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List of cosmic microwave background experiments

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This list is a compilation of experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation anisotropies and polarization since the first detection of the CMB by Penzias and Wilson in 1964. There have been a variety of experiments to measure the CMB anisotropies and polarization since its first observation in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson. These include a mix of ground-, balloon- and space-based receivers. Some notable experiments in the list are COBE, which first detected the temperature anisotropies of the CMB, and showed that it had a black body spectrum; DASI, which first detected the polarization signal from the CMB; CBI, which made high-resolution observations and obtained the first E-mode polarization spectrum; WMAP; and the Planck spacecraft, which has produced the highest resolution all-sky map to-date of both the temperature anisotropies and polarization signals. Current scientific goals for CMB observation include precise measurement of gravitational lensing, which can constrain the mass of the neutrino; and measurement of B-mode polarization as possible evidence for cosmic inflation.

The design of cosmic microwave background experiments is a very challenging task. The greatest problems are the receivers, the telescope optics and the atmosphere. Many improved microwave amplifier technologies have been designed for microwave background applications. Some technologies used are HEMT, MMIC, SIS and bolometers. Experiments generally use elaborate cryogenic systems to keep the amplifiers cool. Often, experiments are interferometers which only measure the spatial fluctuations in signals on the sky, and are insensitive to the average 2.7 K background. Another problem is the 1/f noise intrinsic to all detectors. Usually the experimental scan strategy is designed to minimize the effect of such noise. To minimize side lobes, microwave optics usually utilize elaborate lenses and feed horns. Finally, in ground-based (and, to an extent, balloon-based) instruments, water and oxygen in the atmosphere emit and absorb microwave radiation. Even at frequencies where the atmospheric transmission is high, atmospheric emission contributes photon noise that limits the sensitivity of an experiment. CMB research therefore uses of air- and space-borne experiments, as well as dry, high altitude locations such as the Chilean Andes and the South Pole.

Cosmic microwave background experiments

The list below consists of a partial list of past, current and planned CMB experiments. The name, start and end years of each experiment are given, followed by the basis of the experiment—whether space, balloon or ground based—and the location where appropriate. The frequency and amplifier technologies used are given, as is the main targets of the experiments.

Image	Name	Start	End	Basis	Location	Frequency (GHz)	Detector technology	Targets	References
	Advanced Cosmic Microwave Explorer (ACME)
Also HACME: HEMT+ACME	1988	1996	Ground	South Pole	26–35; 38–45	HEMT	Temperature anisotropies	last1=Schuster	first1=Jeffrey	last2=Gaier	first2=Todd	last3=Gundersen	first3=Joshua	last4=Meinhold	first4=Peter	last5=Hoch	first5=Timothy	last6=Seiffert	first6=Michael	last7=Wuensche	first7=Carlos A.	last8=Lubin	first8=Philip	title=Cosmic background radiation anisotropy at degree angular scales - Further results from the South Pole	journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters	volume=412	year=1993	pages=L47–L50	issn=0004-637X	doi=10.1086/186937	bibcode=1993ApJ...412L..47S	url=http://urlib.net/6qtX3pFwXQZ3r59YCT/GUhJt}}
	Antarctic Plateau Anisotropy Chasing Experiment (APACHE)	1995	1996	Ground	Antarctic	100, 150, 250	Bolometer	Temperature anisotropies
[[File:ARCADE Balloon.jpg	100px	ARCADE]]	Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission (ARCADE)	2001	2006	Balloon		3, 5, 7, 10, 30, 90	HEMT	CMB Spectrum
[[Image:Archeops gondola at launch.jpg	100px	Archeops]]	Archeops	1999	2002	Balloon		143, 217, 353, 545	Bolometer	Measured large and intermediate scale with improved precision at the larger scales.
	Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver (ACBAR)	2001	2008	Ground	South Pole	150, 219, 274	Bolometer	Temperature anisotropies
[[Image:Mrao ami lba ryle.jpg	100px	AMI]]	Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI)	2005	—	Ground	UK: Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory	12-18	Interferometer	SZ effect, Temperature anisotropies
	Q U I JOint TEnerife (QUIJOTE)	2012	—	Ground	Tenerife	11, 13, 17, 19, 30, 40	Polarizer / OMT	Polarization on degree angular scales
	ARGO	1988, 1990, 1993	1993	Balloon		150-600	Bolometer
[[Image:AMiBA 1.jpg	100px	AMiBA]]	Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy (AMiBA)	2007	—	Ground	Hawaii: Mauna Loa	86-102	Interferometer/MMIC	SZ effect; Polarization	first=Paul	last=Ho	display-authors=etal	year=2009	title=The Yuan-Tseh Lee Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy	arxiv=0810.1871	bibcode = 2009ApJ...694.1610H	doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/694/2/1610	volume=694	issue=2	journal=The Astrophysical Journal	pages=1610–1618	s2cid=118574112 }}
[[File:Atacama Bmode Search on container.JPG	100px	ABS]]	Atacama B-Mode Search (ABS)	2012	2014	Ground	Chile: Atacama Desert	145	Bolometer	Polarization	bibcode=2013AAS...22211906S	title=Early Results from the First Year of Observations by the Atacama B-mode Search (ABS)	publisher=American Astronomical Society	author=Simon, S.M.	date=June 2013	conference=AAS Meeting #222, #119.06	collaboration=ABS collaboration}}
[[Image:Atacama cosmology telescope night.jpg	100px	ACT]]	Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT)	2008	2022	Ground	Chile: Atacama Desert	148, 218, 277	Bolometer	Small-scale temperature and polarization anisotropies
[[Image:Phot-24a-06.jpg	100px	APEX]]	Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX)	2007	—	Ground	Chile: Atacama Desert	150, 217	Bolometer	Temperature anisotropies; SZ effect
[[Image:ATCA Radio Telescope Narrabri 2005 12 21.jpg	100px	ATCA]]	Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA)	1991	1997	Ground	Paul Wild Observatory, New South Wales, Australia	8.7	HEMT
	Background Emission Anisotropy Scanning Telescope (BEAST)	2000	—	Balloon, Ground		25–35; 38-45	HEMT	A ground single dish CMB observatory at the University of California's White Mountain Peak Research station.
	Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP1)	2006	2008	Ground	South Pole	100, 150, 220	Bolometer	Measured degree-scale polarization with improved precision.	last1=Barkats	first1=Denis	first2=R.	last2=Aikin	first3=C.	last3=Bischoff	first4=I.	last4=Buder	first5=J. P.	last5=Kaufman	first6=B. G.	last6=Keating	first7=J. M.	last7=Kovac	first8=M.	last8=Su	first9=P. A. R.	last9=Ade	first10=J. O.	last10=Battle	first11=E. M.	last11=Bierman	first12=J. J.	last12=Bock	first13=H. C.	last13=Chiang	first14=C. D.	last14=Dowell	first15=L.	last15=Duband	first16=J.	last16=Filippini	first17=E. F.	last17=Hivon	first18=W. L.	last18=Holzapfel	first19=V. V.	last19=Hristov	first20=W. C.	last20=Jones	first21=C. L.	last21=Kuo	first22=E. M.	last22=Leitch	first23=P. V.	last23=Mason	first24=T.	last24=Matsumura	first25=H. T.	last25=Nguyen	first26=N.	last26=Ponthieu	first27=C.	last27=Pryke	author27-link=Clement Pryke	first28=S.	last28=Richter	first29=G.	last29=Rocha	first30=C.	last30=Sheehy	first31=S. S.	last31=Kernasovskiy	first32=Y. D.	last32=Takahashi	first33=J. E.	last33=Tolan	first34=K. W.	last34=Yoon	collaboration=BICEP1 collaboration	date=March 2014	title=Degree-scale Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization Measurements from Three Years of BICEP1 Data	journal=Astrophysical Journal	volume=783	issue=2	page=67	arxiv=1310.1422	bibcode=2014ApJ...783...67B	doi=10.1088/0004-637X/783/2/67	s2cid=18249581 }}
