List of active separatist movements in North America

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

1. They are active movements with active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
3. They are citizens / people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state (de facto entity): for regions without diplomatic recognition but with de facto autonomy.
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
• Proposed [autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
  • Ethnic / ethnoreligious / racial / regional / religious group(s).

Antigua and Barbuda

Barbuda

• Proposed state: Independence for Barbuda or federalism
  • Political parties: Barbuda People's Movement

Belize

Toledo District

• Ethnic group: Maya peoples
  • Proposed: autonomy for Maya peoples in southern Belize
  • Political party: Maya Leaders Alliance

Canada

Main article: Secessionist movements of Canada, Indigenous self-government in Canada, Council of the Haida Nation

Alberta

• Proposed: Independence for Alberta or unification with the United States
  • Political parties: Independence Party of Alberta, Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta, Republican Party of Alberta (Unification with USA)

• Ethnic group: Blackfoot
  • Proposed: independence for [[File:Flag of the Blackfoot Confederacy.jpg|25px]] Blackfoot Confederacy

British Columbia

• Proposed state: British Columbia
  • Political party: Progressive Nationalist Party of British Columbia, BC Independence Party

Northeast British Columbia

• Proposed: independence for Northeast British Columbia

Cape Breton Island Flag (Popular).svg Cape Breton Island

• Proposed: Breaking Cape Breton Island off from Nova Scotia or have autonomy

Cascadia

• Proposed: Independence or Sovereignty for Cascadia
  • Advocacy group: Cascadia Department of Bioregion

Flag_of_Haida_Gwaii.svg Haida Gwaii

• Ethnic group:Haida
  • Proposed: independence for Flag_of_Haida_Gwaii.svg Council of the Haida Nation
  • Advocacy group: Council of the Haida Nation

Heiltsuk Nation

• Ethnic group: Heiltsuk
  • Proposed: self determination for Heiltsuk Nation

Labrador

• Ethnic group: Inuit, Innu and Labradorians
  • Proposed: Splitting Labrador as an independent Province

Newfoundland Tricolour.svg Newfoundland

• Proposed: independence for Newfoundland Tricolour.svg Newfoundland

Northern Ontario

• Proposed: Splitting Northern Ontario out as an independent Province
  • Political party: Northern Ontario Party

Northwestern Ontario

• Proposed: statehood for Northwestern Ontario

Nunavik

• Ethnic group: Inuit
  • Proposed: autonomy for Nunavik

Nuxalk

• Proposed state: Nuxalk Nation
  • Advocacy group: Nuxalk Nation (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization until 2008)

Quebec

• Proposed: Independence for Quebec or autonomy
  • Civil organization: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, Mouvement national des Québécois et des Québécoises (MNQ), Rassemblement pour l'indépendance du Québec (RIQ), Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté (IPSO), Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec (MLNQ), Réseau de Résistance du Québécois (RRQ)
  • Political parties (secessionist): Parti Québécois, Bloc Québécois, Québec solidaire, Communist Party of Canada, Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec, Climat Québec
  • Political parties (autonomist): Coalition Avenir Québec, Équipe Autonomiste

Saskatchewan

• Proposed: Independence for Saskatchewan
  • Political party: Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan

Vancouver Island

• Proposed: Breaking Vancouver Island off from British Columbia to create a new province or independence

Western Canada

• Proposed state: West Canada (includes Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan as well as (sometimes) Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)
  • Political party: Maverick Party, Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta, Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan

Colombia

San Andrés y Providencia

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Raizal State
  • Advocacy group: Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination (AMEN-SD)

Costa Rica

Limón Province

• Proposed: independence for Limón Province
  • Advocacy group: Limón Soberano

Cuba

Isla de la Juventud

• Ethnic group: Mestizo
  • Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for Isla de la Juventud

Denmark

Greenland

• Ethnic group: Greenlandic Inuit, Danish Greenlanders, others
• Proposed: Independence for Greenland
  • Political parties: Inuit Ataqatigiit, Siumut, Naleraq and Nunatta Qitornai.

