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List of ethnic groups in China

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List of ethnic groups in China
Summary

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Ethnolinguistic map of China
China's Autonomous Regions and its Designated Ethnic Minority

The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group in mainland China. In 2010, 91.5% of the population were classified as Han Chinese (~1.2 billion). Besides the Han Chinese majority, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present-day China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south and southwest but with some in central interior areas.

The major ethnic minorities in China are the Zhuang (19.6 million), Hui (11.4 million), Uyghurs (11 million), Miao (11 million), Manchus (10.4 million), Yi (9.8 million), Tujia (9.6 million), Tibetans (7 million), Mongols (6.3 million), Buyei (3.5 million), Dong (3.5 million), Yao (3.3 million), Bai (2 million), Koreans (1.7 million), Hani (1.7 million), Li (1.6 million), Kazakhs (1.5 million), and Dai (1.2 million). In addition, there are a number of unrecognized ethnic groups which together comprise over 730,000 people. Collectively, the ethnic groups of China are referred to as the Zhonghua minzu (). However, being part of the Zhonghua minzu (i.e. being part of one of the 56 ethnic groups) does not necessarily mean one must have Chinese nationality () or be loyal to the People's Republic of China.

Officially recognized groups

Officially recognized ethnic groups receive or have received certain benefits over Han Chinese under the regional ethnic autonomy system, including affirmative action, exemptions from the one-child policy, designated seats in political organs and government support to preserve their culture. Ethnic minority autonomous areas receive additional state subsidies. Languages of officially recognized minorities are used in official government documents.

Soon after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, 39 ethnic groups were recognized by the first national census in 1954. This further increased to 54 by the second national census in 1964, with the Lhoba people added in 1965. The last change was the addition of the Jino people in 1979, bringing the number of recognized ethnic groups to the current 56. The following are the 56 ethnic groups (listed by population) officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.

English NameStandard RomanizationCodeSimplified ChineseMandarin Pinyin2020 National SharesYear of recognition
Han ChineseHanHA汉族Hànzú91.1098%1,284,446,389
ZhuangZhuangZH壮族Zhuàngzú1.3801%19,568,546
UyghurUygurUG维吾尔族Wéiwú'ěrzú0.8352%11,774,538
HuiHuiHU回族Huízú0.8070%11,377,914
MiaoMiaoMH苗族Miáozú0.7851%11,067,929
ManchuManMA满族Mǎnzú0.7394%10,423,303
YiYiYI彝族Yízú0.6973%9,830,327
TujiaTujiaTJ土家族Tǔjiāzú0.6801%9,587,732
TibetanZangZA藏族Zàngzú0.5008%7,060,731
MongolMongolMG蒙古族Měnggǔzú0.4461%6,290,204
BouyeiBouyeiBY布依族Bùyīzú0.2537%3,576,752
DongDongDO侗族Dòngzú0.2480%3,495,993
YaoYaoYA瑶族Yáozú0.2347%3,309,341
BaiBaiBA白族Báizú0.1484%2,091,543
HaniHaniHN哈尼族Hānízú0.1229%1,733,166
KoreanChosŏnCS朝鲜族Cháoxiǎnzú0.1207%1,702,479
LiLiLI黎族Lízú0.1136%1,602,104
KazakhKazakKZ哈萨克族Hāsàkèzú0.1108%1,562,518
DaiDaiDA傣族Dǎizú0.0943%1,329,985
LisuLisuLS傈僳族Lìsùzú0.0541%762,296
SheSheSH畲族Shēzú0.0529%746,385
DongxiangDongxiangDX东乡族Dōngxiāngzú0.0550%774,947
GelaoGelaoGL仡佬族Gēlǎozú0.0481%677,521
LahuLahuLH拉祜族Lāhùzú0.0354%499,167
SuiSuiSU水族Shuǐzú0.0352%495,928
WaWaWA佤族Wǎzú0.0306%430,997
NakhiNaxiNX纳西族Nàxīzú0.0230%323,767
QiangQiangQI羌族Qiāngzú0.0222%312,981
TuTuTU土族Tǔzú0.0200%281,928
MulaoMulaoML仫佬族Mùlǎozú0.0197%277,233
KyrgyzKirgizKG柯尔克孜族Kē'ěrkèzīzú0.0145%204,402
XibeXibeXB锡伯族Xībózú0.0136%191,911
SalarSalarSL撒拉族Sālāzú0.0117%165,159
JingpoJingpoJP景颇族Jǐngpōzú0.0114%160,471
DaurDaurDU达斡尔族Dáwò'ěrzú0.0094%132,299
BlangBlangBL布朗族Bùlǎngzú0.0090%127,345
MaonanMaonanMN毛南族Máonánzú0.0088%124,092
TajikTajikTA塔吉克族Tǎjíkèzú0.0036%50,896
PumiPumiPM普米族Pǔmǐzú0.0032%45,012
AchangAchangAC阿昌族Āchāngzú0.0031%43,775
NuNuNU怒族Nùzú0.0026%36,575
EvenkiEwenkiEW鄂温克族Èwēnkèzú0.0025%34,617
VietnameseGinGI京族Jīngzú0.0024%33,112
JinoJinoJN基诺族Jīnuòzú0.0018%26,025
BonanBonanBO保安族Bǎo'ānzú0.0017%24,434
De'angDeangDE德昂族Dé'ángzú0.0016%22,354
RussianRussRS俄罗斯族Éluósīzú0.0011%16,136
YugurYugurYG裕固族Yùgùzú0.0010%14,706
UzbekUzbekUZ乌孜别克族Wūzībiékèzú0.0009%12,742
MonbaMonbaMB门巴族Ménbāzú0.0008%11,143
OroqenOroqenOR鄂伦春族Èlúnchūnzú0.0007%9,168
DerungDerungDR独龙族Dúlóngzú0.0005%7,310
NanaiHezhenHZ赫哲族Hèzhézú0.0004%5,373
LhobaLhobaLB珞巴族Luòbāzú0.0003%4,237
TatarsTatarTT塔塔尔族Tǎtǎ'ěrzú0.0003%3,544
GaoshanGaoshanGS高山族Gāoshānzú0.0002%3,479
Undistinguished—none未识别民族Wèi Shìbié Mínzú0.0593%836,488
Naturalized Citizen—none外国人加入中国籍Wàiguórén Jiārù Zhōngguójí0.0012%16,595

