Kutaisi

History

Archaeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the Colchis in the sixth to fifth centuries BC. It is believed that in the Argonautica, a Greek epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their journey to Colchis, author Apollonius Rhodius considered Kutaisi their final destination as well as the residence of King Aeëtes.

Later, it was the capital of the kingdom of Lazica until being occupied briefly by the Arabs. An Arab invasion into western Georgia was repelled by Abkhazians jointly with Lazic and Iberian allies in 736, towards c.786, Leon II won his full independence from the Byzantine Empire and transferred his capital to Kutaisi, thus unifying Lazica and Abasgia via a dynastic union. The latter led the unification of the Georgian monarchy in the 11th century.

From 1008 to 1122, Kutaisi served as the capital of the Kingdom of Georgia, and, from the 15th century until 1810, it was the capital of the Kingdom of Imereti. In 1508, the city was conquered by Selim I, who was the son of Bayezid II, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

During the 17th century, Imeretian kings made many appeals to the Russian Empire to help them in their struggle for independence from the Ottomans. All these appeals were ignored as Russia did not want to spoil relations with the Ottomans. Only in the reign of Catherine the Great, in 1768, were troops of general Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben sent to join the forces of King Heraclius II of Georgia, who hoped to reconquer the Ottoman-held southern Georgian lands, with Russian help. Totleben helped King Solomon I of Imereti to recover his capital, Kutaisi, on August 6, 1770.

Finally, the Russian-Turkish wars ended in 1810 with the annexation of the Imeretian Kingdom by the Russian Empire. The city was the administrative capital of the Kutaisi uezd and the larger Kutaisi Governorate, which included much of west Georgia.

In March 1879, the city was the site of a blood libel trial that attracted attention all over the Russian Empire. Nine Georgian Jews from Sachkhere were falsely accused of killing a Christian girl and using her blood for allegedly Jewish religious purposes. The trial took place at the Kutaisi Circuit Court, which had been established in 1868 as one of several new courts in the Caucasus created by Tsar Alexander II.'s Judicial Reform. After a ten-day trial, with nearly 70 witnesses, the nine defendants were acquitted as the defense lawyers Petr Aleksandrov, Lev Kupernik and Moisei Kikodze convinced the judges that the accusations against the Jewish men were mostly based on false testimony.

Kutaisi was a major industrial center before Georgia's independence on 9 April 1991. Independence was followed by the economic collapse of the country, and, as a result, many inhabitants of Kutaisi have had to work abroad. Small-scale trade prevails among the rest of the population.

In 2011, Mikheil Saakashvili, the president of Georgia, signed a constitutional amendment relocating the parliament to Kutaisi. On 26 May 2012, Saakashvili inaugurated the new Parliament building in Kutaisi. This was done in an effort to decentralize power and shift some political control closer to Abkhazia, although it has been criticized as marginalizing the legislature, and also for the demolition of a Soviet War Memorial formerly at the new building's location. The subsequent government of the Georgian Dream passed a new constitution that moved the parliament back to Tbilisi, effective from January 2019.

Culture

Landmarks

The landmark of the city is the ruined Bagrati Cathedral, built by Bagrat III, king of Georgia, in the early 11th century. The Gelati Monastery a few km east of the city, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. One of the famous churches in Georgia is Motsameta monastery. It is named after two saints, brothers David and Constantine. They were the Dukes of Margveti, and were martyred by Arab invaders in the 8th century. Besides the churches, there are other places of note such as: Sataplia Cave, where one can observe footprints of dinosaurs; ruins of Geguti Palace, which was one of the residences of Georgian monarchs; "Okros Chardakhi" – Georgian Kings' Palace; the Mtatsminda Pantheon, where many notable citizens are buried.

The Kutaisi Synagogue was built in 1885.

