Liberalism in Japan

Modern Japanese liberalism

Liberals in Japan are generally considered united by one major factor: their opposition to changing the post-World War II constitution forbidding the creation of a national military.

Before the 1990s, Japanese liberals did not form a prominent individual political party.

• Japan's radical liberalism (left-wing liberalism) emerged as a "peace movement" and was largely led by the Japan Socialist Party (JSP).
• Until the 1990s, conservative liberalism (right-wing liberalism) in Japan was led by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), and they contrasted with left-wing liberalism.

Since the 1990s, most conservative liberals have left the LDP. The Japan New Party (JNP) and New Party Sakigake are the parties founded by Japanese conservative-liberals against the LDP's nationalist project, which lead to the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)-liberalism tradition. Japan's previous liberal party, the DPJ, was led by moderates of both the right-wing LDP and left-wing JSP.

Currently, the LDP has not been considered a liberal party. In the past, liberals in the LDP became opposition forces after leaving the party, so "liberal" generally became a force against "conservative" in Japanese politics in the 21st century. The current DPJ-liberalism tradition is being continued by the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDPJ).

Since Japanese conservatism was influenced by Shinto, Japan's radical liberalism and democratic socialism were more influenced by Christianity.

As the LDP becomes an increasingly solid conservative party, and the socialist movement that led the traditional anti-LDP camp has lost control in Japan's opposition political camp, gradually shifting from the centre-right "liberal" in the European and Australian sense of the past to the centre-left "liberal" in the American sense. Currently, the LDP is the largest conservative party in Japan, and the CDPJ is the largest liberal party in Japan.

Timeline

The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary that parties labelled themselves "liberal".

From Public Party of Patriots until Constitutional Party

• 1874: Liberals founded the
• 1881: The Aikoku Kōtō is continued by the
• 1891: The Jiyūtō is renamed into
• 1898: The Rikken Jiyūtō merged with the ⇒ Shimpotō into the
• 1898: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Kensei Hontō; with the former Jiyūtō faction reorganizing itself into the New Kenseitō
• 1900: The party is taken over by the oligarchy and renamed into

From Constitutional Reform Party to Reform Club

• 1882: The is formed
• 1896: The party is continued by the
• 1898: The party merged into the ⇒ Kenseitō
• 1898: The Kenseitō fell apart and a faction formed the , renamed in 1910 into the
• 1913: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Rikken Dōshikai
• 1922: The Rikken Kokumintō is renamed
• 1920s: The Kakushin Club merged into the Rikken Seiyūkai

From Association of Friends of the Constitution to Constitutional Democratic Party

• 1913: A faction of the ⇒ Rikken Kokumintō formed the , renamed in 1916
• 1927: The Kenseikai merged with the ⇒ Seiyūhontō into the
• 1940: The party is dissolved by the military junta

Orthodox Constitutional Friends Party

• 1924: A faction of the Rikken Seiyūkai formed the
• 1927: The party merged into the ⇒ Rikken Minseitō

Postwar period

In postwar Japan, liberal (リベラル) tendencies did not stand out much among major political parties for more than 40 years. During the Japanese Empire, liberals, including the Constitutional Democratic Party, were swept away by several political parties. The center-right liberal-conservatives (自由保守主義) became the 'leftist faction' of the right-wing conservative Liberal Democratic Party, and the center-left progressive-liberals (革新自由主義) formed the 'rightist faction' within the left-wing Socialist Party.

From Renewal Party to Liberal Party

• 1993: A liberal faction of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party seceded as the Renewal Party
• 1994: The Renewal Party merged with other factions into the New Frontier Party
• 1997: The New Frontier Party fell apart into many parties, among them since 1998 the Liberal Party (1998), but also the Good Governance Party, the New Fraternity Party and the Democratic Reform Party
• 2000: Dissidents of the Liberal Party formed the New Conservative Party
• 2003: The Liberal Party merged into the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan
• 2012: People's Life First split from the Democratic Party of Japan
• 2012: People's Life First split into a new Liberal Party and Tomorrow Party of Japan
• 2013: Tomorrow Party of Japan dissolved
• 2019: Liberal Party merged into ⇒ Democratic Party for the People

New Harbinger Party

• 1993: A liberal faction of the conservative Liberal Democratic Party seceded as the New Harbinger Party
• 1996: Most members left to co-found the ⇒ Democratic Party of Japan
• 1998: The remainder of the party evolved in conservative direction and renamed itself as Harbinger, before becoming the ecologist Green Assembly in 2002

Democratic Party of Japan (1998–2016)

• 1996: Dissidents from the ⇒ New Harbinger Party and the Social Democratic Party founded the Democratic Party of Japan (1996)
• 1998: The party merged with the Good Governance Party, the New Fraternity Party and the Democratic Reform Party to form a new, enlarged Democratic Party of Japan (1998)
• 2003: The ⇒ Liberal Party (1998) merged into the party
• 2016: The Democratic Party of Japan merged with Japan Innovation Party and Vision of Reform to form the Democratic Party

CDP and DPP (2017–present)

• 2017: The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan is formed as a centre-left social liberal party split from the Democratic Party.
• 2018: The remaining Democratic Party merged with Kibō no Tō to form the Democratic Party for the People, which includes liberals and conservatives.
• 2020: The majority faction of DPP merged into the new CDP, while the minority faction remain in the DPP.

Liberal figures

File:Fukuzawa Yukichi 1891.jpg|link=|Fukuzawa Yukichi File:ITAGAKI Taisuke.jpg|link=|Itagaki Taisuke File:Shigenobu Okuma 2.JPG|link=|Prime minister Ōkuma Shigenobu File:Kato takaaki.jpg|link=|Prime minister Katō Takaaki File:Yukio Ozaki.jpg|link=|Yukio Ozaki File:Tokuzō Fukuda.jpg|link=|Tokuzō Fukuda File:Reijiro Wakatsuki.jpg|link=|Prime minister Wakatsuki Reijirō File:Inukai Tsuyoshi.jpg|link=|Prime minister Inukai Tsuyoshi File:Shigeru Yoshida suit.jpg|link=|Prime minister Shigeru Yoshida File:Hatoyama Ichirō.jpg|link=|Prime minister Ichirō Hatoyama File:ISHIBASHI Tanzan.jpg|link=|Prime minister Tanzan Ishibashi File:Hayato Ikeda 1962 (cropped).jpg|link=|Prime minister Hayato Ikeda File:Masao-Maruyama-1.png|link=|Masao Maruyama File:Morihiro Hosokawa 19930809.jpg|link=|Prime minister Morihiro Hosokawa File:Yukio Hatoyama Profile.jpg|link=|Prime minister Yukio Hatoyama File:Naoto Kan 20071221.jpg|link=|Prime minister Naoto Kan File:Yukio Edano In front of Tenjin Twin Building (2020.10.18) (cropped).jpg|link=|Leader Yukio Edano of the CDPJ File:Kenta Izumi and Katsuya Okada (cropped).png|link=|Leader Kenta Izumi of the CDPJ

Notes

References

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