal Party (Romania)}}; color:black;" | 15 | National Liberal Party (Romania)}}; color:black;" | — | Independent}}; color:black;" | 16 |
| [[File:CFSN Revolution Roumaine.jpg | 100px]] | Council of the National Salvation FrontSpokesman: Ion Iliescu | 22 December 1989 | 26 December 1989 | — | FSN | Itself(1989) | Collective Head of State | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Ion Iliescu (2004).jpg | 100px]] | Ion Iliescu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1930–2025) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 26 December 1989 | 20 June 1990 | Feb 1990 | FSN | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1989–1992)FDSN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1992)PDSR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1992–1996) | Roman I–II–III (1989–1991)Stolojan(1991–1992)Văcăroiu(1992–1996) | President of the Council of the National Salvation Front | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President of the Provisional National Unity Council | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 20 June 1990 | 29 November 1996 | May 1990 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1992 | President of Romania | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}; height:60px; color:white;" | (12) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Emil Constantinescu.jpg | 100px]] | Emil Constantinescu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (born 1939) | 29 November 1996 | 20 December 2000 | 1996 | PNȚCD | Ciorbea(1996–1998)Vasile(1998–1999)Isărescu(1999–2000) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Ion Iliescu (2004).jpg | 100px]] | Ion Iliescu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (1930–2025) | 20 December 2000 | 20 December 2004 | years | 2000 | PDSR | Năstase(2000–2004) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Traian Băsescu - Dec 2013.jpg | 100px]] | Traian Băsescu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (born 1951) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 20 December 2004 | 21 December 2014 | 20042009 | PD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (2004–2007) | Tăriceanu I–II(2004–2008)Boc I–II(2008–2012)Ungureanu(2012)Ponta I–II–III–IV(2012–2014) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PDL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (2007–2014) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Nicolae Văcăroiu (cropped).jpg | 100px]] | Nicolae Văcăroiu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (born 1943) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 20 April 2007 | 23 May 2007 | — | PSD | Tăriceanu II(2007–2008) | ad interim President of Romania | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (as President of the Senate) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Crin Antonescu - 28 March 2025.jpg | 100px]] | Crin Antonescu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (born 1959) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10 July 2012 | 27 August 2012 | — | PNL | Ponta I(2012) | ad interim President of Romania | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (as President of the Senate) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Клаус Йоханнис (52539721210).jpg | 100px]] | Klaus Iohannis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (born 1959) | 21 December 2014 | 12 February 2025 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | PNL | Ponta IV(2014–2015)Cioloș(2015–2017)Grindeanu(2017)Tudose(2017–2018)Dăncilă(2018–2019)Orban I–II(2019–2020)Cîțu(2020–2021)Ciucă(2021–2023)Ciolacu I–II(2023–2025) | President of Romania | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Ilie Bolojan - 22 September 2025 (cropped).jpg | 100px]] | Ilie Bolojan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (born 1969) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12 February 2025 | 26 May 2025 | — | PNL | Ciolacu II(2025) | ad interim President of Romania | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (as President of the Senate) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [[File:Nicușor Dan 0925 (cropped).jpg | 100px]] | Nicușor Dan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (born 1969) | 26 May 2025 | Incumbent | 2025 | Independent | Ciolacu II(2025)Bolojan(2025) | President of Romania |
Timeline
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Lifespan timeline
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bar:10 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1882.5 till:1940.5 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:ACTINGNAME text:Ion Antonescu color:ACTING from:1940.5 till:1944.5 color:LIFESPAN from:1944.5 till:1946.5
bar:11 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1874.7 till:1948 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Constantin Ion Parhon color:ACTING from:1948 till:1948.5 color:PSC from:1948.5 till:1952.5 color:LIFESPAN from:1952.5 till:1969.5
bar:12 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1884.9 till:1952.5 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Petru Groza color:PSC from:1952.5 till:1958.1
bar:13 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1880.8 till:1958.1 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:ACTINGNAME text:Mihail Sadoveanu color:ACTING from:1958.1 till:1958.3 color:LIFESPAN from:1958.3 till:1961.8
bar:14 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1913.2 till:1958.1 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:ACTINGNAME text:Anton Moisescu color:ACTING from:1958.1 till:1958.3 color:LIFESPAN from:1958.3 till:2002.5
bar:15 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1902.6 till:1958.3 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Ion Gheorghe Maurer color:PSC from:1958.3 till:1961.4 color:LIFESPAN from:1961.4 till:1965.3 color:PSC from:1965.3 till:1965.5 color:LIFESPAN from:1965.5 till:2000.3
bar:16 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1901.8 till:1961.4 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej color:PSC from:1961.4 till:1965.3
bar:17 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1900.5 till:1965.3 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:ACTINGNAME text:Ștefan Voitec color:PSC from:1965.3 till:1965.5 color:LIFESPAN from:1965.5 till:1985
bar:18 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1909.8 till:1965.3 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:ACTINGNAME text:Avram Bunaciu color:PSC from:1965.3 till:1965.5 color:LIFESPAN from:1965.5 till:1983.4
bar:19 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1908.5 till:1965.5 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Chivu Stoica color:PSC from:1965.5 till:1967.9 color:LIFESPAN from:1967.9 till:1975.3
bar:20 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1918.1 till:1967.9 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Nicolae Ceaușescu color:PSC from:1967.9 till:1974.4 color:PRESIDENT from:1974.4 till:1989.12
bar:21 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1930.3 till:1989.12 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Ion Iliescu color:ACTING from:1989.12 till:1990.5 color:PRESIDENT from:1990.5 till:1996.11 color:LIFESPAN from:1996.11 till:2000.12 color:PRESIDENT from:2000.12 till:2004.12 color:LIFESPAN from:2004.12 till:2025.8
bar:22 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1939.11 till:1996.11 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Emil Constantinescu color:PRESIDENT from:1996.11 till:2000.12 color:LIFESPAN from:2000.12 till:$now
bar:23 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1951.9 till:2005 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Traian Băsescu color:PRESIDENT from:2004.12 till:2007.4 color:LIFESPAN from:2007.4 till:2007.5 color:PRESIDENT from:2007.5 till:2012.7 color:LIFESPAN from:2012.7 till:2012.8 color:PRESIDENT from:2012.8 till:2014.12 color:LIFESPAN from:2014.12 till:$now
bar:24 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1943.9 till:2007.4 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:ACTINGNAME text:Nicolae Văcăroiu color:ACTING from:2007.4 till:2007.5 color:LIFESPAN from:2007.5 till:$now
bar:25 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1959.6 till:2012.7 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:ACTINGNAME text:Crin Antonescu color:ACTING from:2012.7 till:2012.8 color:LIFESPAN from:2012.8 till:$now
bar:26 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1959.5 till:2014.12 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Klaus Iohannis color:PRESIDENT from:2014.12 till:2025.2 color:LIFESPAN from:2025.2 till:$now
bar:27 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1969.3 till:2025.2 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:ACTINGNAME text:Ilie Bolojan color:ACTING from:2025.2 till:2025.5 color:LIFESPAN from:2025.5 till:$now
bar:28 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:1969.12 till:2025.5 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Nicușor Dan color:PRESIDENT from:2025.5 till:$now
TextData = pos:(480,$height) fontsize:L textcolor:black text:"Lifespan of each Romanian Head of State"
References
- (26 May 2025). "Romania's new president is sworn in as a political crisis eases, but challenges loom". AP News.
- "Countries QR".
- (October 2022). "Rulers.org}}{{Dead link".
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