Lester C. Hunt

Early years

Lester C. Hunt was born in Isabel, Illinois on July 8, 1892, a son of William Hunt and Viola (Callaway) Hunt. He was raised in Atlanta, Illinois, and graduated from Atlanta's high school in 1912. Hunt played semi-professional baseball in Illinois, and visited Wyoming for the first time at age 19, when he joined a team in Lander.

Hunt attended Illinois Wesleyan University from 1912 to 1913, where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and then worked as a railroad switchman to put himself through dental school at Saint Louis University. After graduating with a DDS degree in 1917, he moved to Lander to establish a practice. He joined the United States Army Dental Corps when the United States entered World War I, and served as a lieutenant from 1917 to 1919. After postgraduate study at Northwestern University in 1920, Hunt resumed his practice in Lander. He was president of the Wyoming State Dental Society and began his career in government when appointed as president of the Wyoming State Board of Dental Examiners, serving from 1924 to 1928.

Political career

State representative and Secretary of State

Hunt was elected in 1933 to the Wyoming House of Representatives from Fremont County. He sponsored eugenics legislation that would have permitted the sterilization of inmates at Wyoming institutions if "afflicted with insanity, idiocy, imbecility, feeblemindedness, or epilepsy". The legislation, though similar to that enacted in several neighboring states in the 1920s, failed, and he later stated that he regretted sponsoring it. He was elected as Wyoming Secretary of State in 1934 and 1938, serving from 1935 to 1943. In 1935, he commissioned muralist Allen Tupper True to design the Bucking Horse and Rider that has appeared on Wyoming license plates since 1936. While serving as Secretary of State, Hunt personally claimed the copyright of the Wyoming Guidebook, a Work Projects Administration publication, after the Governor and legislature failed to act to preserve the bucking horse and rider design as the state's intellectual property. The book proved popular, and there were questions as to whether Hunt benefited personally from its sales. He was able to demonstrate that he had endorsed all quarterly royalty checks and turned them over to the state treasurer, and he transferred the copyright to the State of Wyoming in 1942.

Governor of Wyoming

Hunt was governor of Wyoming, from 1943 to 1949. The principal legislative accomplishment of his first term was the enactment of a retirement system for teachers. He repeatedly proposed a retirement system for state workers in his second term without success. During his first term, Republican U.S. Senator Edward V. Robertson charged that the Japanese citizens interned at Heart Mountain, Wyoming, were leading pampered lives and hoarding supplies. The Denver Post wrote an exposé backing his complaints. Hunt dismissed that as a "political story" and said that "food stuffs cannot be brought into a city to feed 13,500 people in a wheel barrow and it would not be good business to bring it in every day." He toured the camp and said the internees' "living standard was, to my way of thinking, rather disgraceful." At the end of the war, he wrote to the War Relocation Authority that "We do not want a single one of these evacuees to remain in Wyoming."

When President Roosevelt issued an executive order on March 16, 1943, creating Jackson Hole National Monument, Hunt joined in mobilizing opposition and said he would use state police to remove any federal official who tried to exert authority in the Monument's lands. Congress refused to fund the Monument until 1950, when Wyoming's two U.S. Senators, Joseph C. O'Mahoney and Hunt, reached a compromise with the Truman administration. It merged most of the Monument's lands into Grand Teton National Park, provided compensation for lost revenue, and protected local property owners.

Hunt was a Wyoming delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940, 1944, and 1948. He chaired the National Governors Association in 1948. His official gubernatorial portrait was painted by artist Michele Rushworth and hangs in the state capitol building in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

United States Senator

Main article: 1948 United States Senate election in Wyoming

Hunt was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1948 to a term beginning January 3, 1949, defeating incumbent Republican E.V. Robertson by a comfortable margin. His political positions combined fiscal conservatism and opposition to big government with support for public housing and increased federal aid to education. During his tenure in the Senate, Hunt became a bitter enemy of Wisconsin senator Joseph R. McCarthy, and his criticism of McCarthy's tactics marked him as a prime target in the 1954 election. For example, he campaigned for a law to restrict Congressional immunity by allowing individuals to sue members of Congress for slanderous statements. He called for reform of Senate rules: "If situations confront the Congress in which it can no longer control its members by the rules of society, justice and fair play, then Congress has, I feel, a moral obligation to take drastic steps to remedy those situations."