	BICEP2	2009	2012	Ground	South Pole	150	Bolometer	Degree-scale B-mode polarization.	last1=Ade	first1=P. A. R.	last2=Aikin	first2=R. W.	last3=Amiri	first3=M.	last4=Barkats	first4=D.	last5=Benton	first5=S. J.	last6=Bischoff	first6=C. A.	last7=Bock	first7=J. J.	last8=Brevik	first8=J. A.	last9=Buder	first9=I.	last10=Bullock	first10=E.	last11=Davis	first11=G.	last12=Day	first12=P. K.	last13=Dowell	first13=C. D.	last14=Duband	first14=L.	last15=Filippini	first15=J. P.	last16=Fliescher	first16=S.	last17=Golwala	first17=S. R.	last18=Halpern	first18=M.	last19=Hasselfield	first19=M.	last20=Hildebrandt	first20=S. R.	last21=Hilton	first21=G. C.	last22=Irwin	first22=K. D.	last23=Karkare	first23=K. S.	last24=Kaufman	first24=J. P.	last25=Keating	first25=B. G.	last26=Kernasovskiy	first26=S. A.	last27=Kovac	first27=J. M.	last28=Kuo	first28=C. L.	last29=Leitch	first29=E. M.	last30=Llombart	first30=N.	author30-link= Nuria Llombart	last31=Lueker	first31=M.	last32=Netterfield	first32=C. B.	last33=Nguyen	first33=H. T.	last34=O'Brient	first34=R.	last35=Ogburn	first35=R. W.	last36=Orlando	first36=A.	last37=Pryke	first37=C.	author37-link=Clement Pryke	last38=Reintsema	first38=C. D.	last39=Richter	first39=S.	last40=Schwarz	first40=R.	last41=Sheehy	first41=C. D.	last42=Staniszewski	first42=Z. K.	last43=Story	first43=K. T.	last44=Sudiwala	first44=R. V.	last45=Teply	first45=G. P.	last46=Tolan	first46=J. E.	last47=Turner	first47=A. D.	last48=Vieregg	first48=A. G.	last49=Wilson	first49=P.	last50=Wong	first50=C. L.	last51=Yoon	first51=K. W.	collaboration=BICEP1 collaboration	title=BICEP2. II. Experiment and three-year data set	journal=The Astrophysical Journal	volume=792	issue=1	year=2014	page=62	issn=1538-4357	doi=10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/62	bibcode=2014ApJ...792...62B	arxiv = 1403.4302	s2cid=18486247}}
	Keck Array	2010		Ground	South Pole	95, 150, 220	Bolometer	Degree-scale B-mode polarization.
	Balloon-borne Anisotropy Measurement (BAM)	1995	1998	Balloon	University of British Columbia and Brown University balloon experiment	110-250	Spectrometer	Used differential Fourier Transform Spectrometer to measure degree scale anisotropy	url=https://astro.physics.brown.edu/bam/	title=Balloon-Borne Anisotropy Measurement (BAM)	publisher=Brown University	date=2002	access-date=22 July 2015}}
	Balloon-borne Radiometers for Sky Polarisation Observations (BaR-SPoRT)	Cancelled	—	Balloon		32, 90	Polarizer / OMT
	Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA)	1986	2004	Ground	Hat Creek Radio Observatory, California, USA	70–116; 210-270	SIS
[[Image:Boomerang Telescope.jpeg	100px	BOOMERanG]]	BOOMERanG experiment	1997	2003	Balloon	Long-duration balloon above Antarctica	90-420	Bolometer	Intermediate scale fluctuations
	B-mode RAdiation INterferometer (BRAIN)	Never	—	Ground	Dome-C, Antarctica				bibcode=2007NewAR..51..256P	title=The BRAIN CMB polarization experiment	journal=New Astronomy Reviews	volume=51	issue=3–4	page=256	first1=G.	last1=Polenta	first2=Ade	last2=P. A. R.	first3=Bartlett	last3=J.	first4=Bréelle	last4=E.	first5=Conversi	last5=L.	first6=de Bernardis	last6=P.	first7=Dufour	last7=C.	first8=Gervasi	last8=M.	first9=Giard	last9=M.	first10=Giordano	last10=C.	first11=Giraud-Heraud	last11=Y.	first12=Maffei	last12=B.	first13=Masi	last13=S.	first14=Nati	last14=F.	first15=Orlando	last15=A.	first16=Peterzen	last16=S.	first17=Piacentini	last17=F.	first18=Piat	last18=M.	first19=Piccirillo	last19=L.	first20=Pisano	last20=G.	first21=Pons	last21=R.	first22=Rosset	last22=C.	first23=Savini	last23=G.	first24=Sironi	last24=G.	first25=Tartari	last25=A.	first26=Veneziani	last26=M.	first27=Zannoni	last27=M.	date=March 2007	doi=10.1016/j.newar.2006.11.065	hdl=10281/3018	url=https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/3018/3/The%20BRAIN%20CMB%20polarization%20experiment.pdf	hdl-access=free }}
	Clover	Cancelled	—	Ground		97, 150, 230	Bolometer	Cancelled experiment to measure the small scale fluctuations and to search for B-mode polarization.
