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List of Atlantic hurricanes in the 17th century

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The List of Atlantic hurricanes in the 17th century encompasses all known and suspected Atlantic tropical cyclones from the 1600 to 1699. Although records of every storm that occurred do not survive, the information presented here originated in sufficiently populated coastal communities and ships at sea that survived the tempests.

Records of hurricane activity directly impacting America is very incomplete during the 1600s as colonists were sparse outside of the New England region or not existent until much later in the century or early 1700s, especially in the most hurricane prone regions of the coastal south, Florida and the Keys, and Gulf Coast.

1600–1624

YearArea(s) affectedDate
(GC)DeathsDamage/Notes
1600Offshore Mexico12 September60, probably 400Captain general Pedro de Escobar y Melgarejo commanded Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España in Spanish), a convoy of 60 ships that sailed from Cádiz on 15 May. About 20 leagues from Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, a hurricane struck the fleet. The 300-ton carrack (nao in Spanish) San Antonio de Padua under captaincy of Juan de Morales, the 280-ton carrack Santa Catalina de la Sierra under captaincy of Andrés Ximénez, and a 700-ton mercury-carrying carrack under captaincy of Mateo Letieta sank shortly after the onset of the storm. A 350-ton vessel under captaincy of Rafael Ferrifino disappeared, and another ship vanished from the fleet; both presumably sunk. The storm also wrecked a small patache under a captain Ganucho on the coast of Tabasco; sixty of her men drowned. The surviving ships of the Spanish treasure fleet regrouped into a convoy and continued toward Vera Cruz.
1600Cuba to offshore Mexico26–27 September103, probably 600A weak hurricane moved northeastward through the western Caribbean Sea, dispersing a fleet somewhere north of Havana. The remnant Spanish treasure fleet sighted Veracruz, on 26 September, but a "norther" compelled the fleet to anchor offshore overnight. Some ships anchored in the lee of Isla de Sacrificios, and the storm compelled many to cast their cannon, anchors, and part of their cargoes overboard to prevent capsizing. The carrack (nao in Spanish) under captaincy of Juan Minquez cast 500 ceramic jugs of wine and 160 jugs of olive oil overboard. Before the "norther" diminished, the fleet lost eight more ships. Some accounts combine the effects of the two storms, which together killed about one thousand persons and let to the loss or jettisoning of cargo worth more than 10 million pesos. Some French and English accounts date these storms to 1601, perhaps because of the slow pace of news. Tropical cyclone status in doubt.
1601Veracruz, Mexicounknown1000Millás1968}} Tropical cyclone status in doubt. Quite possibly a duplicate of one or two storms in 1600.
1603Martinique1–2 AugustunknownThree ships lost somewhere near Martinique.
1605Dominican Republic, Haiti to Cuba29 SeptemberunknownGarcia-HerreraLuisRiberaHernandez
1605Nicaraguaunknown1300Details from probably the same storm follow.
1605Dominican Republic, Haiti to Cubaunknownunknown"Loss of three ships" but "some men escaped." Perhaps the same as the previous storm.
1605Cumaná, Venezuelaunknownunknown"Four galleons" lost near Santa Margarita (perhaps Isla Margarita).
1608Mexico3 SeptemberHurricane made landfall near Veracruz
1609near Bahamas to Bermuda){{OldStyleDateAugust 4July 25}}unknown
1609southeastern Bahamasunknown32N/A This event may continue another storm this season.
1614Mexico31 AugustunknownCaptain-general Juan de la Cueva y Mendoza commanded the Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España) of 41 ships that left Cádiz on 7 July. Seven merchant carracks (naos in Spanish) of this fleet wrecked during the night between Cabo Catoche and Isla Mujeres. These naos carried merchandise worth 1.5 million pesos and 876 quintales (4033 metric ton??) of mercury. During the storm, this vessel split into two parts and sank so quickly that no one saved anything, "not even the crew or passengers." The fleet reached Veracruz on 4 September, where another vessel ran aground on the shoals.
