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List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates
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The following is a list of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential nominees and candidates for nomination. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed are those African-Americans who achieved ballot access for the national election in at least one state. They may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the major parties, or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.
Not included in the first and second sections are African-Americans who ran unsuccessful campaigns in nominating conventions or primary elections for their party's nomination (or who have not yet completed that process), write-in candidates, potential candidates (suggested by media, objects of draft movements, etc.), or fictional candidates. The third section includes African-Americans who ran for their party's presidential nomination but who were not nominated, as well as those who are currently pursuing their party's presidential nomination (when applicable).
There have been two African Americans on major party tickets in U.S. history: Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 and Democratic vice presidential nominee Kamala Harris in 2020 and presidential nominee in 2024.
Barack Obama was the first African American and first biracial president of the United States, being elected in the 2008 election and re-elected in the 2012 election.
Kamala Harris became the first African-American vice president of the United States of America, being elected in the 2020 election alongside President Joe Biden. She is also the first female vice president. She is the second biracial vice president, the first being Republican Charles Curtis.
U.S. presidential candidates: party nominees
Denotes winning candidate.
Candidates receiving electoral votes
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Popular votes | Electoral votes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| received/total | Opponent | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2024 | |||||
| **** | Democratic Party | /538 | John McCain | |||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | /538 | Mitt Romney | |||||||
| **** | Not applicable | Not applicable | /538 | |||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | /538 | Donald Trump |
Candidates receiving popular votes
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Popular votes | 1904 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1968 | 1968 | 1976 | 1980 | 1980 | 1984 | 1984 | 1984 | 1988 | 1988 | 1988 | 1988 | 1992 | 1992 | 1992 | 1992 | 1992 | 1996 | 1996 | 1996 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 2004 | 2004 | 2008 | 2008 | 2008 | 2008 | 2012 | 2012 | 2012 | 2012 | 2012 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **** | National Liberty Party | W.C. Payne | Scattering | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent Afro-American Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Peace and Freedom Party | Various candidates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Freedom and Peace Party | Various candidates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Communist Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | People's Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Workers World Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | New Alliance Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Equality Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | New Alliance Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Workers World Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Equality Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Peace and Freedom Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | New Alliance Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Workers League | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Looking Back Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | Various candidates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Workers World Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Looking Back Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Workers World Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Randall A. Venson | Independent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Workers World Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | America's Independent Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Green Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Reform Party | Ken Cross | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Party for Socialism and Liberation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Workers World Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Revolutionary Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| url=http://www.politics1.com/p2016.htm | last=Gunzburger | first=Ron | access-date=March 20, 2017 | date=2016 | website=Politics1 | title=2016 Presidential Candidates}} | Humane Party | title=Breaking: Humane Party announces Dr. Breeze Harper as Vice Presidential nominee | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_-r8xkeGc0 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610194535/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_-r8xkeGc0&gl=US&hl=en | archive-date=2016-06-10 | url-status=dead | website=The Onion Knight Show | access-date=June 10, 2016 | date=June 10, 2016}} | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | C.U.P. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Oregon Progressive Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Unaffiliated | 497 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Genealogy Know Your Family History | 546 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | NA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent | {{sortname | None | nolink=y}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Godliness, Truth, Justice Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Green Party of Alaska | Not on ballot | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent |
U.S. vice presidential candidates: party nominees
Denotes winning candidate.
Candidates receiving electoral votes
Until the 2020 presidential election, no African-American candidates had received electoral votes for vice president.
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Electoral votes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| received/total | Popular votes | Opponent | 2020 | ||||
| Kamala Harris | Democratic Party | Joe Biden | 306/538 | 81,268,867 | Mike Pence |
Candidates receiving popular votes
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Popular votes | 1872 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1952 | 1968 | 1972 | 1972 | 1976 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1984 | 1988 | 1988 | 1988 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2004 | 2008 | 2008 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2024 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **** | Equal Rights Party | Unreported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simon P. Drew | Interracial Independent Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Communist Party | 102,991 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Communist Party | 80,195 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Communist Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Progressive Party | 140,023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | People's Party | 78,759 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Communist Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | 90,986 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Communist Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Communist Party | 43,871 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Communist Party | 36,386 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Equality Party | 10,801 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | New Alliance Party | 31,180 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Equality Party | 18,693 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mamie Moore | New Alliance Party | 26,487 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Consumer Party | 25,109 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Looking Back Party | 752 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Reform Party | 449,225 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | 3,689 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Equality Party | 1,857 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Party | 7,315 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Party for Socialism and Liberation | 7,478 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Green Party | 1,457,044 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | 11,667 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Workers World Party | 4,003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Peace and Freedom Party | 43,445 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Party USA | 2,579 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Revolutionary Party | 748 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Humane Party | Clifton Roberts | 86 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent | 49,700 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Genealogy Know Your Family History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 81,268,867 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Unaffiliated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Socialist Workers Party | 6,791 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Green Party of Alaska | 3,291 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent | 181 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent | 6,777 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Green Party and Socialist Party USA | 404,021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent | 3,040 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | American Independent Party | 60,160 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Independent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Constitution Party |
U.S. president: other candidates for party nomination
Candidates who failed to receive their party's nomination (or who are currently campaigning for their party's nomination). Candidates who won the nomination belong in the above tables only.