	Cobra	1982	1990	Sounding Rocket	University of British Columbia	27-900	Bolometers/ FTS	Frequency spectrum of CMB	title=Cooled submillimeter Fourier transform spectrometer flown on a rocket	author=Gush, H.P.	journal=Rev. Sci. Instrum.	year=1992	volume=63	issue = 6	page=3249	doi=10.1063/1.1142534	author2=Halpern, M.	bibcode = 1992RScI...63.3249G }}
	Cosmic Anisotropy Polarization Mapper (CAPMAP)	2002	2008	Ground	Crawford Hill Telescope, New Jersey	40, 90	MMIC/HEMT
	Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT)	1994	1997	Ground	Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory	13-17	Interferometer / HEMT	Very small scale fluctuations in small regions of the sky.
[[Image:Cosmic Background Imager.jpeg	100px	CBI]]	Cosmic Background Imager (CBI)	2000	2008	Ground	Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, Chile	26-36	HEMT	Very small scale temperature and polarization anisotropies in a small patch of sky.	last1=Taylor	first1=Angela C.	last2=Jones	first2=Michael E.	last3=Allison	first3=James R.	last4=Angelakis	first4=Emmanouil	last5=Bond	first5=J. Richard	last6=Bronfman	first6=Leonardo	last7=Bustos	first7=Ricardo	last8=Davis	first8=Richard J.	last9=Dickinson	first9=Clive	last10=Leech	first10=Jamie	last11=Mason	first11=Brian S.	last12=Myers	first12=Steven T.	last13=Pearson	first13=Timothy J.	last14=Readhead	first14=Anthony C. S.	last15=Reeves	first15=Rodrigo	last16=Shepherd	first16=Martin C.	last17=Sievers	first17=Jonathan L.	title=The Cosmic Background Imager 2	journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society	volume=418	issue=4	year=2011	pages=2720–2729	issn=0035-8711	doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19661.x	doi-access=free	bibcode=2011MNRAS.418.2720T	arxiv = 1108.3950	s2cid=2703946}}
[[Image:CLASS Experiment Site Rendering Feb 2014.png	100px	CLASS Experiment Site Rendering Feb 2014]]	Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS)	2015	—	Ground	Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, Chile	40, 90, 150, 220	TES Bolometer	B-mode polarization signal at multipoles from 2 to 100	last1=Essinger-Hileman	first1=Thomas	last2=Ali	first2=Aamir	last3=Amiri	first3=Mandana	last4=Appel	first4=John W.	last5=Araujo	first5=Derek	last6=Bennett	first6=Charles L.	last7=Boone	first7=Fletcher	last8=Chan	first8=Manwei	last9=Cho	first9=Hsiao-Mei	date=23 July 2014	title=CLASS: the cosmology large angular scale surveyor	journal=Proc. SPIE 9153, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII	volume=9153	page=91531I	arxiv=1408.4788	doi=10.1117/12.2056701	first10=David T.	last10=Chuss	first11=Felipe	last11=Colazo	first12=Erik	last12=Crowe	first13=Kevin	last13=Denis	first14=Rolando	last14=Dünner	first15=Joseph	last15=Eimer	first16=Dominik	last16=Gothe	first17=Mark	last17=Halpern	first18=Kathleen	last18=Harrington	first19=Gene	last19=Hilton	first20=Gary F.	last20=Hinshaw	first21=Caroline	last21=Huang	first22=Kent	last22=Irwin	first23=Glenn	last23=Jones	first24=John	last24=Karakla	first25=Alan J.	last25=Kogut	first26=David	last26=Larson	first27=Michele	