In 1949, he recommended that the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Dental Association (ADA) consider endorsing a plan for the federal government to offer health insurance policies with low deductibles to cover "medical, surgical, hospital, laboratory, nursing and dental services." He told an ADA convention:

He served on the Senate Crime Investigating Committee (known as the Kefauver Committee) and the Senate Armed Services Committee. He backed foreign aid programs and supported a call for disarmament designed to demonstrate that Russia's peace proposals were not serious.

Following Dwight Eisenhower's landslide victory in the 1952 election, Hunt announced that he felt obliged to support the administration's legislative proposals wherever possible. He cited complete agreement with plans for agricultural subsidies, the expansion of Social Security, the creation of a Fair Employment Practices Commission, and the abolition of segregation in the District of Columbia.

Son's arrest and Hunt's suicide

On June 9, 1953, Hunt's 25-year-old son Lester Jr., known as "Buddy", who was a student and president of the student body at the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was arrested in Washington, D.C., for soliciting sex from a male undercover police officer in Lafayette Square, just north of and adjacent to the White House property. It was his first offense, which police normally handled quietly as a matter for the offender's family to address, but the arrest became known to Senate Republicans. According to Drew Pearson's "Washington Merry-Go-Round" column published after Hunt's death, Senators Styles Bridges and Herman Welker threatened that if Hunt did not immediately retire from the Senate and agree not to seek his seat in the 1954 election, they would see that his son was prosecuted and would widely publicize his son's arrest.

In a closely divided Senate, Hunt's resignation would have allowed Wyoming's Republican governor to appoint a Republican to fill the remainder of Hunt's term and to run as an incumbent in the 1954 election, possibly affecting the balance of power in the Senate in favor of Republicans. Hunt refused, and in response, Republican Senators threatened Inspector Roy Blick of the Morals Division of the Washington Police Department with the loss of his job for failing to prosecute Buddy Hunt. Buddy Hunt was prosecuted, and Senator Hunt attended the trial. On October 7, 1953, Buddy Hunt paid a fine for soliciting a plainclothes policeman "for lewd and immoral purposes", and on the same day, The Washington Post published the story. Buddy Hunt's attorney was quoted in an October 8 New York Times account as saying his client preferred "to avoid any further publicity." Aside from these brief media accounts, the arrest and prosecution of Buddy Hunt was not widely publicized at the time.

In December 1953, Hunt told journalist Pearson that he would not stand for re-election if the opposition used his son's arrest against him, fearing that the publicity would have a negative effect on his wife's health. Despite the threats of publicity from his political opponents, including a specific threat to distribute in Wyoming 25,000 leaflets about his son's arrest, Hunt did announce on April 15, 1954, that he would be a candidate for re-election. A poll taken on April 5, 1954, gave Hunt 54.5% support, with his nearest opponent at 19.3%.

In May 1954, as a member of the Senate's "liberal bloc", he proposed rules for Senate committees designed to eliminate some of McCarthy's tactics. Later that month, Bridges renewed his threat to publicize Hunt Jr.'s offense to Wyoming voters. The Eisenhower administration, taking a different tack, offered Hunt a high-paying position on the U.S. Tariff Commission if he agreed never to run for the Senate again. On June 8, following a medical examination at Bethesda Naval Hospital, Hunt changed his mind about running again, and wrote to the chair of the Wyoming Democratic party, citing health concerns as the reason: "I shall never again be a candidate for an elective office." He did not, however, resign from the Senate.

On June 19, 1954, Hunt shot himself at his desk in his Senate office, using a .22 caliber rifle he apparently brought from home. He was taken to Casualty Hospital, where he died a few hours later at age 61. The New York Times reported that he acted "in apparent despondency over his health" and left four sealed notes.

Just one day before Hunt's suicide, McCarthy had accused an unnamed member of the Senate of "just plain wrong doing". After Hunt's suicide, McCarthy's ally Senator Karl Mundt of South Dakota denied that McCarthy was referring to Hunt.

Aftermath

The day after Hunt's suicide, Pearson published his charges about how Republican Senators had threatened Hunt, but described Hunt's motives as complex: In private, he confirmed that Hunt had no serious health problem and wrote in his diary that "Unfortunately I am afraid that the morals charge against his son and the experience Hunt suffered was the main factor."

Hunt was buried on June 22 in Cheyenne at Beth El Cemetery following a brief church service. At the time of his death, Hunt was a major in the Army Reserve Corps.

