List of heads of state of Lithuania

Kingdom of Lithuania (1251–1263)

Main article: Kingdom of Lithuania}}Title: King of Lithuania ({{langx, lt, Lietuvos karalius

[[House of Mindaugas]] (1253–1263)

|Grand Duke/King Mindaugas 1236 – 17 July 1251 as Grand Duke 17 July 1251 – 12 September 1263 (crowned 1253) as King|| [[File:Mindaugas (99259281).jpg|100px]] || Son of mythological Ringaudas || NN 2 children Morta 2 or 4 children NN (sister of Morta) no children|| 1263 Aglona Assassinated by Treniota and Daumantas Aged about 60 |- |}

Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1263–1569)

Main article: Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Title: Grand Duke (; ; ). Dates are approximate because of scant written sources.

[[House of Mindaugas]] (1263–1267)

|Grand Duke Treniota 1263 – 1264|| [[File:Treniota.jpg|100px]] || Unknown Son of NN, Mindaugas' sister and Vykintas || Unknown 1 child || 1264 Murdered by servants loyal to Mindaugas' son Vaišvilkas |- |Grand Duke Vaišvilkas 1264 – 1267|| [[File:Vojshalk.png|100px]] || Unknown Son of Mindaugas and Morta || Unmarried and childless|| 1268 Was murdered by Leo I of Galicia |- |}

[[House of Monomakh]] (1267–1269)

|Grand Duke Shvarn

1267 – 1269|| ||
Halych Son of Daniel of Galicia || NN, daughter of Mindaugas No children ||
Kholm Aged about 39 |- |}

[[House of Mindaugas]] (1269–1285)

|Grand Duke Traidenis 1270 – 1282||[[File:Lithuanian Grand Duke Traidenis.JPG|100px]]|| 1220 || Ona of Masovia 1 child|| 1282 Kernavė Aged 62 |- |Grand Duke Daumantas 1282 – 1285|| || Unknown ||Unknown || 3 March 1285 Died in a battle by Tver |- |}

[[House of Gediminas]] (1285–1440)

|Grand Duke Butigeidis 1285 – 1291|| || None known || Unknown Son of Skalmantas (?) || Unknown ||1291 |- |Grand Duke Butvydas 1291 – 1295|| || None known || Unknown Son of Skalmantas (?) || Unknown || |- |Grand Duke Vytenis 1295 – 1316||[[File:Witenes.PNG|frameless|100px]]|| None known || 1260 Son of Butvydas || Vikinda 1 child|| 1316 Aged 56 |- |Grand Duke Gediminas 1316 – 1341||[[File:Gediminas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, painted in 1709.png|100px]]|| None known || Son of Butvydas || Jaunė 13 children ||
Raudonė Aged about 66 |- |Grand Duke Jaunutis 1341 – 1345||[[File:Jaŭnut. Яўнут (A. Tarasievič, 1675).jpg|frameless|104x104px]]|| None known || Son of Gediminas and Jaunė|| Unknown 3 children ||
Aged 57−60 |- |Grand Duke Algirdas 1345 – 1377 ||[[File:Algirdas kunigaikštis.jpg|100px]]|| [[File:COA of Gediminaičiai dynasty Lithuania.svg|100px]] || Son of Gediminas and Jaunė|| Maria of Vitebsk 6 children Uliana of Tver 8 children||
Maišiagala Aged about 81 |- |Grand Duke Jogaila Algirdaitis May 1377 – August 1381||[[File:Žygimont Aŭgust-Jagajła. Жыгімонт Аўгуст-Ягайла (K. Aleksandrovič, 1790).jpg|100px]]|| [[File:COA Jagiellon.svg|100px]] ||
Vilnius Son of Algirdas and Uliana of Tver || Jadwiga of Poland 1 child Anna of Cilli 1 child Elizabeth Granowska No children Sophia of Halshany 3 children || 1 June 1434 Gródek Jagielloński Aged 72−82 |- |Grand Duke Kęstutis probably 1345 – 1382 attested: 1349–1351 (as co-ruler with Algirdas), 1381–1382 || [[File:Kiejstut.JPG|100px]] || [[File:COA of Gediminaičiai dynasty Lithuania.svg|100px]] ||
Senieji Trakai Son of Gediminas and Jaunė|| Birutė 9 children|| 1382 Kreva Died im captovity possibly murdered on Jogaila's order Aged 84–85 |- |Grand Duke Jogaila Algirdaitis 3 August 1382 – 1 June 1434 ()||[[File:Žygimont Aŭgust-Jagajła. Жыгімонт Аўгуст-Ягайла (K. Aleksandrovič, 1790).jpg|100px]]|| [[File:COA Jagiellon.svg|100px]] ||
Vilnius Son of Algirdas and Uliana of Tver || Jadwiga of Poland 1 child Anna of Cilli 1 child Elizabeth Granowska No children Sophia of Halshany 3 children || 1 June 1434 Gródek Jagielloński Aged 72−82