last27=Limon	first28=Lindsay	last28=Lowry	first29=Tobias	last29=Marriage	first30=Nicholas	last30=Mehrle	first31=Amber D.	last31=Miller	first32=Nathan	last32=Miller	first33=Samuel H.	last33=Moseley	first34=Giles	last34=Novak	first35=Carl	last35=Reintsema	first36=Karwan	last36=Rostem	first37=Thomas	last37=Stevenson	first38=Deborah	last38=Towner	first39=Kongpop	last39=U-Yen	first40=Emily	last40=Wagner	first41=Duncan	last41=Watts	first42=Edward	last42=Wollack	first43=Zhilei	last43=Xu	first44=Lingzhen	last44=Zeng	editor1-first=Wayne S	editor1-last=Holland	editor2-first=Jonas	editor2-last=Zmuidzinas	collaboration=CLASS Collaboration	series=Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII	bibcode=2014SPIE.9153E..1IE	s2cid=13691600 }}
	Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER)	Future	—	Balloon		200, 270, 350, 800	TES bolometers	B-mode polarization signal	last1=Lazear	first1=Justin	title=Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII	last2=Ade	first2=Peter A. R.	last3=Benford	first3=Dominic	last4=Bennett	first4=Charles L.	last5=Chuss	first5=David T.	last6=Dotson	first6=Jessie L.	last7=Eimer	first7=Joseph R.	last8=Fixsen	first8=Dale J.	last9=Halpern	first9=Mark	last10=Hilton	first10=Gene	last11=Hinderks	first11=James	last12=Hinshaw	first12=Gary F.	last13=Irwin	first13=Kent	last14=Jhabvala	first14=Christine	last15=Johnson	first15=Bradley	last16=Kogut	first16=Alan	last17=Lowe	first17=Luke	last18=McMahon	first18=Jeff J.	last19=Miller	first19=Timothy M.	last20=Mirel	first20=Paul	last21=Moseley	first21=S. Harvey	last22=Rodriguez	first22=Samelys	last23=Sharp	first23=Elmer	last24=Staguhn	first24=Johannes G.	last25=Switzer	first25=Eric R.	last26=Tucker	first26=Carole E.	last27=Weston	first27=Amy	last28=Wollack	first28=Edward J.	editor1-first=Wayne S	editor1-last=Holland	editor2-first=Jonas	editor2-last=Zmuidzinas	volume=9153	year=2014	pages=91531L	doi=10.1117/12.2056806	arxiv = 1407.2584	chapter=The Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER)	s2cid=2510422 }}
	COSMOSOMAS	1998	2007	Ground	Teide Observatory, Tenerife, Spain	10-18	HEMT	Circular scanning experiments for CMB and foregrounds	title=The COSMOSOMAS Experiment (1998-2007)	url=http://www.iac.es/proyecto/cmb/pages/en/former-cmb-experiments/cosmosomas.php	publisher=Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias	access-date=24 July 2015}}
[[Image:Cobe vision1.jpg	100px	COBE]]	Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)	1989	1993	Space	Earth orbit	31.5, 53, 90 (DMR)		Temperature anisotropies; frequency power spectrum; solar system and galactic dust foregrounds.	title=Cosmic Background Explorer	url=http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/	website=LAMBDA	publisher=Goddard Spaceflight Center}}
[[Image:Cobe vision1.jpg	100px	COBE]]	Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)	1989	1990	Space	Earth orbit	68-3000 200 frequencies (FIRAS)	Bolometers	CMB Spectrum; CMB Temperature; CIB spectrum; Temperature anisotropies; frequency power spectrum; solar system and galactic dust foregrounds.