1615offshore Mexico30 AugustunknownCaptain-general Martín de Vallecilla commanded the Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España) of 41 ships that left Cádiz on 6 July. On 30 August about 20 leagues from "Islas Tranquilo and Arena" (location unknown) in 22 fathom of water, a southeasterly storm struck the fleet. The 400- or 500-ton carrack (nao in Spanish) San Miguel under captaincy of Gaspar Conquero carried a cargo of 700 pipes of wine, 3000 ceramic jugs of wine, 150 boxes of mercury, and 75 bales of general merchandise. During the storm, this vessel split into two parts and sank so quickly that no one saved anything, "not even the crew or passengers." The fleet reached Veracruz on 4 September, where another vessel ran aground on the shoals.
1615Puerto Rico to Hispaniola12 SeptembersomeHurricane San Leoncio of 1615 Caused extensive damage to Cathedral of San Juan Bautista, to the agriculture, and to sugar crops.
1616CubaEnd of SeptemberunknownHurricane struck Oriente Province and particularly the city of Bayamo.
1622Havana, Cuba to Straits of Florida (Florida Keys, Bahamas)5 September1090Lope Díez de Armendáriz, marqués de Cadereyta, commanded a convoy of seventeen vessels. A small hurricane of normal intensity struck the convoy south of Cay Sal Bank. This convoy lost two Spanish ships. Millás lists the death toll variously as greater than 1090 and just 90.
1622Bermuda9 SeptemberunknownStruck at 31°N latitude, 150 leagues from Bermuda. Possibly part of hurricane track from 5 September.
1622Havana, Cuba5 Octoberunknowndate=July 2019}}
1622Old Bahama ChannelunknownunknownTwo Spanish merchant carracks (naos in Spanish) left Puerto Rico. Juan de Vargas, Governor of Puerto Rico, wrote to Philip IV of Spain, king of Iberian Union, about their loss in a hurricane in the Bahamian Channel. The account mentions the Nuestra Señora de Atocha shipwreck as occurring in the same year. This event may continue as another event this season.
1623CubaSeptember250The Tierra Firma fleet or New Spain armada under captain general Antonio de Oquendo departed Havana on 26 April. The 480-ton Spanish galleon Espíritu Santo el Mayor under captaincy of Antonio de Soto carried 1 million Spanish pesos. At the mouth of the Bahama Channel, a storm generated huge waves that tossed the ships like corks. The Espíritu Santo el Mayor "opened and sank" in the gale or hurricane so quickly that the other ships rescued only 50 of the 300 persons aboard her; the other 250, including her captain, drowned, and Spain totally lost all her treasure. The 600-ton admiral galleon Santísima Trinidad under captaincy of Ysidro de Cepeda sank slowly enough that other vessels of the fleet saved all persons aboard her, and several pataches even recovered 1 million Spanish pesos of treasure. This tragedy occurred either on the high seas off West Palm Beach, Florida, or in nearshore waters of the Ais people on Treasure Coast of Florida. Potter gives a date of 20 April and suggests that the Almiranta, typically used in Spanish to refer to the ship of the admiral of the fleet, was instead a third lost vessel. Rappaport dates this storm to September.
1623Saint Kitts29 September150–250title=Swords, Ships & Sugar: History of Nevis to 1900last=Hubbardfirst=Vincent K.year=1996edition=4thpublisher=Premierelocation=Corvallis, Oregonisbn=0-9633818-5-7url=https://archive.org/details/swordsshipssugar00vinc }}
1623Cubaearly OctoberunknownAntonio de Oquendo commanded a fleet, which a hurricane struck in the Old Bahama Channel, sinking two vessels. Possibly identical with the Saint Kitts hurricane. Alternatively, this account may duplicate the previous storm.