Unlisted ethnic groups

Main article: Unrecognized ethnic groups in China

The following ethnic groups living in China are not recognized by the Chinese government:

  • Äynu people – classified as Uyghurs
  • Altai people – classified as Mongols
  • Fuyu Kyrgyz people – classified as Kyrgyz
  • Gejia people – classified as Miao
  • Bajia ()
  • Deng people
  • Hu people – classified as Bulang
  • Khmu people – classified as Bulang
  • Kucong
  • Mảng people
  • Ili Turk people – classified as Uzbek
  • Sherpa people – classified as Tibetan
  • Tanka people, including Fuzhou Tanka
  • Tebbu people
  • Tuvans – classified as Mongols
  • Waxiang people
  • Jewish people
  • Macanese people, mixed race Catholic Portuguese speakers who lived in Macau since 16th century of various ethnic origins
  • Utsuls – classified as Hui
  • Yamato people and Ryukyuan people, primarily Japanese settlers that remained in China after the Second Sino-Japanese War, which mostly were women and orphaned children

During the Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China held in 2000, 734,438 people on the mainland were recorded as belonging to "undistinguished ethnic groups"—of these, 97% resided in Guizhou.

Hong Kong and Macau

Hong Kong and Macau are special administrative regions within China. The governments of Hong Kong and Macau do not use the official PRC ethnic classification system, nor does the PRC's official classification system take ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau into account. Minority groups such as Western Europeans (mainly English and Portuguese), and Southern or Southeastern Asians (mainly Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) live in Hong Kong. Macau's main ethnic groups are of Chinese and Portuguese descent, but other ethnicities also live in the territory.

References

References

  1. (28 April 2011). "Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data".
  2. "index".
  3. Jarmuth, Anna. (2020-09-22). "Ethnic Minorities and the Fight against Poverty in China: The Case of Yunnan".
  4. Lai, Hongyi. "China's Ethnic Policies and Challenges".
  5. "White Paper 1999: Ethnic Minorities Policy in China".
  6. [[Southwest University for Nationalities]] University Press. (2009)
  7. GB 3304－91 [http://mz.china.com.cn/?action-viewnews-itemid-4643 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes] {{Webarchive. link. (2009-11-01 .)
  8. [[First National Population Census of the People's Republic of China]]
  9. [[Second National Population Census of the People's Republic of China]]
  10. (1998). "Altai". Greenwood Press.
  11. (1996). "Tuvans of Mongolia and China". International Journal of Central Asian Studies.
  12. "Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo".
  13. [http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html/t0106.htm 第五次人口普查数据(2000年). 表1—6. 省、自治区、直辖市分性别、民族的人口] {{Webarchive. link. (2018-08-26 ( [[Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China]] (2000). Table 1-6: Population of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities by ethnicity). {{in lang). zh
  14. Paul O'Connor. (2018). "Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Hong Kong". Routledge.
  15. João de Pina Cabral. "THE 'ETHNIC' COMPOSITION OF MACAO". Cultural Bureau of Macau.
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