	TRIS	1994	2001	Ground	Campo Imperatore	0.6, 0.82, 2.5		CMB frequency power spectrum	last1=Zannoni	first1=M.	last2=Tartari	first2=A.	last3=Gervasi	first3=M.	last4=Boella	first4=G.	last5=Sironi	first5=G.	last6=De Lucia	first6=A.	last7=Passerini	first7=A.	last8=Cavaliere	first8=F.	title=TRIS. I. Absolute Measurements of the Sky Brightness Temperature at 0.6, 0.82, and 2.5 GHz	journal=The Astrophysical Journal	volume=688	issue=1	year=2008	pages=12–23	arxiv=0806.1415	doi=10.1086/592133	bibcode=2008ApJ...688...12Z	s2cid=55948501}}
	COMPASS	2001	2001	Ground	Pine Bluff, Wisconsin	26 to 36	HEMT	Polarization on degree angular scales	last1=Farese	first1=Philip C.	last2=Dall'Oglio	first2=Giorgio	last3=Gundersen	first3=Joshua O.	last4=Keating	first4=Brian G.	last5=Klawikowski	first5=Slade	last6=Knox	first6=Lloyd	last7=Levy	first7=Alan	last8=Lubin	first8=Philip M.	last9=O'Dell	first9=Chris W.	last10=Peel	first10=Alan	last11=Piccirillo	first11=Lucio	last12=Ruhl	first12=John	last13=Timbie	first13=Peter T.	title=COMPASS: An Upper Limit on Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization at an Angular Scale of 20′	journal=The Astrophysical Journal	volume=610	issue=2	year=2004	pages=625–634	issn=0004-637X	doi=10.1086/421837	bibcode=2004ApJ...610..625F	arxiv = astro-ph/0308309	s2cid=119404616 }}
	Cosmological Gene (CG)	1999	2009	Ground	RATAN-600, Caucasus, Russia	0.6 to 32	HEMT		last1=Parijskij	first1=Yu. N.	last2=Mingaliev	first2=M. G.	last3=Nizhel'skii	first3=N. A.	last4=Bursov	first4=N. N.	last5=Berlin	first5=A. B.	last6=Grechkin	first6=A. A.	last7=Zharov	first7=V. I.	last8=Zhekanis	first8=G. V.	last9=Majorova	first9=E. K.	last10=Semenova	first10=T. A.	last11=Stolyarov	first11=V. A.	last12=Tsybulev	first12=P. G.	last13=Kratov	first13=D. V.	last14=Udovitskii	first14=R. Yu.	last15=Khaikin	first15=V. B.	title=Multi-frequency survey of background radiations of the Universe. The "Cosmological Gene" project. First results	journal=Astrophysical Bulletin	volume=66	issue=4	year=2011	pages=424–435	issn=1990-3413	doi=10.1134/S1990341311040043	bibcode = 2011AstBu..66..424P	s2cid=123152017 }}
	Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI)	1999	2003	Ground	South Pole	26-36	HEMT	Temperature and polarization anisotropy on degree angular scales
	The E and B Experiment (EBEX)	2012	2013	Balloon	Antarctica	150-450	Bolometer	Inflationary gravitational-wave background (IGB) signal in B-mode polarization	author1=MacDermid, Kevin	author2=EBEX Collaboration	editor1-last=Holland	editor1-first=Wayne S.	editor2-last=Zmuidzinas	editor2-first=Jonas	title=The performance of the bolometer array and readout system during the 2012/2013 flight of the E and B experiment (EBEX)	journal=Proc. SPIE 9153, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII	volume=9153	page=915311	doi=10.1117/12.2056267	arxiv = 1407.6894	date=2014-07-23	series=Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII	bibcode=2014SPIE.9153E..11M	s2cid=118399923 }}
	Far Infra-Red Survey (FIRS)	1989	1989	Balloon	National Scientific Balloon Facility, Fort Sumner, New Mexico	170-680	Bolometer	Temperature anisotropy on large angular scales.	last1=Meyer	first1=Stephan S.	last2=Cheng	first2=Edward S.	last3=Page	first3=Lyman A.	title=A measurement of the large-scale cosmic microwave background anisotropy at 1.8 millimeter wavelength	journal=The Astrophysical Journal	volume=371	year=1991	pages=L7	issn=0004-637X	doi=10.1086/185989	bibcode=1991ApJ...371L...7M	doi-access=free}}
	KU-band Polarization IDentifier (KUPID)	2003	—	Ground	Crawford Hill Telescope, New Jersey	12-18	HEMT		title=Ku-band Polarization Identifier at the University of Miami	url=http://web2.physics.miami.edu/~cosmo/kupid/index.html	publisher=University of Miami}}
	Medium Scale Anisotropy Measurement (MSAM)	1992	1997	Balloon		150-650	Bolometer
[[Image:MAXIMA Balloon.jpg	100px	MAXIMA]]	Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (MAXIMA)	1995, 1998, 1999	1999	Balloon	Near Palestine, Texas	150-420	Bolometer	Intermediate scale temperature fluctuations.
