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Linguolabial consonant

Consonant produced with tongue against the upper lip

Summary

Consonant produced with tongue against the upper lip

Field	Value
above	Linguolabial
ipa symbol	◌̼
ipa symbol2	◌᫥
imagefile	Doulos SIL — ◌̼ and ◌᫥.svg

Linguolabials or apicolabials are consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum which extends from linguolabial to subapical palatal places of articulation. Cross-linguistically, linguolabial consonants are very rare. They are found in a cluster of languages in Vanuatu, in the Kajoko dialect of Bijago in Guinea-Bissau, in Umotína (a recently extinct Bororoan language of Brazil), and as paralinguistic sounds elsewhere. They are also relatively common in disordered speech, and the diacritic is specifically provided for in the extensions to the IPA.

Linguolabial consonants are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by adding the "seagull" diacritic, , to the corresponding alveolar or dental consonant. additionally suggest these sound may be equivalently transcribed with the apical diacritic, , on the corresponding bilabial consonant. However, reject this transcription, as linguolabials may be articulated either apical or laminal. The labial consonants have also been used. The choice of the base consonant may depend on whether the author analyses the linguolabial as being phonologically labial or alveolar.

By analogy of the distinction made between labiodentals and dentolabials, labiolinguals may be distinguished as consonants articulated by placing the bottom of the tongue tip or blade against the lower lip.

Description

[[Sagittal section]] of linguolabial stop

Linguolabials are produced by constricting the airflow between the tongue and the upper lip. They are attested in a number of manners of articulation including stops, nasals, and fricatives, and can be produced with the tip of the tongue (apical), blade of the tongue (laminal), or the bottom of the tongue (sublaminal). Acoustically they are more similar to alveolars than bilabials. Linguolabials can be distinguished from bilabials and alveolars acoustically by formant transitions and nasal resonances.

List of consonants

IPA
(variant transcriptions)	Description	Example	Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning	text-align:center"		text-align:center"		or	or	or	or
linguolabial nasal	Araki	m̈ana		"laugh"
voiceless linguolabial plosive	Tangoa	p̈ep̈e		Ladefoged	Maddieson	1996	p=19}}
voiced linguolabial plosive	Kajoko dialect of Bijago			"stone"
voiceless linguolabial fricative	Big Nambas			"he is asthmatic"
voiced linguolabial fricative	Tangoa	v̈atu		"stone"
labiolingual lateral flap (uses lower lip)	Piraha (part of allophone for /ɡ/, [ɺ͡ɺ̼])	toogixi		"hoe"
labiolingual trill
(uses lower lip)	Coatlán Zapotec	(paralinguistic)		first=Rosemary	last=Beam de Azcona	title=Sound Symbolism	url=http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf	access-date=2008-11-24	url-status=dead	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623145306/http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf	archive-date=2007-06-23 }}
linguolabial click release (potentially multiple consonants)	Coatlán Zapotec	(paralinguistic)		used as mimesis for eating soup or a pig drinking water

Linguolabials as a diachronic stage in sound shifts

In Vanuatu, some of the Santo–Malekula languages have shifted historically from bilabial to alveolar consonants via an intermediate linguolabial stage, which remains in other Santo and Malekula languages.

While labials have become linguolabial before nonrounded vowels in various languages (e.g. Tangoa, Araki, Nese), the sound shift went further in languages such as Tolomako, which shifted the linguolabials to full alveolar consonants: *b *[p] p̈ t [t]; *m m̈ n [n]. Thus, POc *bebe (spelled p̈ep̈e in Tangoa or in Araki) later became in Tolomako. Likewise, POc *tama (cf. Tangoa tam̈a, Araki r̄am̈a) Tolomako .

Notes

References

The term ''apicolabial'' is older, but Ladefoged and Maddieson point out that often these sounds are not apical.
(1996). "[[Phonetic Symbol Guide]]".
(2009). "Mavea (Illustrations of the IPA)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
François, Alexandre. (2002). "Araki: A disappearing language of Vanuatu". Australian National University.
A. François (2008), ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/m%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94m%CC%88ana entry ''m̈ana'']
Audio link: [https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0002296#S75 excerpt from a text in Araki language] (sentence s75), showcasing the form {{lang. akr. m̈ana (source: [[Pangloss Collection. Pangloss]] archive).
{{harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. Maddieson. 1996
(December 1982). "Phonetic rarities in Pirahã". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
Beam de Azcona, Rosemary. "Sound Symbolism".
A. François, ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/p%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94p%CC%88ep%CC%88e entry ''p̈ep̈e'']
A. François, ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/r%CC%84.htm#%E2%93%94r%CC%84am%CC%88a~ entry ''r̄am̈a'']

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

place-of-articulation linguolabial-consonants

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