LGBTQ rights in Sudan

Law regarding anal sex

Sodomy, defined as anal sex whether the couple is same-sex or opposite-sex, is illegal in Sudan. The Offence is defined in Article 148 of the Criminal Act of 1991. The original wording (translated) of the sodomy law, as amended in 2009, follows:{{poem quote|text= (1)There shall be deemed to commit sodomy, every man who penetrates his glans, or the equivalent thereof, in the anus of a woman, or another man's, or permits another man to penetrate his glans, or its equivalent in his anus. (2) (a) whoever commits the offence of sodomy, shall be punished, with shipping a hundred lashes, and he may also be punished, with imprisonment, for a term not exceeding five years; (b) where the offender is convicted for the second time, he shall be punished, with whipping a hundred lashes, and with imprisonment, for a term, not exceeding five years; (c) where the offender is convicted for the third time he shall be punished, with death, or with life imprisonment. On 9 July 2020, Sudan abolished the death penalty as a punishment for anal sex. The Transitional Sovereignty Council also eliminated the imposition of 100 lashes and added two years to the sentence for a second offence. The penalty for a third offence was changed from death or life imprisonment to life imprisonment. A first offence is now punished with up to five years and a second offence with up to seven years. Sudanese LGBTQ activists hailed the reform as a 'great first step' but said it was not enough yet, and the end goal should be the decriminalisation of gay sexual activity altogether.

Historically

Nuba tribal society in the 1930s

Siegfried Frederick Nadel wrote about the Nuba tribes in the late 1930s. He noted that among the Otoro, a special transvestitic role existed whereby men dressed and lived as women. Transvestitic homosexuality also existed amongst the Moru, Nyima, and Tira people, and reported marriages of Korongo londo and Mesakin tubele for the bride price of one goat.

In the Korongo and Mesakin tribes, Nadel reported a common reluctance among men to abandon all-male camp life for a life of permanent settlement. While not directly attributing the observed preference for camp life, Nadel highlighted two features of tribal life, as he viewed them, in connection with the preference: that it was a "matrilineal society... in which the fruits of procreation are not the man's", and "the strong emphasis on male companionship,... [and] also,... widespread homosexuality and transvesticism."

Politics regarding LGBTQ rights

On 4 February 2011 a vote was held in the United Nations on the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association's application for consultative status for the UN's Economic and Social Council. Sudan called for a No Action Motion to prevent voting on the consultative status for the LGBTQ group, and their motion passed 9–7, so the issue was not voted on.

Sudan has voted against every supportive resolution of LGBTQ rights at the United Nations.

Social attitudes

Same-sex sexual relations policies have divided some religious communities. In 2006, Abraham Mayom Athiaan, a bishop in South Sudan, led a split from the Episcopal Church of Sudan for what he regarded as a failure by the church leadership to condemn homosexuality sufficiently strongly.

The U.S. Department of State's 2011 human rights report found that:

In the 2019 Arab Barometer Survey, 17% of Sudanese said homosexuality is acceptable.

Rights groups

The first LGBTQ association of the country is Freedom Sudan, founded in December 2006. However, no internet presence has been seen from the group's Facebook page since 2013. Another group, Rainbow Sudan, was founded on 9 February 2012. Its founder, known as Mohammed, described the work and aims of the group: "...[W]e have groups that work online and offline. We form a small network of people working in an organized way to advance as much as possible LGBTQ issues, to show who we are, to stop discrimination, to see our rights recognized. We provide sexual education, psychological and emotional support, protection." Rainbow Sudan's internet presence ceased after January 2015.

Summary table

References

References

1. "Sudan".
2. (16 July 2020). "'Great first step' as Sudan lifts death penalty and flogging for gay sex". [[Thomson Reuters Foundation News]].
3. (1991). "1991 Criminal Act as Amended in 2009".
4. (19 July 2020). "Sudan lifts death penalty for gay sex". The Independent.
5. (16 July 2020). "Sudan Lifts Death Penalty and Flogging for Gay Sex in 'Great First Step'". Haaretz.
6. (16 July 2020). "HRC President Alphonso David on the Removal of Death Penalty for Same-Sex Relations in Sudan: Sudan Repeals Death Penalty for Same-Sex Relations". [[Human Rights Campaign]] (HRC).
7. (16 July 2020). "Sudan repeals death penalty for homosexuality". ILGA.
8. Nadel, S. F.. (1947). "The Nuba: An anthropological study of the hill tribes in Kordofan". Oxford University Press.
9. Lee, Matthew Russell. (4 February 2011). "Sudan immediately countered with a No Action Motion, to block voting on Belgium's proposal and the group". Inner City Press.
10. "South Sudan Anglican Church rejects tribalism and homosexuality". Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan.
11. "2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Sudan". U.S. Department of State.
12. (23 June 2019). "The Arab world in seven charts: Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?". BBC News.
13. "Freedom Sudan, the Sudanese LGBT association: About".
14. "Freedom Sudan, the Sudanese LGBT association".
15. "Rainbow Sudan".
16. Notaro, Pier Cesare. (12 January 2013). "LGBT rights in Sudan: someone fights for the rainbow".
17. "January {{!}} 2015 {{!}} Rainbow Sudan".
18. (2020-07-16). "Sudan drops death penalty for homosexuality".