Laodicea in Syria

History

Early settlement

The Phoenician city of Ramitha was located in the coastal area where the modern port of Latakia is, known to the Greeks as Leukê Aktê or "white coast".

Hellenistic period

Laodicea got its name when was first founded in the fourth century BC under the rule of the Seleucid Empire: it was named by Seleucus I Nicator in honor of his mother, Laodice ().

In 174 BC, an inscription was placed in the city, which has only survived through a Roman-era copy. It records how a family appealed to local authorities for protection when someone wished to place a statue inside their private sanctuary dedicated to the Egyptian gods Isis and Serapis.

Roman period

The Romans made a "Pharum" at the port, that was renowned as one of the best of Ancient Levant; then created a Roman road from southern Anatolia toward Berytus and Damascus, that greatly improved the commerce through the port of Laodicea.

There are few remains of what was a rich and well-built town (Strab. 16.2.9): colonnades, a monumental arch, sarcophagi, all within the modern town. The sanctuaries, public baths, amphitheater, hippodrome, mentioned by ancient authors or by Greek inscriptions, and the rampart gates depicted on coins, have all disappeared...The town occupies a rocky promontory...Including the port, its area was ca. 220 ha...A wide avenue, bordered with porticos in Roman times, ran N-S across the town, from the tip of the peninsula to the gate where the road to Antioch started; perpendicular to this, three colonnaded streets ran from E to W. The one to the N was centered on the entry to the citadel on the high hill to the NE. The central one came from the E gate, where the Apamea road reached the city. The street today is occupied by the great souk, where there is still an alignment of 13 monolithic granite columns. A tetrapylon marked the crossing of this thoroughfare with the N-S avenue. The S street began at the port and ended to the E at the long steep hill to the SE, where a monumental four-way arch, erroneously called a tetrapylon, closed off the view. This arch consists of four semicircular arches, one on each side, supporting a stone cupola. Columns engaged in pilasters serve as buttresses at the corners of the four masonry moles. Not far away, inside a mosque, is the corner of a Corinthian peristyle, with capitals and entablature. Virtually nothing remains of the theater, which was built against the SE hill and whose cavea had a diameter of ca. 100 m. Princeton: Laodicea ad mare

The city enjoyed a huge economic prosperity thanks to the wine produced in the hills around the port and exported to all the empire. The city was famous because of the textile products. Herod, king of Judaea, constructed an aqueduct for the city. Laodicea minted coins from an early Roman date, but the most famous are from Severian times.

A sizable Jewish population lived in Laodicea during the first century AD. During the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD), Legio VI Ferrata was stationed in the city, which served as its winter quarters, before being joined to a larger army assembled to quell the rebellion in neighboring Judaea.

In 194 AD, during the reign of Severan dynasty, a third century imperial dynasty of Rome, the emperor Septimius Severus gave the title "Metropolis" to the city, and allowed the Ius Italicum (exemption from empire taxation) to Laodicea, that was later called a "Roman Colonia". Under Septimius Severus the city was fortified and was made for a few years the capital of Roman Syria: in this period Laodicea grew to be a city of nearly 40,000 inhabitants and had even an hippodrome.

Byzantine period

An earthquake damaged the city in 494 AD and successively Justinian I made Laodicea the capital of the Byzantine province of "Theodorias" in the early sixth century. Laodicea remained its capital for more than a century until the Arab conquest.

Later history

Main article: Latakia#History

Bishops of Laodicea

Saint Paul visited Laodicea and converted the first Christians in the city. Slowly the bishops of Laodicea grew in importance but were always under the Patriarch of Antioch. The most important bishops were:

• Lucius of Cyrene (1st century), mentioned in Acts, traditionally considered the first bishop
• Thelymidres (fl. 250–251), bishop during the Decian persecution
• Heliodorus, became bishop during the reign of Trebonianus Gallus (251–253)
• Socrates (died. c. 264)
• Eusebius (died c. 268), a native of Alexandria in Egypt
• Anatolius (c. 268 – 282/283), a native of Alexandria in Egypt
• Stephen, apostasized during the Diocletianic persecution (303–313)
• Theodotus (303/313 – c. 335), an Arian
• George (died 359), an Arian
• After George there were two rival bishops in Laodicea:
  • Pelagius (360–381/394), an Arian
  • Apollinarius (c. 360 – c. 392), founded the Apollinarians
• Elpidius, bishop by 394, deposed in 404, restored in 416
• Macarius (429-451)
• Maximus (around 458)
• Nicia
• Costantinus (510–518)
• Stephanus (553)

Notes

Bibliography

• Butcher, Kevin. Roman Syria and the Near East Getty Publications. Los Angeles, 2003 (https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-rRjC0C&pg=PA230)
• Ross Burns. Monuments of Syria: A Guide. Publisher I.B.Tauris. New York, 2009

References

1. Burns, Ross. (30 June 2009). "Monuments of Syria: A Guide". I.B.Tauris.
2. "Featured Coin".
3. "LAODICEA - JewishEncyclopedia.com".
4. Rogers, Guy MacLean. (2021). "For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE". Yale University Press.
5. (1996). "International Dictionary of Historic Places". Fitzroy Dearborn.
6. Mark DelCogliano. (July 2022). ["The Eusebian Alliance: the Case of Theodotus of Laodicea"](https://www.academia.edu/download/31278255/Art._DelCogliano._The_Eusebian_Alliance._The_Case_of_Theodotus_of_Laodicea.pdf}}{{dead link). Zeitschrift für antikes Christentum.