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Lazarus sign

Reflex movement in brain-dead or brainstem failure patients

Lazarus sign

Reflex movement in brain-dead or brainstem failure patients

Brain death – Lazarus sign

The Lazarus sign or Lazarus reflex is a reflex movement in brain-dead or brainstem failure patients, which causes them to briefly raise their arms and drop them crossed on their chests. The phenomenon is named after Lazarus of Bethany, whom the biblical Gospel of John states was raised from the dead by Jesus.

Causes

Like the knee jerk reflex, the Lazarus sign is an example of a reflex mediated by a reflex arc—a neural pathway which passes via the spinal column but not through the brain. As a consequence, the movement is possible in brain-dead patients whose organs have been kept functioning by life-support machines, precluding the use of complex involuntary motions as a test for brain activity. It has been suggested by neurologists studying the phenomenon that increased awareness of this and similar reflexes "may prevent delays in brain-dead diagnosis and misinterpretations."

The reflex is often preceded by slight shivering motions of the patient's arms, or the appearance of goose bumps on the arms and torso. The arms then begin to flex at the elbows before lifting to be held above the sternum. They are often brought from here towards the neck or chin and touch or cross over. Short exhalations have also been observed coinciding with the action.

Occurrences

The phenomenon has been observed to occur several minutes after the removal of medical ventilators used to pump air in and out of brain-dead patients.

Occurrences of the Lazarus sign in intensive-care units have been mistaken for evidence of resuscitation of patients. They may frighten those who witness the movement, and have been viewed by some as miraculous events.

References

References

  1. (2009). "Brain death and brainstem failure". The Egyptian Society of Medical Ethics.
  2. S.G Han. (2006). "Reflex Movements in Patients with Brain Death: A Prospective Study in A Tertiary Medical Center". Journal of Korean Medical Science.
  3. Allan H Ropper. (1984). "Unusual spontaneous movements in brain-dead patients". Neurology.
  4. Some neurologists believe that [[Hypoxia (medicine). hypoxia]] could lead to Lazarus sign but this theory lost strength as incidents of new cases in patients with normal oxygen level began to arise.Heytens, L., Verlooy, J., Gheuens, J., & Bossaert, L. (1989). Lazarus sign and extensor posturing in a brain-dead patient: Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery, 71(3), 449–451. [https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.71.3.0449]
  5. (1994). "Practice Parameters: Determining Brain Death in Adults". [[American Academy of Neurology]].
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