1625–1649

YearArea(s) affectedDate
(GC)DeathsDamage/Notes
1625Bahamas11–12 AugustunknownA hurricane passed through the Bahamas Channel
1626Puerto Rico15 September38governor of Puerto Rico]], reported that the currents killed 22 persons in the city, and that in one house in the countryside, 16 persons died. The loss of three cargo ships left nude survivors. Bernardo de Balbuena then served as bishop of San Juan. The bell tower of the convent of Saint Dominic collapsed, bringing down its vault (architecture) and the walls of the building and leaving the Religious without their cells. The tempest left the main chapel in a state that the religious celebrated Mass and Liturgy of the Hours elsewhere in its aftermath.
1628MexicounknownunknownMade landfall near Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
1631Gulf of Mexico21 October300Admiral Manuel Serrano commanded Spanish treasure fleet (Flota de Nueva España in Spanish) of 19 ships, carrying 3,644,198 pesos in silver and gold, 5,408 arrobas (135200 lb) of cochineal, 3,879 arrobas (96975 lb) of inferior cochineal, 15,413 arrobas (385325 lb) of indigo (probably Indigofera tinctoria), 10018 lb of Chinese silk, 71,788 hide (skin), 6,858 quintales (685800 lb) of Caesalpinia echinata (brazilwood), 7,972 quintales (797200 lb) of Haematoxylum campechianum (palo de Campeche in Spanish), 119 boxes of chocolate, and 91 quintales (9100 lb) of molasses. The fleet left Veracruz for Havana and Spain on 14 October. A week after leaving port, a hurricane struck the fleet, and no vessel emerged intact.
1634western Cuba5 October40Marx1983pp=204, 349}}
1635Windward Islands, Saint Kitts, MartiniqueAugustA violent hurricane struck between St. Kitts and Martinique
1635Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts{{OldStyleDateAugust 25August 16}}46+
1638Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New England coast{{OldStyleDateAugust 13August 3}}
1638Saint Kitts (formerly Saint Christopher Island){{OldStyleDateAugust 15August 5}}unknown
1638Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New England coast{{OldStyleDateOctober 5September 25}}
1638Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New England coast{{OldStyleDateOctober 19October 9}}
1638offshore South Puerto RicoOctoberunknownFrench and English began to clear land on Saint Croix with Dutch assistance. They also opened trails, constructed dwellings, and traded with Carib people for two months. A "storm" or "tempest" threw two of their vessels onto the coastal reefs off Coamo, Puerto Rico. Two weakened survivors reached the shore aboard a longboat, and Spanish authorities took them prisoner and interrogated them. A sick Frenchman died within a few days, and they took the other prisoner to San Juan, Puerto Rico. Captain general Iñigo de la Mota Sarmiento, then Governor of Puerto Rico, wrote of these events on 6 April 1639.
1640Havana, Cuba11 SeptemberunknownIt disrupted a Dutch West India Company fleet commanded by Cornelis Jol "Peg Leg", poised to attack the Spanish treasure fleet off the coast of Havana, Cuba, during the Eighty Years' War. It affected 36 vessels and wrecked four of the ships ashore. Nearly all their sailors drowned to death except 260 saved.
1641Hispaniola to Florida27 SeptembermanyMany people perished from eight lost ships.
1642Windward Islands, MartiniqueUnknownFather Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre, a Dominican missionary to the Antilles, accounted three hurricanes in 1642
1642Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint KittsSeptembermanyFather Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre, a Dominican missionary to the Antilles, accounted three hurricanes in 1642 and describes this second one as the worst. This storm struck Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint Kitts (then called Saint Christopher) hardest. It featured extraordinarily violent winds and abundant rains and lasted 24 hours. At Saint Christopher, it drove 23 fully laden ships ashore, drowning many among their crews. Several sources suggest that Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter lost a ship in the storm; others place him far from the Antilles and suggest that he lost no ships. Juan Damián López de Haro, who arrived as bishop of Puerto Rico in 1644, wrote a letter to a friend, describing the aftermath of the hurricane in his diocese. He noted that it destroyed the transept of a parish church, pulled trees and huts, and left the soil barren. It also killed most crops, pigs, and cattle, leading authorities to import cassava and maize from Isla Margarita to feed the needy survivors. A hurricane also struck Santo Domingo.
1642MartiniqueUnknownFather Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre, a Dominican missionary to the Antilles, accounted three hurricanes in 1642
1643Antigua, Barbuda20–21 AugustunknownA hurricane affected Antigua and Barbuda
1643BahamasUnknownA fleet of thirty Spanish ships and galleons from Tierra Firme laden with treasure sailing into the Bahamas encountered a powerful hurricane. The great treasure ship Nuestra Señora de la Concepción was forced onto a reef and hundreds drown from the sinking of treasure ships. The reefs were named the "Silver Shoals" and the channels for passage named "The Silver passage" after the silver on the treasure ship was lost during this storm.
1644Western Cuba, Straits of Florida (Florida Keys)October~1100According to a later history of Franciscan priest-historian Diego López de Cogolludo, an English pirate armada of 13 hulk (medieval ship type) (urcas in Spanish) carrying 1500 men under Jacob Jackson (possibly William Jackson (pirate)) encountered this storm. In September, the fleet captured two Franciscan priests, Antonio Vazquez and Andres Navarro, from a village in Mexico; the vessel also held eight other Spanish prisoners. Three vessels stranded on arcas (perhaps rocks), and ten continued for Havana. Before leaving Old Bahama Channel, they suffered a violent southeasterly hurricane during which nine of the ten ships sank. During a lull in the storm (perhaps the eye), the sole surviving ship deposited the ten Spaniards ashore, allegedly in Florida but perhaps in Cuba. The hurricane resumed from the opposite direction, and the ship sank also. Despite great hardships, the Franciscans eventually arrived in Havana to tell the tale. See List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes.
1646Cuba17 OctoberunknownA hurricane made landfall near Sierra de los Órganos in Pinar del Río Province, Cuba
1649VirginiaunknownunknownDamaged tobacco crop