File:Kutaisi. A renovated downtown street (Photo A. Muhranoff, 2010).jpg|A street in central Kutaisi File:Khareba church.jpg|Church of Annunciation File:Wikiwyprawa 2015 sad apelacyjny kutaisi 6.jpg|Court of Appeals File:Kutaisi Public School -1.jpg|Kutaisi Public School File:2014 Kutaisi, Wielka Synagoga (01).jpg|Local synagogue built in 1886 File:Kutaisi State Opera.jpg|Kutaisi State Opera File:აკაკი წერეთლის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი.jpg|Akaki Tsereteli State University

Museums and other cultural institutions

• Kutaisi State Historical Museum
• Kutaisi Museum of Sport
• Kutaisi Museum of Martial Art
• Museum of Zakaria Paliashvili
• Kutaisi State Historical Archive
• Kutaisi State Scientific-Universal Library
• Akaki Tsereteli State University
• David Kakabadze Kutaisi Fine Art Gallery

Theatres and cinema

• Kutaisi Lado Meskhishvili State Academic Theatre
• Kutaisi Meliton Balanchivadze State Opera House
• Kutaisi Iakob Gogebashvili State Puppet Theatre
• Cinema and Entertaining Center "Suliko"
• Hermann-Wedekind-Jugendtheater

Education

Higher educational institutions in Kutaisi:

• Akaki Tsereteli State University

• Kutaisi International University

• Georgian State University of Subtropical Agriculture

• Kutaisi University (Unik)

• Cadets Military Lyceum of Georgia

Professional unions and public organizations

• Georgian Writers' Union
• Georgian Painters' Union
• Folk Palace

Media

Local newspapers include: Kutaisi, Imeretis Moabe, Akhali Gazeti, and Kutaisuri Versia. Other publications include Chveneburebi, a journal published by the Ministry of Diaspora Issues, and Gantiadi, a scientific journal.

TV: "Rioni"; Radio: "Dzveli Kalaki" (old City)

Also nearly all of Georgia's national-level newspapers, journals and television stations have their representatives in Kutaisi.

Geography

Kutaisi is located along both banks of the Rioni River. The city lies at an elevation of 125 – above sea level. To the east and northeast Kutaisi is bounded by the Northern Imereti Foothills, to the north by the Samgurali Range, and to the west and the south by the Colchis Plain.

Landscape

Kutaisi is surrounded by deciduous forests to the northeast and the northwest. The low-lying outskirts of the city have a largely agricultural landscape. The city center has many gardens and its streets are lined with high, leafy trees. In the springtime, when the snow starts to melt in the nearby mountains, the storming Rioni River in the middle of the city is heard far beyond its banks.

Climate

Kutaisi has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with a well-defined on-shore/monsoonal flow (characteristic of the Colchis Plain) during the autumn and winter months. The summers are generally hot, while the winters are wet and cool. The average annual temperature in the city is 14.8 C. January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 5.4 C while August is the hottest month with an average temperature of 24.7 C. The absolute maximum is 43.1 C recorded on 30 July 2000.

Average annual precipitation is around 1500 mm. Rain may fall in every season of the year. The city often experiences heavy, wet snowfall (snowfall of 30 cm or more per single snowstorm is not uncommon) in the winter, but the snow cover usually does not last for more than a week. There are roughly 15.5 days a year with snow depth. Kutaisi experiences powerful easterly winds in the summer which descend from the nearby mountains. | Jan record high C = 21.4 | Feb record high C = 23.8 | Mar record high C = 30.6 | Apr record high C = 33.9 | May record high C = 37.6 | Jun record high C = 39.0 | Jul record high C = 43.1 | Aug record high C = 42.2 | Sep record high C = 40.0 | Oct record high C = 35.2 | Nov record high C = 28.6 | Dec record high C = 24.6 | Jan record low C = -9.2 | Feb record low C = -9.8 | Mar record low C = -5.3 | Apr record low C = -2.1 | May record low C = 2.6 | Jun record low C = 8.5 | Jul record low C = 13.0 | Aug record low C = 12.1 | Sep record low C = 8.6 | Oct record low C = 3.0 | Nov record low C = -1.0 | Dec record low C = -6.7

| Jan record high C = 21.4 | Feb record high C = 22.8 | Mar record high C = 30.6 | Apr record high C = 33.9 | May record high C = 37.6 | Jun record high C = 39.0 | Jul record high C = 43.1 | Aug record high C = 42.0 | Sep record high C = 40.0 | Oct record high C = 35.2 | Nov record high C = 28.6 | Dec record high C = 24.6 | year record high C = 43.1 | Jan record low C = -6.6 | Feb record low C = -9.8 | Mar record low C = -5.3 | Apr record low C = -2.1 | May record low C = 2.6 | Jun record low C = 8.5 | Jul record low C = 13.0 | Aug record low C = 12.1 | Sep record low C = 8.7 | Oct record low C = 3.0 | Nov record low C = -0.5 | Dec record low C = -6.7 | year record low C = -9.8 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211009215740/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls | archive-date = 9 October 2021 | access-date = 9 October 2021}} | access-date = 14 February 2016 | archive-date = 21 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151116/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_373950_kt.pdf | url-status = live

