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List of bats of Madagascar

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Bats are one of the major components of the indigenous mammalian fauna of Madagascar, in addition to tenrecs, lemurs, euplerid carnivores, and nesomyine rodents. Forty-six bat species have so far been recorded on Madagascar, of which thirty-six occur only on the island. However, new species continue to be discovered, causing the number of species to rise rapidly; for example, Nick Garbutt's Mammals of Madagascar (2007) listed only 36 species. Most Malagasy bats have their origins in nearby mainland Africa, but on at least three occasions—Pipistrellus raceyi, Pteropus rufus, and the species pair Emballonura atrata–E. tiavato—bats have colonized Madagascar from Asia.

Taxonomic classification

The following bat genera and families include species found on Madagascar (all species counts are for Madagascar only):

Family Pteropodidae (3 endemic species)
- Genus Eidolon (1 endemic species)
- Genus Pteropus (1 endemic species)
- Genus Rousettus (1 endemic species)
Family Hipposideridae (6 endemic species)
- Genus Hipposideros (1 extinct endemic species)
- Genus Macronycteris (2 endemic species)
- Genus Paratriaenops (2 endemic species)
- Genus Triaenops (2 endemic species, one of which is extinct)
Family Emballonuridae (2 endemic, 2 non-endemic species)
- Genus Coleura (1 non-endemic species)
- Genus Emballonura (2 endemic species)
- Genus Taphozous (1 non-endemic species)
Family Nycteridae (1 endemic species)
- Genus Nycteris (1 endemic species)
Family Myzopodidae (2 endemic species)
- Genus Myzopoda (2 endemic species)
Family Molossidae (5 endemic, 3 non-endemic species)
- Genus Chaerephon (2 endemic, 1 non-endemic species)
- Genus Mops (1 endemic, 1 non-endemic species)
- Genus Mormopterus (1 endemic species)
- Genus Otomops (1 endemic species)
- Genus Tadarida (1 non-endemic species)
Family Miniopteridae (9 endemic, 2 non-endemic species)
- Genus Miniopterus (9 endemic, 2 non-endemic species)
Family Vespertilionidae (8 endemic, 4 non-endemic species)
- Genus Hypsugo (1 non-endemic species)
- Genus Myotis (1 endemic species)
- Genus Neoromicia (3 endemic species)
- Genus Pipistrellus (1 endemic, 1 non-endemic species)
- Genus Scotophilus (3 endemic, 1 non-endemic species)

Key

Family Pteropodidae

Pteropodidae are a diverse family, with 186 species recognized in 2005, which occurs across the tropical regions of the Old World. They include the largest bats, but also some smaller species, and are mostly diurnal and frugivorous. Three species are known from Madagascar; each is classified in its own genus and is most closely related to species from outside Madagascar.

Scientific name	Classified	Distribution	Forearm	Conservation status
Eidolon dupreanum	1866, Pollen	Madagascar only	115 to 130 mm (4.5 to 5.1 in)	Vulnerable
Pteropus rufus	1803, E. Geoffroy	Madagascar only	155 to 175 mm (6.1 to 6.9 in)	Vulnerable
Rousettus madagascariensis	1928, G. Grandidier	Madagascar only; absent in SW	65 to 75 mm (2.6 to 3.0 in)	Near threatened

Family Hipposideridae

Hipposideridae are a moderately diverse family—81 species were listed in 2005

Scientific name	Classified	Distribution	Forearm	Conservation status
Hipposideros besaoka	2007, Samonds	Anjohibe, NW Madagascar only	–	Extinct
Macronycteris commersoni	1813, E. Geoffroy	Madagascar only	83 to 97 mm (3.3 to 3.8 in)	Near threatened
Macronycteris cryptovalorona	2016, Goodman et al.	Madagascar only	80 to 81 mm (3.1 to 3.2 in)	Not evaluated
Paratriaenops auritus	1912, G. Grandidier	N and NW Madagascar only	44 to 51 mm (1.7 to 2.0 in)	VulnerableAs Triaenops auritus.
Paratriaenops furcula	1906, Trouessart	W and SW Madagascar only	42 to 49 mm (1.7 to 1.9 in)	Least concernAs Triaenops furculus.
Triaenops goodmani	2007, Samonds	Anjohibe, NW Madagascar only	–	Extinct
Triaenops menamena	2009, Goodman and Ranivo	N, W, and S Madagascar only	46 to 56 mm (1.8 to 2.2 in)	Least concernAs Triaenops rufus.

