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List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union

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This article provides a list of conflicts that have occurred in the territory of the former Soviet Union. In December 1991, the dissolution of the Soviet Union resulted in the emergence of 15 independent countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

List

Central Asia

ConflictBelligerentsStartEndDetailFatalities
Tajikistani Civil War5 May 199227 June 1997Began when ethnic groups from the Gharm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan, which were underrepresented in the ruling elite, rose up against the national government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, in which people from the Leninabad and Kulob regions dominated. The war ended with the signing of the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan and the Moscow Protocol.
Batken conflictKyrgyzstan
Russia (material support)
Uzbekistan (military support)[[File:AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg23px]] Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan30 July 199927 September 1999Armed clashes between militants of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan
Andijan massacreUzbekistan Government of Uzbekistan13 May 2005Protest and government massacre in the city of Andijan in Uzbekistan187–1,500 killed
2010 Kyrgyz RevolutionKyrgyzstan Government of KyrgyzstanSDPK.svg SDPK
Respublika Party of Kyrgyzstan.png Respublika
Ata Meken logo.png A.M.S.P
Ar-Namys logo.png Ar-Namys
Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan party logo.png Ata-Zhurt
Flag of the United Kyrgyzstan.svg United Kyrgyzstan6 April 201015 April 2010Also known as the People's April Revolution, the Melon Revolution or the April Events. Began with the ousting of Kyrgyz president Kurmanbek Bakiyev in the capital Bishkek. The violence ultimately led to the consolidation of a new parliamentary system in Kyrgyzstan.
2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashesKyrgyz provisional government
Kyrgyzstani Kyrgyz gangs19 May 2010June 2010Clashes between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in southern Kyrgyzstan, primarily in the cities of Osh and Jalal-Abad, in the aftermath of the ouster of former President Kurmanbek Bakiyev on April 7.
Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)Tajikistan TajikistanFlag of Jihad.svg United Tajik Opposition19 September 20101 September 2015Sporadic fighting in Tajikistan between rebel and government forces.
Zhanaozen massacreGovernment of KazakhstanOil workers16 December 201117 December 2011Labor protest and government massacre in the city of Zhanaozen in Kazakhstan
2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashesEthnic DungansEthnic Kazakhs5 February 20208 February 2020Clashes between ethnic Kazakhs and ethnic Dungans (a Muslim group with Chinese origins) in the village of Masanchi within the Korday District of Kazakhstan.
2020 Kyrgyz RevolutionKyrgyzstan Government of Kyrgyzstan* Protesters5 October 202015 October 2020Revolution caused by alleged electoral fraud in the October 2020 Kyrgyz parliamentary election, overnment corruption, government response to the COVID-19 pandemic and arrest and conviction of former president Almazbek Atambayev on corruption charges.
2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashesKyrgyzstanTajikistan28 April 20211 May 2021Clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan over water dispute.
2022 Kazakh unrestKazakhstan Government of Kazakhstan
CSTOKazakhstan Kazakh opposition
Protesters2 January 202211 January 2022Protests across Kazakhstan that were sparked by an abrupt increase of gas prices, but have escalated into general protests. Kazakhstan's government has requested CSTO assistance in quelling the protests.
2022 Karakalpak protests{{plainlistKarakalpakstan Protesters1 July 20223 July 2022Over proposed amendments by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev to the Constitution of Uzbekistan which would have ended Karakalpakstan's status as an autonomous region of Uzbekistan and right to secede from Uzbekistan via referendum. A day after protests had begun in the Karakalpak capital of Nukus, President Mirziyoyev withdrew the constitutional amendments. The Karakalpak government said that protesters had attempted to storm government buildings.
2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashesKyrgyzstanTajikistan
[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg24pxborder]] Afghan mujahids (per Kyrgyzstan)27 January 202220 September 2022Clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

Caucasus

North Caucasus

ConflictBelligerentsStartEndDetailFatalities
East Prigorodny conflictNorth Ossetia–Alania North Ossetia
Russia Russian FederationIngushetia Ingush rebels30 October 19926 November 1992Inter-ethnic conflict in the Eastern part of the Prigorodny district.
First Chechen WarRussiaChechen Republic of Ichkeria11 December 199431 August 1996Russian troops invaded after Chechnya declared independence, but withdrew in 1996 leading to a de facto Chechen independence.
War in Dagestan (1999)RussiaFlag of Jihad.svg Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan7 August 199914 September 1999The Islamic International Brigade invaded the neighbouring Russian republic of Dagestan in support of the Shura of Dagestan separatist movement.
Second Chechen WarRussiaFlag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1999–2007)7 August 199916 April 2009Russia restores federal control of Chechnya.
Insurgency in IngushetiaRussia RussiaFlag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (until October 2007)21 July 200719 May 2015Separatist insurgency in Ingushetia.
Insurgency in the North CaucasusRussiaFlag of Caucasian Emirate.svg Caucasus Emirate
(2009–17)16 April 200919 December 2017Separatist insurgency in Chechnya, Dagestan, and other parts of the North Caucasus region.
Low-level Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus{{Collapsible listbullets =yesRussia}}ChechnyaDagestan