Dominican Republic

Cibao

• Proposed state: República del Cibao or autonomy
  • Advocacy group: MiCibao

France

Main article: Overseas France, Overseas country of France, Overseas collectivity, Overseas departments and regions of France

Guadeloupe

• Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Guadeloupe (UPLG).svg|border|22x22px]] Republic of Guadeloupe
  • Political parties: United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible, Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe
  • political party (autonomist): Guadeloupe Communist Party Martinique
• Proposed state: Republic of Martinique
  • Political party: Martinican Independence Movement, Build the Martinique Country, Péyi-A
  • political party (autonomist): Martinican Progressive Party

Grenada

• Proposed: greater autonomy for Carriacou and Petite Martinique

Haiti

Gonâve Island

• Proposed state: Gonâve Island or autonomy
  • Advocacy group: La Gonâve en avant Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Nation

South Haiti

Grand'Anse, Sud, Sud-Est and Nippes

• Proposed: autonomy for south Haiti

Honduras

Coastal Departments of Honduras

• Ethnic group: Garifuna
  • Proposed: autonomy for the [[File:Flag of Garifuna (variant).svg|25px|Flag_of_Garifuna_(variant)]] Garifuna
  • Political party: Organización Fraternal Negra Hondureña

Mexico

;Autonomist movements

Chiapas

• Ethnic group: Mayans, Tzotzil
• De facto autonomous area: Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
  • Militant organization: Zapatista Army of National Liberation

Triqui

• Ethnic group: Triqui
• Proposed autonomous area: Oaxaca
  • Militant organization: Movement for Triqui Autonomy

• Ethnic groups: Norteño people

• Proposed state: Aridoamerican Confederacy

  • Advocate group: Proyecto Aridoamerica A.C. Partido Aridoamericano

• Proposed state: Royal Republic of Nuevo León

  • Advocacy group: National Anti-AMLO Front(FRENAA)

Baja California

• Proposed: independence for Baja California
  • Advocacy group: Sí Baja California

Netherlands

Curaçao

• Proposed: Independence for Curaçao
  • Political parties: Movement for the Future of Curaçao, Sovereign People
  • Referendums: 1993 and 2005

Aruba

• Proposed: Independence for Aruba
  • Political party: People's Electoral Movement (Aruba)
  • Referendum: 1977

Sint Maarten

• Proposed: Independence, autonomy or unification with Saint Martin
  • Political party: Unified Resilient St. Maarten Movement
  • Referendums: 1994 and 2000

Bonaire

• Proposed: independence or autonomy for Bonaire
  • Political party: Bonaire Democratic Party

Saba

• Proposed: independence for Saba
  • Advocacy group: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

Nicaragua

Miskitu

• Ethnic group: Miskito people
• Proposed: Greater autonomy or Independence for Miskitu
  • Political party: General Assembly of the Council of Elders

Panama

Madungandí

• Ethnic group: Guna people
  • Proposed: Establishment of a second Guna reserve
  • Advocates: Guna people

Bocas del Toro Province

• Ethnic group: Bribri people
  • Proposed: autonomy for the Bribri people in the Bocas del Toro Province
  • Advocacy group: Consejo General del Territorio Bribri

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Nevis

• Proposed: Greater autonomy for Nevis
  • Political parties: Nevis Reformation Party, Concerned Citizens' Movement

Trinidad and Tobago

Tobago

• Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for Tobago
  • Political party: Tobago Organisation of the People,Progressive Democratic Patriots,Tobago Forwards, One Tobago Voice

United States

Main article: Secession in the United States

Alaska

• Ethnic group: Alaskan Creoles, Alaska Natives, Americans, Russian Americans
• Proposed state: Republic of Alaska
  • Political party: Alaskan Independence Party

Aztlán

• Ethnic group: Chicano Movement, Chicano
• Proposed: Greater autonomy for Aztlán
  • Advocacy groups: MEChA (Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán, "Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán"), Freedom Road Socialist Organization, which calls for self-determination for the Chicano nation in Aztlan up to and including the right to secession.