1650–1674

YearArea(s) affectedDate
(GC)DeathsDamage/Notes
1650Saint KittsUnknownnumerousFather Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre wrote in his history of greatly violent storms that threw 28 ships on the roadstead of Saint Christopher (probably Basseterre on Saint Kitts). The disaster included sailors drowned and merchandise lost. Du Tertre notes that Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyter avoided misfortune in the storm, but he probably passed the year near the Barbary Coast. José Carlos Millás suggests that the center of the hurricane passed north of the island. Two hurricanes caused this disaster, and the 28 merchantmen of different nationalities lost more than a half-million pound sterling in cargo value.
1651MartiniqueUnknownN/A
1652Leeward Islands23–24 SeptemberManyPrince Rupert of the Rhine, an English Royalist cavalier, commanded a privateer fleet of several ships. His fleet crossed the Atlantic in late spring 1652 with his brother Prince Maurice of the Palatinate aboard a vessel, traveling through the Antilles from Saint Lucia to the Virgin Islands. The fleet left the Virgin Islands on {{OldStyleDateSeptember 8
1653Barbados to Saint Vincent Island13 JulyManyFather Meland and Father Pierre Pelleprat sailed from Martinique on 20 June 1653 but becalmed in the bays off the east coast of Saint Vincent (island). The men aboard the ship unfurled the sails, and after the hurricane arose suddenly, the ship moved away from the coast, evading the dangers associated with running aground. Father Guillaume Aubergeon lived on the island when a violent hurricane overturned the huts and threw many into the sea. It "caused the deaths of many savages" (Carib people) uprooted plants, and damaged the landscape. José Carlos Millás relates the loss of one ship and crew lost at Saint Vincent (island). He also suggests that this hurricane probably also struck Barbados given the normal track of tropical cyclones in the easterlies.
1653Saint Vincent Island1 OctoberMillás1968pp=123–124}}
1656Guadeloupe4 AugustUnknown
1656AntillesUnknownN/A
1657Offshore of BahamasUnknownUnknownWalton1994p=128}}
1657GuadeloupeUnknownN/A A tropical cyclone struck Guadeloupe
1658AntillesUnknownN/A
1660AntillesUnknownN/A
1661Veracruz, Mexico14 AugustThis tropical storm caused several damages in San Juan de Ulúa and Veracruz, Mexico.
1664CubaSeptemberA hurricane made landfall at Havana, Cuba
1664Guadeloupe22 OctoberMassive crop damage; nearly caused famine
1665Veracruz, Mexico15 SeptemberThe depression or tropical storm caused damages in Veracruz, Mexico.
1665Leeward IslandsAugustN/A
1665Caribbean IslandsOctoberN/A
1666Martinique and Guadeloupe{{OldStyleDateAugust 14–15August 4–5}}
1666Leeward Islands1 SeptemberN/A
1666Puerto RicoUnknownA hurricane made landfall at San Juan, Puerto Rico
1667Barbados, Nevis19 AugustN/A
1667Saint Kitts1 SeptemberN/A
1667Outer Banks, North Carolina to Virginia{{OldStyleDateSeptember 6August 27}}Many people
1669Nevis to Cuba to North Carolina17–23 August182N/A
1669Saint KittsSeptemberUnknownTwenty five ships lost
1670Near Barbados18 AugustN/A
1670Jamaica7 OctoberUnknownDrove English fleet of ships ashore
1671Mexico22–25 SeptemberA hurricane made landfall in Mexico
1672Venezuela to MexicoSeptemberA hurricane made landfall in Caracas, Venezuela and then later made landfall in San Juan de Ulúa, Mexico
1673Puerto RicoUnknownFewOne ship wrecked, all made it safe to shore
1674Bay of CampecheJuneN/A
1674Barbados10 August200N/A
1674St. Augustine, Florida19 AugustLikely continuation of above. A hurricane known as the Great Storm of 1674 hits near Saint Augustine, and severely damages the town, property, crops, its fort from rough seas and flooding.