Family Emballonuridae

With 51 species (2005),

Scientific name	Classified	Distribution	Forearm	Conservation status
Coleura afra	1852, Peters	Ankarana, N Madagascar; Sub-Saharan Africa; Yemen	45 to 55 mm (1.8 to 2.2 in)	Least concern
Emballonura atrata	1836, Eydoux and Gervais	E Madagascar only	c. 37 to 40 mm (1.5 to 1.6 in)	Least concern
Emballonura tiavato	2006, Goodman et al.	N and W Madagascar only	35 to 41 mm (1.4 to 1.6 in)	Least concern
Taphozous mauritianus	1818, E. Geoffroy	Madagascar and other W Indian Ocean islands; Sub-Saharan Africa	58 to 64 mm (2.3 to 2.5 in)	Least concern

Family Nycteridae

Nycteridae is a small family of 16 species (2005)

Scientific name	Classified	Distribution	Forearm	Conservation status	References
Nycteris madagascariensis	1937, G. Grandidier	N Madagascar only	50 to 52 mm (about 2.0 in)	Data deficient

Family Myzopodidae

This family, characterized by suction disks on the hand and feet, is unique to Madagascar. (It does, however, have a fossil record in Africa extending from the late Eocene to the Pleistocene.) A single species has historically been recognized, but eastern and western populations were classified as separate species in 2007.

Scientific name	Classified	Distribution	Forearm	Conservation status	References
Myzopoda aurita	1878, Milne-Edwards and Grandidier	E Madagascar only	46 to 49 mm (1.8 to 1.9 in)	Least concern
Myzopoda schliemanni	2007, Goodman et al.	W Madagascar only	45 to 49 mm (1.8 to 1.9 in)	Least concern

Family Molossidae

This diverse family of 100 species (2005)

Scientific name	Classified	Distribution	Forearm	Conservation status
Chaerephon atsinanana	2010, Goodman et al.	E Madagascar	37 to 42 mm (1.5 to 1.7 in)
Chaerephon jobimena	2004, Goodman and Cardiff	Madagascar only	45 to 48 mm (1.8 to 1.9 in)	Least concern
Chaerephon leucogaster	1870, A. Grandidier	W Madagascar; Sub-Saharan Africa; Mayotte	33 to 38 mm (1.3 to 1.5 in)	Not evaluated
Mops leucostigma	1918, G.M. Allen	Madagascar only	42 to 45 mm (1.7 to 1.8 in)	Least concernAs Tadarida leucostigma.
Mops midas	1843, Sundevall	Madagascar; Sub-Saharan Africa; Saudi Arabia	62 to 63 mm (2.4 to 2.5 in)	Least concernAs Tadarida midas.
Mormopterus jugularis	1865, Peters	Madagascar only	37 to 40 mm (1.5 to 1.6 in)	Least concern
Otomops madagascariensis	1953, Dorst	Madagascar only	59 to 65 mm (2.3 to 2.6 in)	Least concern
Tadarida fulminans	1903, Thomas	Madagascar; Sub-Saharan Africa north to Kenya	57 to 60 mm (2.2 to 2.4 in)	Least concern

Family Miniopteridae

This family contains a single genus, Miniopterus, with 19 species recognized in 2005, which was classified in Vespertilionidae until recently. Insectivorous and characterized by long fingers, the species are all quite similar, leading to a confused classification. On Madagascar, four species were recognized as recently as 2007, but systematic research has led the number to increase to eleven, of which nine are restricted to Madagascar and two shared with the Comoros.

