Lianjiang County

History

Lianjiang, in 282, during the Jin dynasty, was Wenma, named after a shipyard there, Wensha Ship-hamlet (溫麻船屯). It was incorporated into Min Prefecture (閩縣) in 607, during the Sui dynasty.

Wenma was changed to the present name and made its own county in 623, during the Tang dynasty, when Baisha (白沙) or Fusha (伏沙) of Aojiang was the capital of Lianjiang County. The capital was changed to Fengcheng as today in 742.

After the Republic of China was established, Lianjiang switched back and forth numerous times between two special regions:

• Minhou Special Region (閩侯專區): 18 years in total
• Fu'an (Ningde) Special Region (福安（寧德）專區): 16 years in total

During the Second Sino-Japanese War on 10 September 1937, Japan seized the two Lianjiang islands of Beigan and Nangan via the Collaborationist Chinese Army, making the islands the first in Fujian to fall to Japan. This led the county government to relocate to Danyang Township on April 19, 1941, before returning at the end of the war.

In 1949, the county was split in two due to the Chinese Civil War, as it remains today.

On 4 March 1964, a Chinese Nationalist commando raid on the Chinese Communist Party headquarters of the county captured and returned a commune file to Taipei.{{cite book |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012162333/https://1991.history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d31 |url-status=dead |author-link=Richard Baum

Beginning on 1 July 1983, the PRC side reverted control to Fuzhou Municipality. In the late 1980s, people living in Lianjiang County began a massive emigration wave to western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States.

Geography

Gaodeng Island in Lienchiang County (the Matsu Islands), ROC (Taiwan), is located 9.25 km away from the Beijiao Peninsula ({{linktext|北茭|半岛}}) in Lianjiang County, China (PRC).

• Geographic coordinates: 26°03'-26°27' N, 119°17'-120°31' E
• Coastline length: 209 km

Climate

|Jan record high C = 26.5 |Jan record low C = -1.9 |Feb record high C = 29.1 |Feb record low C = -1.1 |Mar record high C = 32.2 |Mar record low C = -0.9 |Apr record high C = 32.9 |Apr record low C = 5.5 |May record high C = 34.7 |May record low C = 11.5 |Jun record high C = 37.2 |Jun record low C = 13.7 |Jul record high C = 38.7 |Jul record low C = 19.9 |Aug record high C = 38.0 |Aug record low C = 20.1 |Sep record high C = 36.0 |Sep record low C = 14.4 |Oct record high C = 33.2 |Oct record low C = 7.7 |Nov record high C = 31.6 |Nov record low C = 2.8 |Dec record high C = 27.9 |Dec record low C = -3.6

Administrative divisions

The PRC (China) administers 16 towns and 6 townships:

Towns (镇, zhen):

• Fengcheng ({{linktext|凤城|镇}}) ("Phoenix City Town")
• Mabi (Ma-pi; {{linktext|马鼻|镇}}) ("Horse Snout Town")
• Danyang ({{linktext|丹阳|镇}})
• Dongdai (Tungtai; {{linktext|东岱|镇}})
• Donghu ({{linktext|东湖|镇}}) ("East Lake Town")
• Guanban ({{linktext|官坂|镇}}) (Traditional: 官阪镇)
• Tailu (T'ai-lu; {{linktext|苔菉|镇}})
• Aojiang ({{linktext|敖江|镇}}) ("Ao River Township")
• Pukou (P'u-k'ou; {{linktext|浦口|镇}}) ("River Mouth Township")
• Toubao (T'ou-pao; {{linktext|透堡|镇}})
• Huangqi (Huang-ch'i, Huangchi; {{linktext|黄岐|镇}})
• Xiao'ao (Hsiao-ao; {{linktext|晓澳|镇}})
• Guantou (Kwantow, Kuan-t'ou; {{linktext|琯头|镇}} – Guǎntóu)
• Xiaocheng (Hsiao-ch'eng; {{linktext|筱埕|镇}} – Xiǎochéng)
• Changlong ({{linktext|长龙|镇}}, formerly {{linktext|长龙|乡}}) ("Long Dragon")
• Kengyuan (K'eng-yüan; {{linktext|坑园|镇}}, formerly {{linktext|坑园|乡}})

Townships (乡, xiang):

• Xiagong (Hsia-kung; {{linktext|下宫|乡}})
• Xiaocang She Ethnic Township ({{linktext|小沧|畲族|乡}}; Traditional: 小滄畲族鄉)
• Ankai ({{linktext|安凯|乡}})
• Liaoyan ({{linktext|蓼沿|乡}})
• Pandu ({{linktext|潘渡|乡}})
• Jiangnan ({{linktext|江南|乡}})
• Mazu ({{linktext|马祖|乡}})*

:*The People's Republic of China ("Mainland China") claims the Matsu Islands (spelled as Mazu in Hanyu Pinyin), which are de facto under control of the Republic of China (Taiwan), as Mazu township of Lianjiang county.