	Millimeter Interferometer (MINT)	2001	2002	Ground	Cerro Toco, Chile	145	SIS	Temperature anisotropies around multipole 1500	last1=Fowler	first1=J. W.	last2=Doriese	first2=W. B.	last3=Marriage	first3=T. A.	last4=Tran	first4=H. T.	last5=Aboobaker	first5=A. M.	last6=Dumont	first6=C.	last7=Halpern	first7=M.	last8=Kermish	first8=Z. D.	last9=Loh	first9=Y.-S.	date=2005	title=CMB Observations with a Compact Heterogeneous 150 GHz Interferometer in Chile	journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series	volume=156	issue=1	pages=1–11	arxiv=astro-ph/0403137	bibcode=2005ApJS..156....1F	doi=10.1086/426393	first10=L. A.	last10=Page	first11=S. T.	last11=Staggs	first12=D. H.	last12=Wesley	s2cid=10422803 }}
	Millimeter-Wave Bolometric Interferometer (MBI-B)	Future	—	Ground		90	Bolometer
	Mobile Anisotropy Telescope (MAT)	1997, 1998	1998	Ground	Cerro Toco, Chile	30-140	HEMT / SIS		title=The MAT Experiment	url=http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/suborbit/MAT/wwwphy.princeton.edu/cosmology/mat/	publisher=Archived at NASA GSFC}}
	Polarization Observations of Large Angular Regions (POLAR)	2000	2000	Ground	Pine Bluff, Wisconsin, USA	26-46	HEMT	Polarization at large angular scales	last1=O'Dell	first1=Chris	title=POLAR: Polarization Observations of Large Angular Regions	url=http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/suborbit/POLAR/cmb.physics.wisc.edu/polar/index.html	publisher=Archived at NASA GSFC	access-date=25 July 2015}}
[[File:Polarbear experiment.jpg	100px	Polarbear]]	POLARBEAR	2012	—	Ground	Chajnantor plateau (Chile)	150	Antenna-coupled TES	CMB Polarization. Primordial and lensed B-modes.
	Polatron	Never	—	Ground		100	Bolometer
	Princeton I, Q, and U Experiment (PIQUE)	2002	2002	Ground	Princeton University	90	Bolometer
	Python	1992	1997	Ground	South Pole	30-90	HEMT / Bolometer	Temperature anisotropy on intermediate angular scales	title=CARA Science: Python	url=http://astro.uchicago.edu/cara/research/cmbr/python.html	publisher=University of Chicago}}
	QMAP	1996	1996	Balloon		30-140	HEMT / SIS		last1=Page	first1=Lyman	last2=de Oliveira-Costa	first2=Angelica	title=QMAP	url=http://cosmology.princeton.edu/cosmology/qmap/	publisher=Princeton University	access-date=25 July 2015}}
[[Image:050128quad-from-crane.jpg	100px	QUaD]]	QUaD	2005	2007	Ground	South Pole	100, 150	Bolometer	Polarization at intermediate angular scale
[[Image:Qubic_instrument_shelter_1.jpg	100px	QUBIC]]	QUBIC	2022	—	Ground	Alto Chorrillos, Argentina	150, 220	Bolometer	B-mode polarization on intermediate angular scale.	title=QUBIC - Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology:instrument, current status, and forecast	journal=Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics	url=https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1475-7516/page/QUBIC_status_and_forecast	access-date=31 January 2026}}
	Q/U Imaging ExperimenT (QUIET)	2008	2010	Ground	Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, Chile	40, 90	HEMT		url=http://quiet.uchicago.edu/site/index.html	title=QUIET: Site	publisher=QUIET collaboration	date=27 January 2008	access-date=2015-07-23}}
	RELIKT-1	1983	1984	Space	Earth orbit	37		Temperature anisotropies
	Saskatoon experiment	1993	1995	Ground	Saskatchewan	26-46	HEMT
	Simons Observatory	2021	-	Ground	Atacama	27/39, 93/145, 225/280 GHz	Bolometers	B-mode polarization, SZE galaxy clusters, sources	title=Hunt for Big Bang Gravitational Waves Gets $40-Million Boost	journal=Scientific American	url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hunt-for-big-bang-gravitational-waves-gets-40-million-boost/	access-date=5 March 2017}}
	Sky Polarization Observatory (SPOrt)	Cancelled	—	Space	International Space Station	22-90		Polarization
	South Pole Telescope	2006		Ground	South Pole			Small scale temperature and polarization.