Scientific name	Classified	Distribution	Forearm	Conservation status
Miniopterus aelleni	2009, Goodman et al.	N and W Madagascar; Anjouan, Comoros	35 to 41 mm (1.4 to 1.6 in)	Not evaluated
Miniopterus brachytragos	2009, Goodman et al.	N and W Madagascar only	35 to 38 mm (1.4 to 1.5 in)	Not evaluated
Miniopterus egeri	2011, Goodman et al.	E Madagascar only	37 to 40 mm (1.5 to 1.6 in)	Not evaluated
Miniopterus gleni	1995, Peterson et al.	Madagascar only, except S	47 to 50 mm (1.9 to 2.0 in)	Least concern
Miniopterus griffithsi	2009, Goodman et al.	S Madagascar only	48 to 50 mm (1.9 to 2.0 in)	Not evaluated
Miniopterus griveaudi	1959, Harrison	N and W Madagascar; Comoros	35 to 38 mm (1.4 to 1.5 in)	Data deficient
Miniopterus mahafaliensis	2009, Goodman et al.	S Madagascar only	35 to 40 mm (1.4 to 1.6 in)	Not evaluated
Miniopterus majori	1906, Thomas	Madagascar only	43 to 47 mm (1.7 to 1.9 in)	Least concern
Miniopterus manavi	1906, Thomas	Central Highlands, Madagascar only	38 to 39 mm (1.5 to 1.5 in)	Least concern
Miniopterus petersoni	2008, Goodman et al.	SE Madagascar only	38 to 43 mm (1.5 to 1.7 in)	Data deficient
Miniopterus sororculus	2007, Goodman et al.	Central Highlands, Madagascar only	42 to 45 mm (1.7 to 1.8 in)	Least concern

Family Vespertilionidae

With 407 species (2005; including Miniopterus, which is now classified in its own family), Vespertilionidae is the largest bat family. Madagascar hosts an endemic species of the extremely widespread genus Myotis, four species (three endemic) of the house bat Scotophilus, and at least six (four endemic) of small vespertilionids ("pipistrelles") in the genera Hypsugo, Eptesicus, Neoromicia, and Pipistrellus. The classification of the "pipistrelles" is confused, leading to many changing identifications. In addition to the six "pipistrelles" listed here, the African Neoromicia nanus has also been recorded from Madagascar, but the identification of the Madagascar records needs to be confirmed.

Scientific name	Classified	Distribution	Forearm	Conservation status
Hypsugo anchietaePreviously placed in the genus Pipistrellus as Pipistrellus anchietae.	1900, Seabra	SW Madagascar; southern Africa	28 to 31 mm (1.1 to 1.2 in)	Least concernAs Pipistrellus anchietae.
Myotis goudoti	1834, A. Smith	Madagascar only	32 to 41 mm (1.3 to 1.6 in)	Least concern
Neoromicia malagasyensisPreviously included in Eptesicus, as Eptesicus malagasyensis and/or considered a subspecies of Neoromicia somalicus (=Eptesicus somalicus) from mainland Africa.	1995, Peterson et al.	Isalo, SC Madagascar only	30 to 32 mm (1.2 to 1.3 in)	EndangeredAs Eptesicus malagasyensis.
Neoromicia matrokaPreviously included in Eptesicus or Pipistrellus and/or considered a subspecies of Neoromicia capensis (=Eptesicus capensis; Pipistrellus capensis).	1905, Thomas and Schwann	E Madagascar only	31 to 33 mm (1.2 to 1.3 in)	Least concernAs Eptesicus matroka.
Neoromicia robertsiSpecimens identified as this species were previously called Neoromicia melckorum, and they have also been included in the genus Eptesicus or Pipistrellus.	2012, Goodman et al.	E Madagascar only	34 to 38 mm (1.3 to 1.5 in)	Not evaluated
Pipistrellus hesperidusPreviously included in the European species Pipistrellus kuhlii.	1840, Temminck	W Madagascar; Sub-Saharan Africa	29 to 31 mm (1.1 to 1.2 in)	Least concern
Pipistrellus raceyi	2006, Bates et al.	W and E Madagascar only	28 to 31 mm (1.1 to 1.2 in)	Least concern
Scotophilus cf. borbonicusIt is uncertain whether the single known specimen from Madagascar belongs to this species, otherwise known from Réunion by a single specimen.	1803, E. Geoffroy	Sarodrano, SW Madagascar; Réunion	51 to 52 mm (about 2.0 in)	Data deficient
Scotophilus marovaza	2006, Goodman et al.	W Madagascar only	41 to 45 mm (1.6 to 1.8 in)	Least concern
Scotophilus robustus	1881, Milne-Edwards	Madagascar only	62 to 65 mm (2.4 to 2.6 in)	Least concern
Scotophilus tandrefana	2005, Goodman et al.	W Madagascar only	44 to 47 mm (1.7 to 1.9 in)	Data deficient