These townships are divided into 266 villages.

Culture

Residents of Lianjiang – both on the Mainland and Matsu – speak the Lianjiang dialect, a subdialect of the Fuzhou dialect, a branch of Eastern Min. The dialect is also known as Bàng-uâ (平話).

Language

The Lianjiang dialect is a subdialect of Fuzhou dialect (the most prestigious dialect of Eastern Min). The Lianjiang dialect is mutually intelligible with Fuzhou dialect. It differs from Fuzhou dialect in its tonal sandhi pattern and vowel sandhi system. Small lexical differences also exist on object names, e.g. waxmelon is called "卷瓜" in Fuzhou but "冬瓜" in Lianjiang.

Generally speaking, the tonal sandhi system of Lianjiang is more conservative than that of Fuzhou, in that the Lianjiang tonal sandhi is still largely controlled by the Middle Chinese tonal registers, while the Fuzhou tonal sandhi shows more deviation and irregularity.

Lianjiang vowel sandhi is more complicated than that of Fuzhou. Both Lianjiang and Fuzhou have systematic vowel variations between citation forms and non-final forms of the same morpheme, e.g. "地" /tei/ "land" – "地主" /ti-tsuo/ "landlord". However, not all morphemes have such variations. Only the morphemes with low-starting tones show such variation. The morphemes with high-starting tones instead only have the more close variant, e.g. "迟" /ti/ "late"- "迟早" /ti tsia/ "early or late". However, some cognates are produced with different vowels in Lianjiang and Fuzhou, e.g. "江 river" is produced as /kyeŋ/ in Lianjiang, but /kouŋ/ in Fuzhou. Also, the rimes in Lianjiang are generally more close and front than that in Fuzhou, which is especially salient in the open vowels, e.g. "下 down" is [ɑ] in Fuzhou, but [a] in Lianjiang.

Surrounded by mountains, Lianjiang used to be a relatively isolated from the inland part of China for centuries. This explains why the Lianjiang phonological system is relatively more conservative. However, with the construction of the high-speed railway system and the improvement of tunnel system, northern migrants are flooding into Lianjiang in the past decade, which may bring language contact into perspective. Just like in Fuzhou, most young or middle-aged Lianjiang speakers speak Mandarin Chinese fluently, but usually with a local accent influenced by the local dialect. However, due to the misleading language policy (Not speaking Mandarin Chinese is taken as "immoral".) and disadvantageous status of the dialect, both Fuzhou and Lianjiang dialects are losing speakers in the youngest generation. More and more young people and children are only receptive bilinguals in Lianjiang.

Economy

Food products:

• Farm: loquats, rice, sweet potato, bean, cotton, sugar cane, tea plant, jasmine, watermelon, mushroom, grapes, dragon fruit, rhubarb.
• Sea: hairtail, shad, pomfret, cuttlefish, garoupa, prawn, crab, clam, mudskippers.
• Other: Yuanhong wine ("元紅")

Transportation

Luochang Expressway runs through Lianjiang's section of National Highway 104 in 500.3 km. 42.6 km navigable river length.

Guantou and Kemen (可門) are the largest seaports in Lianjiang with national access.

Lianjiang railway station is serviced by the Wenzhou-Fuzhou railway, preceded by Luoyuan and followed by Fuzhou South.

Tourism

There are hot springs in Gui'an (貴安) and Tanghui (湯尾) of Pandu. There is a Dragon King Palace-Temple (龍宮廟) in the Xiaocang She Ethnic Township.