| Year | Name | Party | Details | Nominee | 1848 | 1888 | 1968 | 1972 | 1972 | 1976 | 1976 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1992 | 1996 | 1996 | 2000 | 2000 | 2004 | 2004 | 2008 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2016 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **** | Liberty Party | 1 vote at national convention | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | 1 vote at national convention | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 67.5 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 152 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 1 vote at national convention; 21,217 votes (71.78%) and winner of Washington, D.C., primary | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 1 vote at national convention | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 10,149 votes (30.49%, 2nd place) in Washington, D.C. primary | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 466 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 1218.5 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Withdrew before Iowa caucuses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | 1 vote at national convention. Keyes was the Republican candidate in the U.S. Senate election in Maryland at the time, and was not actively seeking the presidency in 1992. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | 1 vote at national convention | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | 1052 votes (7th place) in Oklahoma primary | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | 6 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | 6 votes in Alabama straw poll | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Withdrew before Iowa caucuses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Earned 26 delegates in 5 primaries and caucuses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Keyes withdrew from Republican Party on April 15, 2008, but remained on the Republican ballot in several states. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Constitution Party | 125.7 votes (24.36%, 2nd place) at national convention. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Withdrew on December 3, 2011. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Announced candidacy on June 1, 2015. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| John Fitzgerald Johnson | Democratic Party | Announced candidacy on August 23, 2015. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Green Party | 14.5 votes (3rd place) at national convention | Jill Stein | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Peace and Freedom Party | 1,369 votes (30%, 2nd place) in California primary | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Announced candidacy on May 3, 2015. Withdrew on March 4, 2016. Earned 9 delegates. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Withdrew before Iowa caucuses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Withdrew before Iowa caucuses. Harris later became the 2020 Democratic nominee for vice president. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Withdrew before Iowa caucuses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Announced candidacy on November 14, 2019. Withdrew on February 12, 2020. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Green Party | 11.5 votes (3rd place) at national convention | Howie Hawkins | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Was on the ballot in California and New Hampshire. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Was on the ballot in California, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and North Dakota. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Announced candidacy on April 20, 2023. Withdrew on October 26, 2023. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Announced candidacy on June 22, 2023. Withdrew on October 9, 2023. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Failed to obtain ballot access. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Was on the ballot in New Hampshire. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Announced candidacy on May 22, 2023. Withdrew on November 12, 2023. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Green Party | 72 votes (2nd place) at national convention; Green Party of Alaska nominee but not on state ballots. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Peace and Freedom Party | 1,795 votes (13.1%, 2nd place) in non-binding preference primary |
U.S. vice president: other candidates for party nomination
| Year | Name | Party | Details | Nominee | 1856 | 1880 | 1888 | 1968 | 1972 | 1972 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 2016 | 2016 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **** | Political Abolitionist | ||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | 8 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | 11 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 48.5 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 1 vote at national convention | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 20 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 4 votes at national convention | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 17 votes in national convention | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | 49 votes in national convention | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Libertarian Party | 264 votes in national convention (1st ballot); 409 votes in national convention (2nd ballot) | William Weld | ||||||||||||||||
| **** | Libertarian Party | 48 votes in national convention (1st ballot); 9 votes in national convention (2nd ballot) | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Shortlisted for selection | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Shortlisted for selection | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Democratic Party | Formally vetted for selection | |||||||||||||||||
| **** | Republican Party | Finalist for selection |
Notes
References
- Sears, Thomas James (2001). Rebels, Rubyfruit, and Rhinestones: Queering Space in the Stonewall South. Rutgers University Press. .
References
- Colin Powell did not run for president in 2016. He received the votes of 3 [[Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016. faithless elector]]s from [[Washington (state). Washington]]. Powell, a Republican, had endorsed Democratic candidate [[Hillary Clinton]] in the 2016 election and received his electoral votes from Democratic electors.
- [http://murphylibrary.uwlax.edu/digital/lacrosse/About/wisclaboradv.html Wisconsin Labor Advocate, La Crosse, Wis. : Geo. E. Taylor, 1886-] {{webarchive. link. (September 13, 2009)
- (1908). "The World Almanac & Encyclopedia".
- Does not include 27,887 votes cast for the party's ticket in California and Utah, where Cleaver's name did not appear on the ballot because he was under 35 years old.
- Leip, David. (2005). "1980 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
- In 2004 and 2008, Harris served as a stand-in nominee for the Socialist Workers Party in states where the party's main presidential nominee, [[Róger Calero]], was ineligible because he was not a natural-born citizen.
- Winger, Richard. (January 9, 2009). "2008 Presidential Vote (not final)". Ballot Access News.
- (2013). "Federal Elections 2012". Federal Election Commission.
- Gunzburger, Ron. (2016). "2016 Presidential Candidates".
- (June 10, 2016). "Breaking: Humane Party announces Dr. Breeze Harper as Vice Presidential nominee".
- (February 5, 2017). "2016 Presidential Election by State".
- (February 6, 2020). "President R19 Boddie". Media and American Politics.
- "Candidate Inquiry".
- "2020 General Election Candidate List".
- (August 16, 2020). "Iowa's first Black woman presidential candidate doesn't want your vote".
- (July 9, 2020). "Native Charlestonian Jade Simmons Running For President 2020".
- Melissa Nixon was on the ballot instead of Roze only in Florida.
- Douglass did not acknowledge the nomination or participate in the campaign.
- Walton, Hanes. ''Invisible politics: Black political behavior.'' p.92.
- Guzman, Jessie Parkhurst. ''Negro Year Book - An Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro 1931-1932'' p.87.
- (June 18, 1928). "National Affairs: Fifth Party".
- Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states, including Ohio.
- Duren was on the ballot only in California.
- Moore was on the ballot as an alternate candidate for Joyce Dattner in some states, including Minnesota.
- Rice was on the ballot in three states, including Michigan.
- (July 20, 2020). "Entrepreneur, Karla Ballard, Joins Brock Pierce for President as Vice President".
- (February 1, 2020). "Meet the SWP candidates: Alyson Kennedy & Malcolm Jarrett".
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