Notes

References

Literature cited

General

Garbutt, N. 2007. Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide. London: A & C Black, 304 pp.
Goodman, S.M., Weyeneth, N., Ibrahim, Y., Saïd, I. and Ruedi, M. 2010b. A review of the bat fauna of the Comoro Archipelago (subscription required). Acta Chiropterologica 12(1):117–141.
Nowak, R.M. 1994. Walker's Bats of the World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 287 pp.
Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.
Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.

Pteropodidae

Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008a. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 26, 2010.
Andriafidison, D, Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Rabearivelo, A., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008b. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 26, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008c. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 26, 2010.

Hipposideridae

Andriafidison, D, Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008f. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008o. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008p. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008q. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Benda, P. and Vallo, P. 2009. Taxonomic revision of the genus Triaenops (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) with description of a new species from southern Arabia and definitions of a new genus and tribe. Folia Zoologica 58 (Monograph 1):1–45.
Goodman, S.M. and Ranivo, J. 2009. The geographical origin of the type specimens of Triaenops rufus and T. humbloti (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) reputed to be from Madagascar and the description of a replacement species name (subscription required). Mammalia 73:47–55.
Ranivo, J. and Goodman S.M. 2006. Révision taxinomique des Triaenops malgaches (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Hipposideridae). Zoosystema 28(4):963–985.
Samonds, K.E. 2007. Late Pleistocene bat fossils from Anjohibe Cave, northwestern Madagascar. Acta Chiropterologica 9(1):39–65.

Emballonuridae

Goodman, S.M., Cardiff, S.G., Ranivo, J., Russell, A.L. and Yoder, A.D. 2006a. A new species of Emballonura (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) from the dry regions of Madagascar. American Museum Novitates 3538:1–24.
Goodman, S.M., Cardiff, S.G. and Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. 2008a. First record of Coleura (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) on Madagascar and identification and diagnosis of members of the genus (subscription required). Systematics and Biodiversity 6(2):283–292.
Hutson, A.M., Racey, P., Ravino, J., Mickleburgh, S., Bergmans, W. and Fahr, J. 2008c. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Jenkins, R.K.B., Rakotoarivelo, A.R., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Cardiff, S.G. 2008a. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Jenkins, R.K.B., Rakotoarivelo, A.R., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Cardiff, S.G. 2008b. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Mickleburgh, S., Hutson, A.M., Racey, P.A., Cardiff, S. and Bergmans, W. 2008c. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.

Nycteridae

Hutson, T., Racey, P.A. and Ravino, J. 2008a. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.