Notable persons

• Chen Di, Ming philologist, strategist, and traveler
• Huang Rulun
• Zheng Sixiao (Cheng Suu-hsiao; 鄭思肖)

Notes

References

References

1. link. zh-tw. 二十六年
   九月十日
   北竿、南竿被日軍侵占，成為福建最早淪陷的島嶼。
2. 林金炎. zh-tw. 0910 日軍透過偽軍侵佔馬祖列島的南、北竿島，成為福建最早淪陷的島嶼。《連江縣志，大事紀P.34，連江縣地方志編纂委員會，2000.6，方志出版社。》. (2014)
3. John Wilson Lewis. (1971). "Reviewed Work: Rural People's Communes in Lien-chiang". [[The China Quarterly]].
4. Zhao, Xiaojian. "The New Chinese America: Class, Economy, and Social Hierarchy".
5. (September 2009). "辞海第六版. [[Cihai]] (Sixth Edition).". 上海辞书出版社. [[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]]..
6. DeWitt Copp. (1962). "The Odd Day". [[William Morrow and Company.
7. (29 July 2019). "FAQ".
8. (30 December 1955). "Chinese Reds Shell Islands; Fight Feared". [[Times-News (Idaho).
9. link. (22 January 2020). zh-hans. 东南为马祖列岛，距大陆最近点9.25公里；
10. link. [[China Meteorological Administration]]
11. link. (16 June 2015). zh-hans. 2000年第五次人口普查，连江县常住总人口599962人，{...}2000年末，连江县面积1168平方千米，人口61.75万人。{...}2007年末，连江县总面积1190.7平方千米（含马祖列岛23.5平方千米）。总人口为613354人（不含马祖列岛），其中城镇人口128298人。{...}2010年第六次人口普查，连江县常住总人口561490人，其中：凤城镇75553人，敖江镇52636人，东岱镇18791人，琯头镇60055人，晓澳镇29520人，东湖镇15272人，丹阳镇24284人，长龙镇9143人，透堡镇13455人，马鼻镇26516人，官坂镇24948人，筱埕镇25825人，黄岐镇23368人，苔箓镇25629人，浦口镇27955人，坑园镇16163人，潘渡乡16755人，江南乡22984人，蓼沿乡24216人，安凯乡14296人，下宫乡11180人，小沧畲族乡2946人。
12. link. [[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China]]. (2019). zh-hans. 统计用区划代码 名称 350122100000 凤城镇 350122101000 敖江镇 350122102000 东岱镇 350122103000 琯头镇 350122104000 晓澳镇 350122105000 东湖镇 350122106000 丹阳镇 350122107000 长龙镇 350122108000 透堡镇 350122109000 马鼻镇 350122110000 官坂镇 350122111000 筱埕镇 350122112000 黄岐镇 350122113000 苔菉镇 350122114000 浦口镇 350122115000 坑园镇 350122200000 潘渡乡 350122201000 江南乡 350122202000 蓼沿乡 350122203000 安凯乡 350122204000 下宫乡 350122205000 小沧畲族乡 350122400000 马祖乡
13. link. (22 January 2020). 连江县大数据管理局. zh-hans. 至2019年底，全县除马祖列岛尚待统一外，共设22个乡镇、269个村（居）民委员会。乡镇分别为：凤城镇、敖江镇、江南乡、东湖镇、浦口镇、东岱镇、晓澳镇、琯头镇、潘渡乡、小沧畲族乡、丹阳镇、蓼沿乡、长龙镇、透堡镇、马鼻镇、官坂镇、坑园镇、下宫乡、筱埕镇、安凯乡、黄岐镇、苔菉镇。
14. (5 May 1955). "Current Intelligence Bulletin". Office of Current Intelligence, CIA.
15. Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (2012). The Effect of Historical Tone Categories on Tone Sandhi in Lianjiang. Paper presented at the 20th Annual Conference of the IACL, Hongkong.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271849974_The_Effect_of_Historical_Tone_Categories_on_Tone_Sandhi_in_Lianjiang
16. Wu, J., & Chen, Y. (in prep.) Lianjiang.
17. 冯爱珍, & 李荣. (Eds.). (1998) 福州方言词典. 江苏教育出版社. {{ISBN. 7-5343-3421-7
18. "连江站高铁列车查询_【高铁网】连江站时刻表票价【连江站】_地址公交电话_网上订票".
19. "福州市中小学生道德规范基本要求".
20. "最新消息！两条高铁将直达福州新区！ _ 回应关切 _ 福州市人民政府门户网站".