1432 – 1440 ||[[File:Žygimont Kiejstutavič. Жыгімонт Кейстутавіч (XIX).jpg|100px]]|| [[File:COA of Gediminaičiai dynasty Lithuania.svg|100px]] || 1365 Trakai Son of Kęstutis and Birutė|| Unknown 1 child|| 20 March 1440 Trakai Murdered by supporters of Švitrigaila Aged 75 |- |}

[[House of Jagiellon]] (1440–1569)

The act of personal union with Poland was signed as early as 1385; however, the continuous line of common rulers of the two countries started only with Casimir IV (even then, Polish and Lithuanians twice selected different rulers following the death of an earlier common monarch, but the Lithuanian one always eventually assumed the Polish throne). The monarchs retained separate titles for both parts of the state, and their numbering was kept separate. The Jagiellon dynasty was a direct continuation of the Gediminids. |King of Poland and Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon

29 June 1440 – 7 June 1492 ()||[[File:Kazimier Jagajłavič. Казімер Ягайлавіч (1645).jpg|100px]]|| [[File:COA Jagiellon.svg|100px]] || 30 November 1427 Kraków Son of Jogaila Algirdaitis and Sophia of Halshany || Elisabeth of Austria 12 children || 7 June 1492 Old Grodno Castle Aged 64 |- 1263 – 1265|||||| || |King of Poland and Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon

30 July 1492 – 19 August 1506 ()||[[File:Aleksander Jagiellonczyk (275208).jpg|100px]]|| [[File:COA Jagiellon.svg|100px]] || 5 August 1461 Kraków Son of Kazimieras Jogailaitis and Elisabeth of Austria || Helena of Moscow No children|| 19 August 1506 Vilnius Aged 45 |- 1263 – 1265|||||| || |King of Poland and Grand Duke Sigismund I Sigismund I the Old

8 December 1506 – 1 April 1548 ()||[[File:Kulmbach Sigismund I the Old.jpg|100px]]|| [[File:COA Jagiellon.svg|100px]] || 1 January 1467 Kozienice Son of Kazimieras Jogailaitis and Elisabeth of Austria || Barbara Zápolya 2 children Bona Sforza 6 children|| 1 April 1548 Kraków Aged 81 |- 1263 – 1265|||||| || |King of Poland and Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus

18 October 1529 – 7 July 1572 () ||[[File:Cranach the Younger Sigismund II Augustus.jpg|100px]]|| [[File:COA Jagiellon.svg|100px]] || 1 August 1520 Kraków Son of Žygimantas the Old and Bona Sforza || Elisabeth of Austria No children Barbara Radziwiłł No children Catherine of Austria No children|| 7 July 1572 Knyszyn Aged 51 |- ! colspan="6" |Union of Lublin signed in 1569 Poland and Lithuania are united into a single Commonwealth. |- 1263 – 1265|||||| || |}

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)

Main article: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in 1569. The elected King of Poland was automatically a Grand Duke of Lithuania (until then the Lithuanian dukedom was hereditary). The first common ruler of both countries was Sigismund II Augustus.

During the Deluge of the Second Northern War, Lithuania signed the Union of Kėdainiai with the Swedish Empire in 1655, thus de jure ending its union with Poland. However, due to Sweden's losses, the agreement soon fell out of favor and was not properly enforced, leading to the further continuation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Following the partitions in 1772, 1793, and 1795, the commonwealth ceased to exist and Lithuania proper became part of the Russian Empire for 123 years. There are some gaps in the timeline as it took a while to elect a new king. The first Grand Duke elected after the Gediminid line became extinct and after the Valois fled back to France was Stephen Báthory, who had made an effort to be recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania by establishing Vilnius University.