Myzopodidae

Goodman, S.M., Rakotondraparany, F. and Kofoky, A. 2007. The description of a new species of Myzopoda (Myzopodidae: Chiroptera) from western Madagascar (subscription required). Mammalian Biology 72(2):65–81.
Jenkins, R.K.B., Rakotoarivelo, A.R., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Cardiff, S.G. 2008c. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Jenkins, R.K.B., Rakotoarivelo, A.R., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Cardiff, S.G. 2008d. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.

Molossidae

Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008i. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008j. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008n. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2014. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Downloaded May 28, 2015.
Cotterill, F.P.D, Hutson, A.M., Racey, P.A. and Ravino, J. 2008. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Goodman, S.M. and Cardiff, S.G. 2004. A new species of Chaerephon (Molossidae) from Madagascar with notes on other members of the family. Acta Chiropterologica 6(2):227–248.
Goodman, S.M., Buccas, W., Naidoo, T., Ratrimomanarivo, F., Taylor, P.J. and Lamb, J. 2010c. Patterns of morphological and genetic variation in western Indian Ocean members of the Chaerephon 'pumilus' complex (Chiroptera: Molossidae), with the description of a new species from Madagascar (subscription required). Zootaxa 2551:1–36.
Jenkins, R.K.B., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratimomanarivo, F., Mickleburgh, S., Hutson, A.M., Bergmans, W., Cotterill, F.P.D. and Fahr, J. 2008e. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Mickleburgh, S., Hutson, A.M., Racey, P.A., Ravino, J., Bergmans, W., Cotterill, F.P.D. and Gerlach, J. 2008b. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Ratrimomanarivo, F.H., Goodman, S.M., Stanley, W.T., Naidoo, T., Taylor, P.J. and Lamb, J. 2009. Geographic and phylogeographic variation in Chaerephon leucogaster (Chiroptera: Molossidae) of Madagascar and the western Indian Ocean islands of Mayotte and Pemba (subscription required). Acta Chiropterologica 11(1):25–52.

Miniopteridae

Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008g. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008h. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Goodman, S.M., Bradman, H.M., Maminirina, C.P., Ryan, K.E., Christidis, L. and Appleton, B. 2008b. A new species of Miniopterus (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from lowland southeastern Madagascar. Mammalian Biology 73:199–213.
Goodman, S.M., Maminirina, C.P., Bradman, H.M., Christidis, L. and Appleton, B. 2009. The use of molecular phylogenetic and morphological tools to identify cryptic and paraphyletic species: Examples from the diminutive long-fingered bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar. American Museum Novitates 3669:1–34.
Goodman, S.M., Maminirina, C.P., Bradman, H.M., Christidis, L. and Appleton, B.R. 2010a. Patterns of morphological and genetic variation in the endemic Malagasy bat Miniopterus gleni (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae), with the description of a new species, M. griffithsi (subscription required). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 48(1):75–86.
Goodman, S.M., Ramasindrazana, B., Maminirina, C.P., Schoeman, M.C. and Appleton, B. 2011. Morphological, bioacoustical, and genetic variation in Miniopterus bats from eastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 2880:1–19.
Jenkins, R.K.B. and Rakotoarivelo, A.R. 2008a. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Jenkins, R.K.B. and Rakotoarivelo, A.R. 2008b. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Jenkins, R.K.B., Rakotoarivelo, A.R., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Cardiff, S.G. 2008f. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.

