Lebanese Australians

Diaspora history

Background Lebanon’s historical significance derives from its position as the heartland of the ancient Phoenicians, a maritime civilisation that flourished along the Levantine coast from the 3rd millennium BCE. The Phoenicians established one of the earliest commercial and naval networks in the Mediterranean, founding colonies from Cyprus and North Africa to Sicily, Spain, and beyond.[1][2] They are credited with developing the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, later refined into the Phoenician script, which became the ancestor of Greek, Latin, Aramaic, and eventually modern Western and Middle Eastern alphabets.[3][4] Key Phoenician cities such as Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre played central roles in ancient trade, shipbuilding, metallurgy, and the production of Tyrian purple dye, a luxury commodity that shaped Mediterranean political and economic systems.[5] Archaeological and historical scholarship recognises the Phoenicians as foundational contributors to writing systems, navigation, diplomacy, and intercultural exchange, making Lebanese civilisation one of the oldest and most influential cultural lineages in the ancient world.[6] 2. Aubet, Maria Eugenia. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge University Press, 2001. 3. Daniels, Peter T., and William Bright (eds.). The World’s Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, 1996. 4. Healey, John F. The Early Alphabet. University of California Press / British Museum Press, 1990. 5. Moscati, Sabatino (ed.). The Phoenicians. Rizzoli International, 1988. 6. Gilmour, Garth. “The Archaeology of the Phoenicians.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2019. /ref

19th-century migration

As part of a large-scale emigration in the 1870s, Lebanese Christians fleeing the Ottoman Empire’s declining economy, migrated to the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina and other Latin American nations, particularly Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. Many also went to the United States, Canada and Australia, primarily the eastern states, and New South Wales in particular.

In the 1890s, the numbers of Lebanese immigrants to Australia rose, part of the mass emigration from the area of Lebanon that became the modern Lebanese state and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains region that became Syria.

Second wave of migration

The Lebanese-born population numbered 24,000 in 1971. Following the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975–1990, this wave of migrants were often poor and for the first time, over half of them were Muslim. This influx of new migrants changed the character of the established Lebanese community in Australia significantly, especially in Sydney where 70% of the Lebanese-born population were concentrated.

Christian Maronite and Orthodox Lebanese Christians that settled in Australia over the last two centuries were able to gain some influence within Australian politics. In late 1975, unrest in Lebanon caused a group of influential Maronite Australians to approach Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and his immigration minister, Michael MacKellar regarding the resettling of Lebanese civilians with their Australian relatives. Immediate access to Australia could not be granted under normal immigration categories, thus the Lebanese people were categorised as refugees. This was not in the traditional sense as the Lebanese people were not fleeing from persecution but escaping from internal conflict between Muslim and Christian groups. This action was known as the "Lebanon Concession".

Between 1975–1990, more than 30,000 civil war refugees arrived in Australia. Most immigrants were Muslim Lebanese from deprived rural areas who learned of Australia's Lebanon Concession and decided to seek a better life. They were Muslims from northern Lebanon as Christian and Muslim Lebanese were unwilling to leave the capital city, Beirut. Immigrants of the Lebanese Concession primarily settled in south-west Sydney; Sunnis in Lakemba and Shias in Arncliffe.

Return migration

Lebanese Australians have a moderate rate of return migration to Lebanon. In December 2001, the Department of Foreign Affairs estimated that there were 30,000 Australian citizen residents in Lebanon. During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, the Australian Government organised mass evacuations of Australian residents in Lebanon.

Demographics

Worldwide, most people of Lebanese ancestry today live outside Lebanon, and are known as the Lebanese diaspora which numbers from 8 to possibly 14 million.

Locations

In New South Wales, most Lebanese Australians were reported to reside in the Western Sydney council areas of City of Bankstown, with City of Holroyd, City of Canterbury and City of Parramatta (all pre-2016 council areas). The area included suburbs such as Lakemba, Greenacre and Punchbowl.

In Victoria, like most Middle-Easterners, Lebanese Australians are mostly found in the North and West of Melbourne, in areas such as the City of Hume, City of Merri-bek, and the City of Whittlesea , particularly in suburbs such as Broadmeadows, Coburg, Preston, Campbellfield, Altona North, and Glenroy.

Religious diversity

According to the , 48.2% of Australians, who were born in Lebanon were Catholics, 9.9% were Eastern Orthodox, 3.4% were Protestant, 35.1% were Muslims, and 3.4% followed secular or no religious beliefs.