Title: King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus

1 July 1569

7 July 1572 () | [[File:Cranach the Younger Sigismund II Augustus.jpg|100px]] | [[File:COA Jagiellon.svg|100px]] | 1 August 1520 KrakówSon of Žygimantas the Old and Bona Sforza | Elisabeth of Austria Barbara Radziwiłł Catherine of Austria | 7 July 1572 Knyszyn Aged 51 | Hereditary First monarch to introduce elective monarchy | Jagiellon

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Henry

16 May 1573

12 May 1575 () | [[File:Henri III - portrait after Jean Decourt - Musée Condé.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Henri de Valois as lifelong king of Poland.svg|100px]] | 19 September 1551 FontainebleauSon of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici | Louise of Lorraine, no children | 2 August 1589 Saint-Cloud Aged 37 | ElectedLeft Poland in June 1574 to succeed his brother in FranceInterregnum until 1575 | Valois

|- |Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess Anna

15 December 1575

19 August 1587 (de facto) ()

9 September 1596 (de jure) () | [[File:Kober Anna Jagiellon as a widow.jpg|100px]] | [[File:COA Jagiellon.svg|100px]] | 18 October 1523 KrakówDaughter of Sigismund I and Bona Sforza | Stephen Báthory, no children | 9 September 1596 Warsaw Aged 72 | Elected co-monarch with Stephen BáthorySole ruler until Báthory's arrival and coronation in May 1576Ruled after husband's death until her nephew was elected | Jagiellon

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Stephen Báthory

1 May 1576

12 December 1586 () | [[File:Riehl Portrait of Stephen Bathory.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Bathory coat of arms.svg|100px]] | 27 September 1533 Szilágysomlyó (Șimleu Silvaniei)Son of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó and Catherine Telegdi | Anna Jagiellon, no children | 12 December 1586 Grodno Aged 53 | Elected as co-monarch with Anna JagiellonPreviously Prince of Transylvania | Báthory

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Sigismund III

19 August 1587

30 April 1632 () | [[File:Rubens Sigismund III Vasa.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Polish House of Vasa Coa.svg|100px]] | 20 June 1566 GripsholmSon of John III of Sweden and Catherine Jagiellon | Anne of Austria, 5 children Constance of Austria, 7 children | 30 April 1632 Warsaw Aged 65 | Elected, nephew of Anna JagiellonTransferred capital from Kraków to WarsawHereditary King of Sweden until deposition in 1599 | Vasa

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Władysław IV also Ladislaus IV

8 November 1632

20 May 1648 () | [[File:Rubens Władysław Vasa.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Polish House of Vasa Coa.svg|100px]] | 9 June 1595 ŁobzówSon of Sigismund III and Anne of Austria | Cecilia Renata of Austria, 3 children Marie Louise Gonzaga | 20 May 1648 Merkinė Aged 52 | Elective successionAlso titular King of Sweden and elected Tsar of Russia (1610–1613) when the Polish army captured Moscow | Vasa

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke John II Casimir

20 November 1648

16 September 1668 () | [[File:Schultz John II Casimir Vasa.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Polish House of Vasa Coa.svg|100px]] | 22 March 1609 KrakówSon of Sigismund III and Constance of Austria | Marie Louise Gonzaga, 2 children Claudine Françoise Mignot (morganatic marriage) | 16 December 1672 Nevers Aged 63 | Elective succession, succeeded half-brotherPreviously a cardinalDisputed with Charles X Gustav between 1655–1657Titular King of SwedenAbdicated | Vasa

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Michael I

19 June 1669

10 November 1673 () | [[File:King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki as king of Poland.svg|100px]] | 31 May 1640 Biały KamieńSon of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki and Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska | Eleonora Maria of Austria, 1 child | 10 November 1673 Lwów Aged 33 | ElectedBorn into nobility of mixed heritage, the son of a military commander and governor | Wiśniowiecki

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke John III Sobieski

19 May 1674

17 June 1696 () | [[File:Schultz John III Sobieski.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Jan Sobieski as king of Poland.svg|100px]] | 17 August 1629 OleskoSon of Jakub Sobieski and Teofila Zofia | Marie Casimire d'Arquien, 13 children | 17 June 1696 Wilanów Aged 66 | ElectedBorn into nobilityA successful military commander | Sobieski

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Augustus II

15 September 1697

1706 (1st reign, 9 years) | [[File:August II the Strong.PNG|100px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Wettin kings of Poland.svg|100px]] | 12 May 1670 DresdenSon of John George III and Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark | Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, 1 son by wife | 1 February 1733 Warsaw Aged 62 | ElectedPreviously Elector and ruler of SaxonyDethroned by Stanislaus I in 1706 during the Great Northern War | Wettin

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Stanislaus I

12 July 1704

8 July 1709 (1st reign, ) | [[File:Mányoki Stanislaus Leszczyński.png|100px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Stanislaus Leszczynski as king of Poland.svg|100px]] | 20 October 1677 LwówSon of Rafał Leszczyński and Anna Jabłonowska | Catherine Opalińska, 2 children | 23 February 1766 Lunéville Aged 88 | UsurpedNominated as ruler in 1704, crowned in 1705 and deposed predecessor in 1706Exiled in 1709 | Leszczyński