Vespertilionidae

Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008d. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008e. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008i. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D, Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008k. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008l. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Bates, P.J.J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H., Harrison, D.L. and Goodman, S.M. 2006. A description of a new species of Pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Madagascar with a review of related Vespertilioninae from the island. Acta Chiropterologica 8(2):299–324.
Goodman S.M., Jenkins R.K.B. and Ratrimomanarivo F.H. 2005. A review of the genus Scotophilus (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) on Madagascar, with the description of a new species. Zoosystema 27(4):867–882.
Goodman, S.M., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Randrianandrianina, F.H. 2006b. A new species of Scotophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from western Madagascar. Acta Chiropterologica 8(1):21–37.
Goodman, S.M., Taylor, P.J., Ratrimomanarivo, F. and Hoofer, S.R. 2012. The genus Neoromicia (family Vespertilionidae) in Madagascar, with the description of a new species (subscription required). Zootaxa 3250:1–25.
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Jenkins, R.K.B., Rakotoarivelo, A.R., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Cardiff, S.G. 2008h. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
Jenkins, R.K.B., Rakotoarivelo, A.R., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Cardiff, S.G. 2008i. . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Downloaded May 27, 2010.
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Garbutt, 2007, p. 59
Bates et al., 2006, p. 321
Wilson and Reeder, 2005, p. xxix
Nowak, 1994, pp. 48–49; Garbutt, 2007, p. 59
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Simmons, 2005, p. 321; Garbutt, 2007, p. 62; Andriafidison et al., 2008a
Simmons, 2005, p. 343; Garbutt, 2007, p. 60; Andriafidison et al., 2008b
Simmons, 2005, p. 348
Simmons, 2005, p. 348; Garbutt, 2007, p. 64; Andriafidison et al., 2008c
—and occur across the Old World tropics. Insectivorous, cave-roosting, and characterized by an elaborate [[noseleaf]], they have often been united with the [[horseshoe bat]]s (''Rhinolophus''; absent from Madagascar) into a single family Rhinolophidae, but are currently classified separately. Six species, all endemic, are known from Madagascar, of which four are extant. ''[[Macronycteris commersoni]]'' is the largest non-pteropodid bat of Madagascar and the extinct ''[[Hipposideros besaoka]]'' was even larger. The other species belong to the closely related genera ''[[Triaenops]]'' and ''[[Paratriaenops]]''; the latter was split from ''Triaenops'' in 2009 and is restricted to Madagascar and the western Seychelles.Nowak, 1994, p. 110; Garbutt, 2007, pp. 68–69; Samonds, 2007; Benda and Vallo, 2009
Samonds, 2007, pp. 49ff., 62
Foley et al., 2017
Simmons, 2005, p. 369; Garbutt, 2007, p. 69; Andriafidison et al., 2008f
Goodman et al., 2016
Benda and Vallo, 2009, p. 34
Simmons, 2005, p. 378; Ranivo and Goodman, 2007, p. 964, appendix 2; Benda and Vallo, 2009, p. 34; Andriafidison et al., 2008o
Simmons, 2005, p. 378; Ranivo and Goodman, 2007, p. 964, appendix 2; Benda and Vallo, 2009, p. 34; Andriafidison et al., 2008p
Samonds, 2007, pp. 46ff., 62