On June 24, acting Wyoming Governor C.J. Rogers appointed Republican Edward D. Crippa to fill the remainder of Hunt's Senate term, which expired in January. On July 4, the conservative Washington Times-Herald reported Buddy Hunt's arrest and conviction from the previous year, with Hunt's death giving the story wider circulation than it had previously received.{{cite news| date = July 28, 1954| title = Congressional Quiz| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19540728&id=i6leAAAAIBAJ&pg=2720,1918675&hl=en| newspaper = The Free Lance–Star

On July 9, Blick signed an affidavit exonerating Bridges and Welker of pressuring him, but his decision to prosecute Buddy Hunt under circumstances which did not normally warrant prosecution remained unexplained. On November 9, the Senate eulogized its members who had died recently and Bridges called Hunt "a man who demonstrated the best qualities of an American. He was loyal and he served well". Hunt's cousin, William M. Spencer, president of the North American Car Corporation in Chicago, wrote Welker after learning he had eulogized Hunt:

Democrat Joseph C. O'Mahoney won Hunt's Senate seat in the election on November 2, defeating the Republican nominee, Congressman William Henry Harrison III.

Buddy Hunt later worked on the staff of Catholic Charities in Chicago and then for the Industrial Areas Foundation of Chicago. With his co-worker there, Nicholas von Hoffman, he co-authored a paper, "The Meanings of 'Democracy': Puerto Rican Organizations in Chicago", that appeared in ETC: A Review of General Semantics, an academic journal of linguistics in 1956. In October 2015, Buddy completed his first on-camera interview about his arrest and his father's suicide, for the Yahoo News documentary “Uniquely Nasty: The U.S. Government’s War on Gays.” Buddy Hunt died in Chicago on January 6, 2020, at the age of 92.

Later references

Allen Drury, a journalist who covered the U.S. Senate for United Press International, used Hunt's blackmail and suicide as the basis for his 1959 best-selling and Pulitzer Prize–winning novel Advise and Consent. In the novel, Senator Fred Van Ackerman from Wyoming uses a homosexual affair to blackmail Utah Senator Brigham Anderson. In 1962, the novel was made into a movie starring Henry Fonda and directed by Otto Preminger.

University of Wyoming historian T.A. Larson, author of a history of the state, wrote an account of Hunt's suicide and submitted it to Hunt's widow Nathelle, seeking her permission to publish it. Instead she threatened him with a lawsuit and he never published the results of his research.

Hunt's anti-McCarthyism and his son's arrest appear in fictionalized form in Thomas Mallon's Fellow Travelers (2007), a novel that describes a young man's introduction to hardball Washington politics in the 1950s as he discovers his gay identity. It is included as well in the 2023 television miniseries based on the novel.

In 2013, at a mock trial of Hunt's Senate colleagues McCarthy, Welker, and Bridges, all three were "found guilty of a variety of charges, including blackmail and causing bodily injury". The event was organized to coincide with the publication of a new study of Hunt's death, Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins by Rodger McDaniel, a Presbyterian pastor, former Wyoming legislator (1971–1981), and Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1982. He used some of Larson's research.