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Augustus II

8 July 1709

1 February 1733 (2nd reign, ) | [[File:August II (1670-1733).jpg|100px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Wettin kings of Poland.svg|100px]] | 12 May 1670 DresdenSon of John George III and Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark | Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, 1 son by wife | 1 February 1733 Warsaw Aged 62 | Restored | Wettin

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Stanislaus I

12 September 1733

26 January 1736 (2nd reign, ) | [[File:Portrait of Stanisław I Leszczyński.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Stanislaus Leszczynski as king of Poland.svg|100px]] | 20 October 1677 LwówSon of Rafał Leszczyński and Anna Jabłonowska | Catherine Opalińska, 2 children | 23 February 1766 Lunéville Aged 88 | ElectedHis election sparked the War of the Polish SuccessionDeposed by Augustus III in 1736 | Leszczyński

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Augustus III

5 October 1733

5 October 1763 (30 years) | [[File:Louis de Silvestre - Portrait of Augustus III of Poland (after 1733) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Wettin kings of Poland.svg|100px]] | 17 October 1696 DresdenSon of Augustus II the Strong and Christiane Eberhardine | Maria Josepha of Austria, 16 children | 5 October 1763 Dresden Aged 66 | UsurpedProclaimed King of Poland in 1733, crowned in 1734Dethroned elected predecessor in 1736 | Wettin

|- |King of Poland and Grand Duke Stanislaus II Augustus

7 September 1764

25 November 1795 () | [[File:Vigee Stanislaw Augustus.jpg|100px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Stanislaus Augustus as king of Poland.svg|100px]] | 17 January 1732 WołczynSon of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska | Unmarried | 1 February 1798 Saint Petersburg Aged 66 | ElectedBorn into nobilityLast King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, his reign ended in the Partitions of Poland | Poniatowski |}

Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)

Main article: Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)

The Council of Lithuania declared independence on 16 February 1918 and invited Wilhelm of Urach to become king of Lithuania. The name of the state was the Kingdom of Lithuania. On 9 July 1918, Duke Wilhelm accepted the offer and took the name Mindaugas II. However, on 2 November the council revoked this decision as it was likely Germany would lose the war.

[[House of Urach]] (1918)

|King Mindaugas II

–

()||[[File:WilhelofUrach.jpg|100px]]|| [[File:Wappen des Herzogs von Urach.svg|100px]] || 30 May 1864 Son of Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach and Princess Florestine of Monaco || Duchess Amalie in Bavaria Princess Wiltrud of Bavaria || 24 March 1928 |- |}

Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940)

Main article: Republic of Lithuania

Presidents of the Presidium of the [[Council of Lithuania]]

The state of Lithuania was ruled by the Presidium of the State Council of Lithuania, its chairman was de facto Head of State. The institution of President was established on 4 April 1919. Chairman of the Presidium Antanas Smetona was elected as First President of the State of Lithuania by the State Council of Lithuania and was the only one in under whose rule this position has been considered the office of the head of state.

[[President of Lithuania|Presidents]] of the Republic of Lithuania

The institution of President () was created on 4 April 1919. Antanas Smetona was elected as the first President of Lithuania.

[[Posthumous promotion|Posthumously recognized]] acting Presidents

Heads of the [[Lithuanian Diplomatic Service]]

Following Lithuania's occupation by the Soviet Union on 15 June 1940, in his telegram dated 31 May 1940, the last Foreign Minister Juozas Urbšys provisioned that, in the event of occupation, Stasys Lozoraitis, minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Rome, be appointed the head of the Lithuanian diplomatic service. The Lithuanian diplomatic service became a Government in exile that was a critical piece to ensuring the recognition of the continuity of Lithuanian legal statehood until independence after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1941)

Main article: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania and established the Lithuanian SSR in July 1940.

First Secretaries of the [[Central Committee]] of the [[Communist Party of Lithuania]]

; .

Generalbezirk Litauen (1941–1944)

Main article: Reichskommissariat Ostland

Main article: Generalbezirk Litauen

As Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, Lithuania liberated itself with the anti-Soviet June Uprising and re-declared Lithuanian Independence. Lithuania was ruled for some time by the Provisional Government of Lithuania, whose prime minister was Juozas Ambrazevičius. The Provisional Government was formed on 23 June 1941, but was dissolved on 5 August of the same year.

Lithuania was occupied by the Germans, who formed Generalbezirk Litauen on 25 July 1941, which was governed by the administration of general commissioner Adrian von Renteln and was a part of Reichskommissariat Ostland.