1675–1699

– only paleotempestological evidence

YearArea(s) affectedDate
(GC)DeathsDamage/Notes
1675Connecticut, Rhode Island, Boston{{OldStyleDateSeptember 7August 28}}
1675Barbados10 September200N/A
1675Cuba to Mexico15–22 SeptemberA hurricane made landfall at Havana, Cuba on 15 September and then later made landfall in Campeche, Mexico on 22 September
1676Bay of Campeche, MexicoJuneA hurricane from the Bay of Campeche destroys all of William Dampier's logging camp and washes away all of his equipment near the southern end of Mexico. Dampier's detailed description of this hurricane has been recognized as the first accurate description given of a hurricane event. Dampier becomes a Buccaneer after this event
1678Mexico2–13 SeptemberA hurricane made landfall at San Juan de Ulúa, Mexico
1678Mexico14–19 SeptemberAnother hurricane made landfall at San Juan de Ulúa, Mexico several days later in the same season
1680Martinique3 AugustMany22 Ships lost
1680Barbados to Dominican Republic to British Isles11 August–23Manysection=Appendix 2: Cyclones that may have 25+ deathstitle=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996author=Edward N. Rappaportauthor2=Jose Fernandez-Partagasauthor3=Jack Bevendate=1997-04-02publisher=National Hurricane Centeraccess-date=2013-10-27url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp2.shtml?}} Landfall near Santo Domingo, later caused shipwrecks in the British Isles while extratropical; track produced in 2009 based on ship data
1681St. Kitts and Nevis6 SeptemberN/AAt least one house blown down.
1681Western Caribbean SeaN/A"Considerable from drowning"N/A
1681Saint Kitts and Nevis14 OctoberN/ARoof of same house as the September hurricane blown off again. Twenty-five of the thirty or so horses perished on a ship owned by two New Englanders, Captain Cushing and Captain Clark off the coast of Nevis.
1683North Carolina, Virginia to Connecticut{{OldStyleDateAugust 23August 13}}N/A
1683North Atlantic{{OldStyleDateAugust 26–31September 5–10}}
1683Venezuela22 OctoberA hurricane made landfall at Curaçao, Venezuela
1683Florida East CoastUnknown496N/A
1686South Carolina{{OldStyleDateSeptember 4–5August 25–26}}
1689NevisN/AHalf the inhabitants of the islandN/A
1689JamaicaunknownunknownHurricane not very severe
1691AntillesUnknownN/A
1692Havana, Cuba24 OctoberDevastating hurricane destroyed over half of the sugar mills and much of the sugar cane crop in west Cuba. Destroyed many buildings in Havana. Governor Manzaneda issued orders that owners of the sugar mills, ranchers, and merchants, to pay for reopening the roads and ordered all slaves who worked in Havana to work clearing the streets and port. Sank a supply ship near Key Biscayne.
1692JamaicaN/A100A "dreadful hurricane" (Oldmixon) struck the island shortly after a severe earthquake.
~1692BelizeN/AN/Alast1=Gischlerfirst1=Eberhardlast2=Shinnfirst2=Eugene A.last3=Oschmannfirst3=Wolfganglast4=Fiebigfirst4=Jenslast5=Busterfirst5=Noreen A.s2cid=130823939title=A 1500-Year Holocene Caribbean Climate Archive from the Blue Hole, Lighthouse Reef, Belizejournal=Journal of Coastal Researchvolume=24issue=6pages=1495–1505year=2008doi=10.2112/07-0891.1 }}
1693Mid-Atlantic states to New England{{OldStyleDateOctober 29October 19}}N/A
1694Barbados13 AugustN/A
1694Barbados27 September1000+See List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
1694Barbados17 OctoberN/A
1695Florida Keys4 OctoberN/AA large ship is wrecked in the Florida Keys due to a passing hurricane
1695MartiniqueOctober600N/A
1696Western CubaN/AN/AHeavy flooding, 1 ship lost
1696South Florida East Coast{{OldStyleDateOctober 3–4September 23–24}}N/A
1698Pensacola, Florida12 DecemberA minimal hurricane made landfall near Pensacola, Florida on 12 December

References

References

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