Business

The peak business body is the Australian Lebanese Chamber of Commerce, with associations in both Sydney and Melbourne.

Arts, culture, terminology

In 1996, Lebanon...Imprisoned Splendour the first Australian documentary about the impact of the Lebanese Civil War on Australian Lebanese was released by journalist Daizy Gedeon who was deputy foreign editor at The Australian newspaper. The film featured Omar Sharif and won global acclaim. In 2014, a series of documentaries on Lebanese Australians was presented by SBS under the title Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl.

The Lebanese Film Festival was launched in Sydney in 2012. Every year since then, it has showcases films which are either filmed or based in Lebanon, or made by Lebanese film makers throughout the world. The organisation is based in Bankstown, but the film festival travels to cinemas in Newcastle and Bowral in NSW, as well as Adelaide, Canberra, Melbourne and Brisbane from August to November each year.

In 2017–8, two seasons of the sitcom Here Come the Habibs, featuring a Lebanese Australian family who win the lottery and move to the posh eastern suburbs of Sydney, aired on Channel 9.

Michael Mohammed Ahmad's 2018 comic novel The Lebs was shortlisted for the 2019 Miles Franklin Award. He had previously written an essay entitled "Lebs and Punchbowl Prison", the prison referring to his alma mater, Punchbowl Boys' High School. At his school, the term "Lebs" did not refer just to boys from Lebanese family, but to anyone whose family came from the Middle East, and even included boys with African and Indonesian backgrounds. The term "Leb" or "Lebo" has been used as a derogatory term, mostly in Sydney and Melbourne, and gained more widespread use after the 2005 Cronulla Riots. It is listed in the Collins English Dictionary as "Australian (offensive, slang), a person from Lebanon or of Lebanese origin". Ahmad wishes to help reclaim the word through his writing.

Notable Lebanese Australians

Notes

References

References

1. [https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx Community profile 2021] abs.gov.au
2. "Greater Sydney: Birthplace".
3. "Greater Melbourne: Birthplace".
4. "2021 People in Australia who were born in Lebanon, Census Country of birth QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
5. (2008-02-03). "El Australie - a history of Lebanese migration to Australia". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
6. "History of immigration from Lebanon". Museum of Victoria.
7. Monsour, Anne. "Chapter 10. Religion Matters: The experience of Syrian/Lebanese Christians in Australia from the 1880s to 1947". Australian National University E Press.
8. Humphrey, Michael. (2004). "Lebanese identities: between cities, nations and trans-nations". Association of Arab-American University Graduates.
9. (22 May 2015). "Concession that led to debacle".
10. (14 February 2001). "Estimates of Australian Citizens Living Overseas as at December 2001". Southern Cross Group ([[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia).
11. (22 July 2006). "Govt to foot Lebanon evacuation bill". [[ABC News (Australia).
12. [http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/May-01/255048-bassil-promises-to-ease-citizenship-for-expatriates.ashx#axzz30yVHukzf Bassil promises to ease citizenship for expatriates]
13. (3 April 2007). "Country Profile: Lebanon". [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
14. "Top Sydney Council Areas: Residents of Lebanese Ancestry Heat Map".
15. "Census 2016, Ancestry by Birthplace of Parents (SA2+)".
16. (2021-08-10). "People in Australia who were born in Lebanon, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts". Australian Bureau of Statistics.
17. (2016-08-10). "People in Australia who were born in Lebanon, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts". Australian Bureau of Statistics.
18. (2011-08-10). "People in Australia who were born in Lebanon, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts". Australian Bureau of Statistics.
19. [http://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/program/1007/Once-Upon-A-Time-In-Punchbowl Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl] at SBS On Demand, 3 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014
20. "About us".
21. Cronin, Seanna. (8 June 2017). "Here Come the Habibs star to keep pushing boundaries". Sunshine Coast Daily.
22. Ley, James. (25 May 2018). "I'm with stupid: The Lebs by Michael Mohammed Ahmad". Sydney Review of Books.
23. "Leb".
24. Dumas, Daisy. (20 February 2018). "What it means to be a 'Leb' in Australian culture".
25. Nicholls, Claire. (12 July 2019). "Miles Franklin shortlist – The Lebs by Michael Mohammed Ahmad".