General Commissioners of Generalbezirk Litauen

; .

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1990)

As Nazi Germany retreated, the Soviet Union reoccupied the country and reestablished the Lithuanian SSR in 1944. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet de jure acted as a collective head of state from 25 August 1940 to 11 March 1990. However, the Supreme Soviet de facto was controlled by the Communist Party of Lithuania led by the First Secretary.

First Secretaries of the [[Central Committee]] of the [[Communist Party of Lithuania]]

Republic of Lithuania (1990–present)

The leader of the Supreme Council was the official head of state from the declaration of independence on 11 March 1990 until the new Constitution came into effect in 1992 establishing the office of President and the institution of Seimas. The state and its leadership were not recognized internationally until September 1991 NB: Iceland was the first country to recognise the regained independence of Lithuania in February 1991. Title from 1990 to 1992: Chairman of the Supreme Council (Parliament; ). Title from 1992 onwards: [President ().

Timeline

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DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1918 till:31/12/ TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:6 start:1918 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1918

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Define $today =

TextData = pos:(20,57) textcolor:black fontsize:s text:"Political Affiliation:"

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bar:MindaugasII from: 11/07/1918 till: 02/11/1918 color:Urach text:"Mindaugas II" bar:Smetona from: 02/11/1918 till: 19/06/1920 color:TPP from: 19/12/1926 till: 15/06/1940 color:Nationalist text:"Antanas Smetona" bar:Stulginskis from: 19/06/1920 till: 07/06/1926 color:LCDP from: 19/12/1926 till: 19/12/1926 color:LCDP text:"Aleksandras Stulginskis" bar:Grinius from: 07/06/1926 till: 18/12/1926 color:LPPU text:"Kazys Grinius" bar:Staugaitis from: 18/12/1926 till: 19/12/1926 color:LPPU text:"Jonas Staugaitis" bar:Merkys from: 15/06/1940 till: 17/06/1940 color:Nationalist text:"Antanas Merkys" bar:Paleckis from: 17/06/1940 till: 15/08/1940 color:Communist text:"Justas Paleckis" bar:Snieckus from: 21/07/1940 till: 24/06/1941 color:Communist from: 13/07/1944 till: 22/01/1974 color:Communist text:"Antanas Sniečkus" bar:Renteln from: 01/08/1941 till: 01/08/1944 color:Nazi text:"Adrian von Renteln" bar:Khazarov from: 22/01/1974 till: 18/02/1974 color:Communist text:"Valery Khazarov" bar:Griskevicius from: 18/02/1974 till: 14/11/1987 color:Communist text:"Petras Griškevičius" bar:Mitkin from: 14/11/1987 till: 01/12/1987 color:Communist text:"Nikolay Mitkin" bar:Songaila from: 01/12/1987 till: 19/10/1988 color:Communist text:"Ringaudas Songaila" bar:Brazauskas from: 15/01/1990 till: 11/03/1990 color:Communist from: 25/11/1992 till: 25/02/1998 color:LDDP text:"Algirdas Brazauskas" bar:Landsbergis from: 11/03/1990 till: 25/11/1992 color:Sajudis text:"Vytautas Landsbergis" bar:Adamkus from: 26/02/1998 till: 26/02/2003 color:Independent from: 12/07/2004 till: 12/07/2009 color:Independent text:"Valdas Adamkus" bar:Pakas from: 26/02/2003 till: 06/04/2004 color:Justice text:"Rolandas Paksas" bar:Paulauskas from: 06/04/2004 till: 12/07/2004 color:NewUnion text:"Artūras Paulauskas" bar:Grybauskaite from: 12/07/2009 till: 12/07/2019 color:Independent text:"Dalia Grybauskaitė" bar:Nauseda from: 12/07/2019 till: $today color:Independent text:"Gitanas Nausėda"

References

• History, Office of the President of the Republic of Lithuania. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
• Vytautas Spečiūnas (ed.), Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.) (Rulers of Lithuania (13–18th centuries)), Mokslo ir enicklopedijų leidybos institutas, Vilnius 2004.

References

1. "Gedimino kepurė".
2. "Jonas Žemaitis-Vytautas".
3. (20 November 2018). "XIII-1651 Dėl Adolfo Ramanausko-Vanago pripažinimo Lietuvos valstybės vadovu". Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas.
4. Lithuanian Diplomats in Emigration in 1940–1991, compiled by D. Dapkutė, A. Petraitytė, Vilnius, 2007
5. "Lithuania: "Thank you, Iceland!".