Simmons, 2005, p. 379; Goodman and Ranivo, 2009, p. 54; Benda and Vallo, 2009, p. 34
Ranivo and Goodman, 2007, appendix 3; Goodman and Ranivo, 2009, p. 54; Benda and Vallo, 2009, p. 34; Andriafidison et al., 2008q
Simmons, 2005, p. 386; Garbutt, 2007, p. 66; Goodman et al., 2008a; Mickleburgh et al., 2008c
Goodman et al., 2006a; Garbutt, 2007, p. 65; Jenkins et al., 2008a
Goodman et al., 2006a; Garbutt, 2007, p. 66; Jenkins et al., 2008b
Simmons, 2005, p. 384; Garbutt, 2007, p. 67; Hutson et al., 2008c
Simmons, 2005, pp. 392–393
Simmons, 2005, p. 393; Garbutt, 2007, p. 68; Hutson et al., 2008a
(2014-02-04). "New Myzopodidae (Chiroptera) from the Late Paleogene of Egypt: Emended Family Diagnosis and Biogeographic Origins of Noctilionoidea". [[PLoS ONE]].
Garbutt, 2007, p. 72; Goodman et al., 2007
Simmons, 2005, p. 394; Garbutt, 2007, p. 72; Goodman et al., 2007; Jenkins et al., 2008c
Garbutt, 2007, p. 73; Goodman et al., 2007; Jenkins et al., 2008d
Mickleburgh et al., 2008; Goodman et al., 2010c, pp. 1–2
Goodman et al., 2010c, pp. 1–2, table 2
Goodman and Cardiff, 2004, table 1; Garbutt, 2007, p. 82; Andriafidison et al., 2014
Mickleburgh et al., 2008b
Goodman and Cardiff, 2004, p. 227; Simmons, 2005, p. 434; Mickleburgh et al., 2008b; Ratrimomanarivo et al., 2009, table 1; Goodman et al., 2010b, p. 128
Simmons, 2005, p. 442; Garbutt, 2007, p. 83; Andriafidison et al., 2008n
Simmons, 2005, p. 442; Garbutt, 2007, p. 83; Jenkins et al., 2008e
Simmons, 2005, p. 445; Garbutt, 2007, p. 80; Andriafidison et al., 2008j
Andriafidison et al., 2008k
Simmons, 2005, p. 447; Garbutt, 2007, p. 84; Andriafidison et al., 2008k
Simmons, 2005, p. 450; Garbutt, 2007, p. 81 Cotterill et al., 2008
Simmons, 2005, pp. 519–522
Miller-Butterworth et al., 2007, p. 1553
Garbutt, 2007, pp. 77–80; subsequent revisions cited below
Goodman et al., 2009, p. 6, table 3
Goodman et al., 2009, fig. 1, table 3
Goodman et al., 2011, p. 1, table 5
Simmons, 2005, p. 519; Andriafidison et al., 2008g; Goodman et al., 2010a, fig. 1, table 1
Goodman et al., 2010a, fig. 1, table 1
Juste, 2008; Goodman et al., 2009, p. 5, table 3
Goodman et al., 2010b, p. 132
Simmons, 2005, p. 520; Jenkins and Rakotoarivelo, 2008a; Goodman et al., 2010b, p. 132
Goodman et al., 2009, p. 5, table 3; Andriafidison et al., 2008h
Goodman et al., 2008b, fig. 1, table 1; 2009, p. 5; Jenkins and Rakotoarivelo, 2008b
Goodman et al., 2008b, fig. 1, table 1; Jenkins et al., 2008f
Garbutt, 2007, pp. 73–77; Bates et al., 2006, p. 299
Bates et al., 2006, pp. 299–300
Bates et al., 2006, p. 320; Hutson et al., 2008b
Simmons, 2005, p. 489; Bates et al., 2006, table 1, fig. 7, p. 319; Jacobs et al., 2008
Simmons, 2005, p. 508; Garbutt, 2007, p. 74; Andriafidison et al., 2008i
Simmons, 2005, p. 495; Bates et al., 2006, table 1, pp. 313, 315; Andriafidison et al., 2008d
Simmons, 2005, p. 456; Bates et al., 2006, table 1, fig. 7, pp. 312–313; Andriafidison et al., 2008e
Simmons, 2005, p. 494; Bates et al., 2006, table 1, fig. 7, pp. 315–316; Goodman et al., 2012
Simmons, 2005, p. 474; Bates et al., 2006, table 1, fig. 7, pp. 317–318; Mickleburgh et al., 2008a
Bates et al., 2006, table 1, fig. 7; Jenkins et al., 2008g
Simmons, 2005, p. 465; Goodman et al., 2005, table 1, pp. 871–873; Garbutt, 2007, p. 76; Andriafidison et al., 2008k
Goodman et al., 2006b, p. 21, table 1; Jenkins et al., 2008h
Simmons, 2005, p. 467; Goodman et al., 2005, table 1, pp. 873–875; Garbutt, 2007, p. 76; Andriafidison et al., 2008l
Goodman et al., 2005, table 1, p. 875; Garbutt, 2007, p. 76; Jenkins et al., 2008i

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