	SPIDER	2015		Balloon	Antarctica	90, 150, 220	Bolometer	Large scale polarization.
[[Image:Sza.gif	100px	SZA]]	Sunyaev-Zeldovich Array (SZA)	2004	2008	Ground	Owens Valley Radio Observatory	26–36; 85-115	Interferometer	Produced sensitive CMB anisotropy constraints at l ~ 4000, measured the SZ effect in hundreds of galaxy clusters. Now part of CARMA
	MUltiplexed Squid/Tes Array for Ninety Gigahertz (MUSTANG/MUSTANG2)	2007	—	Ground	Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, USA)	90	TES bolometers	Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (also used for non-CMB work)
	Sunyaev-Zeldovich Infrared Experiment (SuZIE)	1996	—	Ground	Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, Mauna Kea, Hawaii	150, 220, 350	Bolometer	SZ effect
	Tenerife Experiment	1984	2000	Ground	Tenerife	10, 15, 33	HEMT	Temperature anisotropies from degree to arcminute angular scales
	TopHat	2001	2001	Balloon	Antarctica	150-720	Bolometer		last1=Silverberg	first1=Robert F.	last2=Aguirre	first2=James	last3=Bezaire	first3=Jeff	last4=Cheng	first4=Edward S.	last5=Christensen	first5=Per Rex	last6=Cordone	first6=Shawn	last7=Cottingham	first7=David A.	last8=Crawford	first8=Thomas	last9=Fixsen	first9=Dale J.	year=2003	title=The long duration flight of the TopHat experiment	journal=Proc. SPIE 4857, Airborne Telescope Systems II	volume=4857	pages=195–204	doi=10.1117/12.458649	first10=P.	last10=Kenny	first11=Lloyd	last11=Knox	first12=Rene Engel	last12=Kristensen	first13=Stephan	last13=Meyer	first14=Hans Ulrich	last14=Noergaard-Nielsen	first15=Peter T.	last15=Timbie	first16=Grant W.	last16=Wilson	editor1-first=Ramsey K	editor1-last=Melugin	editor2-first=Hans-Peter	editor2-last=Roeser	collaboration=TopHat Collaboration	series=Airborne Telescope Systems II	bibcode=2003SPIE.4857..195S	s2cid=6509369 }}
	Very Small Array	2002	2008	Ground	Tenerife	26-36	Interferometer / HEMT	Intermediate and small scale fluctuations in small regions of the sky.	title=VSA Observations of the Anomalous Microwave Emission in the Perseus Region	author=Tibbs, Christopher T.	journal=Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.	year=2010	volume=402	issue=3	pages=1969–1979	doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16023.x	arxiv=0909.4682	author2=Watson, Robert A.	author3=Dickinson, Clive	author4=Davies, Rodney D.	author5=Davis, Richard J.	author6=del Burgo, Carlos	author7=Franzen, Thomas M. O.	author8=Genova-Santos, Ricardo	author9=Grainge, Keith	author10=Hobson, Michael P.	doi-access=free	bibcode=2010MNRAS.402.1969T	s2cid=18987830 }}
[[Image:WMAP collage.jpg	100px	WMAP]]	Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)	2001	2010	Space	Lagrange 2	23-94	HEMT	Temperature anisotropies; Polarization
	Planck	2009	2013	Space	Lagrange 2	30-857	HEMT / Bolometer	Temperature and polarization anisotropies; foregrounds

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