South Caucasus

ConflictBelligerentsStartEndDetailFatalities
First Nagorno-Karabakh War{{plainliststyle=margin-bottom:0.5em{{plainliststyle=margin-bottom:0.5em20 February 198812 May 1994The secessionist conflict leads to de facto independence of Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh Republic).
South Ossetia war (1991–1992)Georgia Georgia(1992)5 January 199124 June 1992The separatist conflict leads to South Ossetia's de facto independence from Georgia.
Georgian Civil War{{collapsible listGeorgia1990}} Pro-Gamsakhurdia forces22 December 1991 – 6 January 1992
{{collapsible listGeorgia1990}} Pro-Shevardnadze forces
War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)GeorgiaAbkhazia Abkhazia
Flag of the Confederation of Caucasian Mountain People.svg Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
14 August 199230 September 1993Abkhaz separatism leads to the de facto independence of Abkhazia from Georgia.
Ganja UprisingFlag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijani Government
Emblem of Azerbaijani Popular Front Party.svg APFP4 June 199315 June 1993A mutiny against Azerbaijani President Abulfaz Elchibey replaces him with Heydar Aliyev
1995 Azerbaijani coup attemptFlag of Azerbaijan (1991–2013).svg Special Purpose Police Unit
Turkish putschists
Supported by:
Flag of the Nationalist Movement Party.svg Nationalist Movement PartyFlag of Azerbaijan (1991–2013).svg Government of Azerbaijan13 March 199517 March 1995A failed attempt to reinstall former president Abulfaz Elchibey
War in Abkhazia (1998)Georgian insurgentsAbkhazia18 May 199826 May 1998Ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia launched an insurgency against the Abkhazian secessionist government.
1998 Georgian attempted mutinyGeorgian GovernmentMutineers from the Senaki Military Brigade
Zviadists18 October 199819 October 1998An abortive mutiny led by pro-Gamsakhurdia officers from the Senaki Military Brigade to remove new President Eduard Shevardnadze from power.
2001 Kodori crisisChechnya Chechen division under Gelayev
Georgia (country) Georgian guerrillasAbkhazia4 October 200118 October 2001Georgian guerrillas unsuccessfully try to regain control over Abkhazia with the help of Chechen fighters.
Pankisi Gorge crisisGeorgia Georgia
Supported by:
United StatesRussiaChechen Republic of Ichkeria Chechen militants
[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg25px]] Mujahideen in Chechnya
[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg25px]] Other jihadistsNovember 2000October 2002An incursion by Al-Qaeda forces into Georgia on behalf of Chechen rebels fighting in the North Caucasus. They were forced out in 2004 by Georgian forces with American and Russian backing.
2004 South Ossetian clashesGeorgia GeorgiaSouth Ossetia South Ossetia
Russia Russia7 July 20045 November 2004Clashes between Georgian and South Ossetian troops result in several deaths.
2006 Kodori crisisGeorgia GeorgiaGeorgia Monadire22 July 200628 July 2006Georgian police and special forces drive a local rebellious militia out of the Georgian-controlled Kodori Valley in Abkhazia.
Russo-Georgian WarGeorgia1 August 200816 August 2008url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtmltitle=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedevpublisher=Russia's President web sitedate=2008-08-26access-date=2008-08-26archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902001442/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtmlarchive-date=2 September 2008url-status=dead}}
2009 Georgian mutinyGeorgian Army
Georgian PoliceMutineers from the Mukhrovani Separate Tank Battalion5 May 20095 May 2009An alleged abortive mutiny by a Georgian Army tank battalion based in Mukhrovani village with a goal of removing President Saakashvili from power.
2010 Mardakert clashesAzerbaijanNagorno-Karabakh
Armenia18 June 20101 September 2010Sporadic border war on the Armenian–Azerbaijan border and at the line of contact between the Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan.
2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflictAzerbaijanArtsakh
Armenia1 April 20165 April 2016Armenian and Azerbaijani forces fight a four-day long conflict along the border of the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh. Azerbaijani forces make minor territorial gains, some of which are retaken by Armenian forces before the end of the conflict.
July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashesAzerbaijanArmenia12 July 202016 July 2020Armenian and Azerbaijani forces engage in border clashes along the Tavush Province of Armenia and Tovuz District of Azerbaijan. The death of Azerbaijani major general Polad Hashimov sparks the July 2020 Azerbaijani protests. Turkey and Azerbaijan organize large-scale military exercises following the clashes, and tensions persist until the beginning of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 2 months later.
Second Nagorno-Karabakh WarAzerbaijan
Turkey (alleged by Armenia)
Syrian opposition Syrian mercenariesArtsakh
Armenia27 September 202010 November 2020Azerbaijan retakes most of the territories previously controlled by the Republic of Artsakh. Russian peacekeepers introduced into the remaining disputed area.
Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisisAzerbaijanArmenia12 May 2021presentBorder clashes between Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Blockade of Nagorno-KarabakhAzerbaijanRussia Russian peacekeepers12 December 202230 September 2023Azerbaijan blockades the Republic of Artsakh.
2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-KarabakhAzerbaijanArtsakh19 September 202320 September 2023Azerbaijan launches an attack on the Republic of Artsakh after nine months of blockade. The Artsakh Defence Army disbands, the government of the Republic of Artsakh agrees to dissolve itself entirely by January 1, 2024, and almost the entire population of Artsakh flees to Armenia.