California

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Second Californian Republic / "New" California or autonomy
  • Ethnic group: Californios, Indigenous Californians
  • Advocacy groups: Yes California, Californians for Independence
  • Political parties: California National Party, California Freedom Coalition

Cascadia

• Proposed: Independence or Sovereignty for Cascadia
  • Advocacy group: Cascadia Department of Bioregion

Deseret

• Religious group: Mormons
• Proposed state or autonomous region: Deseret
  • Advocacy groups: Deseret nationalists (#DezNat)

Florida

• Proposed: Independence for Florida
  • Ethnic group: Floridanos and other Hispanics and Latinos in Florida, Portuguese, Haitians, Other West Indies People, Indigenous peoples of Florida (Including: Seminoles and Miccosukee)
  • Political Party: Independent Party of Florida (1993)

Louisiana

• Ethnic group: French, African Americans
  • Proposed state: Louisiana
  • Advocacy group: Free Louisiana

Native Americans

• Proposed states and/or autonomous regions: Multiple
  • Advocacy groups: Lakota Freedom Movement, Mohawk Warrior Society, American Indian Movement, American Indian Movement of Colorado, International Indian Treaty Council, Red Power movement

New Afrika Main article: African-American self-determination

• Ethnic group: African Americans
• Proposed state or autonomous region: Republic of New Afrika
  • Advocacy group: Pan-Africanists Black Radical Congress, Moorish sovereign citizens, Nuwaubian Nation, Huey P. Newton Gun Club, Black Lives Matter (Factions)
  • Political parties: New Black Panther Party, African People's Socialist Party, Not Fucking Around Coalition, Black Hammer Party, Revolutionary Black Panther Party, Black Riders Liberation Party, Washitaw Nation

New England

• Inhabitant group: New Englanders
  • Proposed state: New England
  • Advocacy group: New England Independence Campaign

New Hampshire

• Inhabitant: New Hampshirites
  • Proposed state: New Hampshire
  • Movement: NHEXIT

Southern United States

• Proposed state or autonomous region: Confederate States of America or Southern United States or Dixie or Dixieland
  • Advocacy groups: League of the South, other neo-Confederate and non-confederate southern separatist groups.

Texas

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Republic of Texas
  • Inhabitant group: Americans, Tejanos
  • Advocacy groups: Texas Nationalist Movement, Republic of Texas (group)

Vermont

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Vermont Republic
  • Political party: Vermont Independence Party Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (Anarchist)
  • Advocacy group: Second Vermont Republic

Territories

Puerto Rico Main article: Independence movement in Puerto Rico, Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence

• Proposed: Independence, statehood, autonomy, independence under free association or reunification with Spain as an autonomous community
  • Political party: Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)
  • Advocacy groups: Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico,Hostosian National Independence Movement(MINH), Socialist Front (FS), Movimiento Puertorriqueño Reunificacionista con España (MPRE)
  • Militant organization: Boricua Popular Army (Macheteros), Cadets of the Republic

Virgin Islands

• Proposed: Republic of the Virgin Islands or greater autonomy for the United States Virgin Islands or unification with the British Virgin Islands
  • Political party: Independent Citizens Movement

United Kingdom

Anguilla

• Proposed: greater autonomy or independence for Anguilla

Bermuda

• Proposed state: Bermuda
  • Political party: Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda), One Bermuda Alliance (historically), Gombey Liberation Movement

Cayman Islands

• Proposed state Cayman Islands
  • Political party: People’s Progressive Movement

Turks and Caicos Islands

• Proposed state: Turks and Caicos Islands
  • Advocacy group: National Independence Steering Committee

Virgin Islands (BVI/USVI)

• Ethnic group: people of the British Virgin Islands
  • Proposed state: Republic of the Virgin Islands
  • Political party: Progressive Virgin Islands Movement

References

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