Demographics

Administrative division

There are 13 administrative units in Kutaisi:

1. Avtokarkhana
2. Gamarjveba
3. Gumati
4. Vakisubani
5. Kakhianouri
6. Mukhnari
7. Nikea
8. Sapichkhia
9. Sulkhan-Saba
10. Ukimerioni
11. City-museum
12. Dzelkviani
13. Zastava

Politics

Mayor

The most recent mayoral election was held on 2 October 2021, with a runoff held on 30 October, and the results were as follows:

List of elected mayors of Kutaisi

• Ioseb Khakhaleishvili (GD) (2020–)
• Giorgi Chighvaria (GD) (2017–2020)
• Shota Murghulia (GD) (2014–2017)

City council

Main article: Kutaisi City Assembly

The Kutaisi city council (Sakrebulo) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on October 2, 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- |- | 25,957 | 39.21 | 9.94 | 18

| |- | 1,073 | 1.62 | New | 0

| |- | 733 | 1.11 | 10.82 | 0

Economy

Kutaisi has traditionally been an important industrial center in Georgia, but after the collapse of the Soviet Union most of the old manufacturing lines either stopped working or had to greatly reduce their operations. Nevertheless, the city continues to be an important regional center for the greater Imereti area, acting as a commercial hub for the surrounding countryside. In recent years, the city has started attracting more investment from various multinational corporations.

The Auto Mechanical Plant, originally established in 1945, is located in Kutaisi.

There are two free industrial zones in Kutaisi: The Kutaisi free industrial zone (Kutaisi FIZ) and the Hualing free industrial zone (Hualing FIZ). The Kutaisi FIZ was created in 2009 and was established on the initiative of Fresh Electric, an Egypt-based home appliances producer. The Hualing FIZ operates since 2015, and specializes in wood and stone processing, furniture and mattress production and metal construction. Both of the free industrial zones offer multiple incentives to investors such as tax exemptions and reduced barriers for trade.

In 2019, German solar panel manufacturer AE Solar opened a new, fully automated manufacturing line in Kutaisi. With a total output of 500 MW per year it is the largest solar panel factory under one roof in Europe. During the same year Changan Automobile announced plans to construct an electric car factory in Kutaisi, with an annual production capacity of up to 40,000 vehicles. The company plans to export annually about 20,000 cars to the EU. The factory plans to employ about 3,000 people.

Transport

Airport

Main article: Kutaisi International Airport

David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport (IATA: KUT, ICAO: UGKO) is an international airport located 14 km west of Kutaisi. It is one of three international airports currently in operation in Georgia.

Railway

Kutaisi has two main railway stations, along with multiple smaller ones. Direct inter-city, as well as suburban railway services, are provided to Tbilisi (Central) and other major cities across the country. The rail operator on all lines is Georgian Railways.

Sport

Kutaisi has a great tradition in sports, with many famous sports clubs. FC Torpedo Kutaisi has participated on the highest level of the Soviet Union football league. After Georgia achieved independence, it won many domestic and international titles. RC Aia Kutaisi won the Soviet Championship several times in rugby, and after independence, national championships and cups. The women's football club FC Martve takes part at the 2017–18 UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying round after becoming champion in the Georgia women's football championship in 2016. Kutaisi also has an influential basketball club BC Kutaisi 2010, 2016 Champion of the Georgian Superliga, which plays its home games at the Kutaisi Sport Palas.

Local celebrations

Kutaisoba is the most important holiday in Kutaisi. It is celebrated on 2 May. On this day the population of Kutaisi crowds into the central park, with their children and celebrate together.