Eastern Europe

ConflictBelligerentsStartEndDetailFatalities
Gagauzia conflictFlag of the Gagauz people.svg Gagauz RepublicMoldavian SSR/Flag of Moldavian SSR (1990) (Soviet colors).png Moldavian SSR (until 1991)
Moldova (from 1991)12 November 198914 January 1995Ended in the reintegration of Gagauzia into Moldova as an autonomous region.
Transnistria War{{plainlistFlag of Moldavian SSR (1990) (Soviet colors).png/MoldovaSupported by:2 November 199021 July 1992Separatism in Transnistria leads to its de-facto secession from Moldova with Russian backing.
1993 Russian constitutional crisisRussia Presidential forces:Poland}}Czech Republic}}Romania}}Slovakia}}
Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity[[File:Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg15px]] Government of UkraineFlag of Ukraine.svg Anti-government protesters21 November 201322 February 2014Euromaidan is the name given to civil unrest that started when the Ukrainian government cancelled an association agreement with the EU in favour of closer ties with Russia. The protests escalated and led to the Revolution of Dignity, which toppled the Ukrainian government.
Russian invasion of Crimea27 February 201426 March 2014In February 2014, Russia invaded Crimea. In March, following the takeover of Crimea by pro-Russian separatists and Russian Armed Forces, a referendum (not recognised by the new Ukrainian authorities) was held on the issue of reunification with Russia. This took place in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity. Russia then annexed Crimea on 18 March.
2014 pro-Russian unrest in UkraineDonetsk People's RepublicLuhansk People's RepublicFlag of the Kharkov People's Republic.svg Pro-Russian separatists
RussiaUkraine23 February 20142 May 2014As a result of the revolution in Kyiv, a pro-Russian unrest in the eastern regions of the country escalated into mass protests and violence between those supporting and opposing the new authorities. In Crimea, the events served as a pretext for a Russian annexation of the region. In Donbas, the situation quickly escalated into a war. Protests in other regions included seizure of government buildings in Kharkiv and deadly clashes in Odesa.
War in Donbas12 April 201424 February 2022As a result of the unrest, a full-fledged war began in the Ukrainian Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, known collectively as Donbas. The separatist republics were proclaimed and captured a strip of land on the border with Russia. Major combat ended with the signing of the second Minsk agreements in early 2015, with a stalemate lasting until the start of the full-scale invasion by Russia of February 2022.
Russian invasion of Ukraine{{#invoke:flagUkraine}}24 February 2022present
2023 Belgorod Oblast incursionsRussiaWhite-blue-white flag.svg Russian opposition
Belarus Belarusian militant groups
Poland Polish militant groups
Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.svg Chechen militant groupsUkraine (alleged by Russia, denied by Ukraine){{efnSee {{section linkUkrainian involvement}} for more details.}}22 May 202317 December 2023
Wagner Group rebellionRussia Russia[[File:Wagner armed rebellion vehicle marking Z.svg15pxlink=]] PMC Wagner23 June 202324 June 2023Mutiny of Wagner PMC against the Russian government
March 2024 western Russia incursionRussiaUkraine
White-blue-white flag.svg Russian Opposition12 March 20247 April 2024Pro-Ukrainian Groups And Russian Opposition Groups Invading Western Russia In The Belgorod And Kursk Oblasts
Kursk offensive (2024–2025)Russia
North KoreaUkraine6 August 202416 March 2025Ukrainian occupation of Kursk Oblast

Notes

References

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