Notes

References

Additional sources

References

1. "Senator Lester Hunt's Decision". Historian of the United States Senate.
2. (1946). "The National Cyclopedia of American Biography". J. T. White.
3. (May 17, 1912). "Nineteen Will Graduate". The Weekly Pantagraph.
4. (February 11, 1918). "Lieut. Hunt Weds". The Pantagraph.
5. "Distinguished Alumni". [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]].
6. (1961). "The National Cyclopædia of American Biography". J. T. White Company.
7. (September 1917). "Dental College Commencements: St. Louis University, Dental Department". S. F. White Dental Mfg. Co..
8. [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000975 Hunt, Lester Callaway - Biographical Information] - Congressional Biography Directory
9. Storrow, Benjamin. (April 14, 2013). "A Death Untold: The Suicide of Wyoming Sen. Lester Hunt". Casper Star-Tribune.
10. McDaniel, Rodger. (2013). "Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt". WordsWorth.
11. T.A. Larson, ''History of Wyoming'' (University of Nebraska Press, 1965), 464–5, 467–8
12. Wyoming Secretary of State: [http://soswy.state.wy.us/AdminServices/BHRHistory.aspx "Bucking Horse & Rider, Historical Information"] {{Webarchive. link. (March 9, 2009 , accessed February 24, 2011 ''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/arts/l-western-images-wyoming-s-plate-167037.html "Western Images: Wyoming's Plate," May 26, 2002], accessed February 24, 2011)
13. ''Wyoming: A Guide to its History, Highways, and People'' (NY: Oxford University Press, 1941), copyright page, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kayF9jqCaccC&pg=PR4& available online], accessed February 25, 2011
14. McDaniel, Rodger. (2013). "Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt".
15. Larson, ''History'', 496
16. Larson, ''History'', 509-10
17. Larson, ''History'', 479-80
18. Larson, ''History'', 480
19. Larson, ''History'', 499–501
20. ''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1963/04/17/archives/ev-robertson-ex-gopsenator-former-wyoming-rancher-diesserved-194349.html E.V. Robertson, Ex-G.O.P. Senator," April 17, 1963], accessed February 24, 2011; Larson, ''History'', 510
21. Larson, ''History'', 510
22. (October 31, 2004). "A senator's suicide". [[Casper Star Tribune]].
23. Daviess, Lawrence. (October 19, 1949). "Senator Urges U.S. Sell Health Policy". New York Times.
24. (July 8, 1951). "Atlantic City Seen as Hub of Crime". New York Times.
25. (June 20, 1954). "Hunt Saw Himself as Progressive". New York Times.
26. (December 6, 1952). "Hunt, Democrat, Backs G.O.P. Aims". New York Times.
27. McDaniel, Rodger. (2013). "Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt".
28. McDaniel, Rodger. (2013). "Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt".
29. Pearson, Drew. (June 22, 1954). "The Washington Merry-Go-Round". [[Detroit Free Press]].
30. Pearson, Drew. (February 21, 1974). "Diaries, 1949-1959". [[Henry Holt and Company.
31. David K. Johnson, ''The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government'' (University of Chicago Press, 2004), 141
32. (October 8, 1953). "Senator Hunt's Son Pays Fine". [[The New York Times]].
33. McDaniel, Rodger. (2013). "Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt".
34. Pearson, ''Diaries, 1949-1959'', 323
35. Larson, ''History'', 520n5
36. McDaniel, Rodger. (2013). "Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt".
37. (May 27, 1954). "Democrats Draft Code on Inquiries". The New York Times.
38. McDaniel, Rodger. (2013). "Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt".
39. Nicholas Von Hoffman, ''Citizen Cohn'' (NY: Doubleday, 1988), 231–2. Von Hoffman notes the use of a comparable threat of homosexual exposure by McCarthy staff member Roy Cohn against [[Samuel Reber]].
40. (June 9, 1954). "Senator Hunt Retiring". The New York Times.
41. (June 20, 1954). "Ailing Wyoming Democratic solon takes own life in Senate office". Lewiston Morning Tribune.
42. (June 20, 1954). "Wyoming's Sen. Hunt kills self with gun". Pittsburgh Press.
43. (June 19, 1954). "Hunt Takes Life in Senate Office". The New York Times.
44. Drew Pearson did not believe McCarthy's remarks affected Hunt's decision to commit suicide. Pearson, ''Diaries, 1949-1959'', 323
45. Pearson, ''Diaries, 1949-1959'', 321
46. McDaniel, Rodger. (2013). "Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt".
47. (June 23, 1954). "Senator Hunt Buried". The New York Times.
48. [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000906 Crippa, Edward David - Biographical Information] - Congressional Biography Directory
49. Shelby Scates, ''Maurice Rosenblatt and the Fall of Joseph McCarthy'' (University of Washington Press, 2006), 97
50. James J. Kiepper, ''Styles Bridges: Yankee Senator'' (Sugar Hill, NH: Phoenix Publishing, 2001), 146
51. (November 10, 1954). "Senate Pays Tribute to 4 who have Died". The New York Times.
52. Kiepper, 147; also quoted in part: Scates, 97-8
53. [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000088 O'Mahoney, Joseph Christopher - Biographical Information] - Congressional Biography Directory
54. [[S.I. Hayakawa]], ed., ''Our Language and Our World: Selections from ETC: A Review of General Semantics'' (NY: Harper & Brothers, 1959), 52–65
55. Isikoff, Michael. (October 7, 2015). "U.S. Senator Urges Probe Into Cold War-era Antigay Blackmail Plot". Yahoo News.
56. (January 6, 2020). "Lester Hunt Obituary".
57. ''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/books/review/Mallon2-t.html Thomas Mallon, "'Advise and Consent' at 50," June 25, 2009], accessed February 25, 2011
58. McDaniel, Rodger. (2013). "Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt".
59. Thomas Mallon, ''Fellow Travelers'' (NY: Pantheon Books, 2007), 53, 93, 112–3, 161–7
60. Fienberg, Daniel. (October 23, 2023). "'Fellow Travelers' Review: A Superbly Paired Matt Bomer and Jonathan Bailey Give Showtime's Sometimes Stodgy Miniseries Its Spark". Hollywood Reporter.