Some people make masks and there are many kinds of performances. Also, children sell chamomiles. It is an old tradition, in the past ladies collected money for poor people, so today children also collect money for them.

On Kutaisoba one can see traditional Georgian dances and can hear folk music. Also, it is an old tradition to go to the forest, which is near Kutaisi. Families barbecue and play games. On this day, people wear traditional clothes, Chokha. There is a tradition of writing lyrics that have been written by writers from Kutaisi, and then airplanes throw them from the sky. There is also a competition in different kinds of martial arts.

Notable people

• Aeëtes – King of Kingdom of Colchis
• Bagrat III – King of united Kingdom of Georgia in 975–1014
• George I – King of united Kingdom of Georgia in 1014–1027
• Bagrat IV – King of united Kingdom of Georgia in 1027–1072
• George II – King of united Kingdom of Georgia in 1072–1089
• David IV – King of united Kingdom of Georgia in 1089–1125
• Niko Nikoladze (1843–1928) – Georgian public figure
• Meliton Balanchivadze (1862–1937) – Georgian composer
• Zakaria Paliashvili (1871–1933) – Georgian composer
• Iakob Nikoladze (1876–1951) – Georgian sculptor, designer of the previous state flag of Georgia
• Władysław Raczkiewicz (1885–1947) – the first president of the Polish government-in-exile, 1939–1947
• Joseph Orbeli (1887–1961) – Georgian-Armenian orientalist
• David Kakabadze (1889–1952) – Georgian painter
• Victor Dolidze (1890–1933) – Georgian composer
• Veriko Anjaparidze (1897–1987) – Georgian actress
• Petre Otskheli (1907–1937) – Georgian modernist set and costume designer
• Otar Korkia (1923–2005) – Georgian basketball player and coach (Olympic silver medalist)
• Dodo Chichinadze (1924–2009) – Georgian actress
• Tengiz Abuladze (1924–1994) – Georgian film director
• Revaz Gabriadze (1936–2021) – cinematographer, writer, director, production designer
• Revaz Dzodzuashvili (b. 1945) – Georgian football player, World Cup 1966 bronze medalist
• Zurab Sakandelidze (1945–2004) – Georgian basketball player, Olympic champion
• Mikheil Korkia (1948–2004) – Georgian basketball player, Olympic champion
• Meir Pichhadze (1955–2010) – Israeli painter, Kutaisi native
• Tengiz Sulakvelidze (b. 1956) – Georgian football player, played in 1982 FIFA World Cup, Euro 1988 silver medalist
• Ramaz Shengelia (1957–2012) – Georgian football player, played in 1982 FIFA World Cup
• Maia Chiburdanidze (b. 1961) – the seventh Women's World Chess Champion
• Besik Khamashuridze (b. 1977) – Georgian rugby player, won 53 caps, RC Aia Kutaisi player-coach
• David Khakhaleishvili (b. 1971) – Olympic champion in Wrestling
• Davit Aslanadze (b.1976) – Football player
• Giorgi Kukhalashvili (born 1982), painter
• Katie Melua (b. 1984) – Georgian British singer and songwriter
• Roland Shalamberidze (b. 1958) – Georgian artist
• Nika Sichinava (b. 1994) – Georgian football player, played for Yunist Chernihiv and FC Inhulets Petrove.
• Giorgi Vepkhvadze (born 1991) - professional rugby player

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Kutaisi is twinned with:

• ISR Ashkelon, Israel
• USA Columbia, United States
• UKR Dnipro, Ukraine
• AZE Ganja, Azerbaijan
• BLR Gomel, Belarus
• TUR Karşıyaka, Turkey
• UKR Kharkiv, Ukraine
• CHN Laiwu (Jinan), China
• UKR Lviv, Ukraine
• UKR Mykolaiv, Ukraine
• CHN Nanchang, China
• WAL Newport, Wales, UK
• POL Poznań, Poland
• UKR Sumy, Ukraine
• HUN Szombathely, Hungary
• MDA Ungheni, Moldova
• LVA Valka, Latvia
• UKR Zhytomyr, Ukraine

Cooperation agreements

Kutaisi has cooperation agreements with:

• LTU Kaunas, Lithuania
• SVN Maribor, Slovenia
• EST Tartu, Estonia

Explanatory notes

References

References

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