Kurt Georg Kiesinger

Early life

Kurt Georg Kiesinger was born in Ebingen, Kingdom of Württemberg (now Albstadt, Baden-Württemberg). His father was a commercial clerk in companies engaged in the local textile industry. Kiesinger was baptized Catholic because his mother was Catholic, though his father was Protestant. His mother died six months after he was born. His maternal grandmother exerted a strong influence on Kiesinger and encouraged him, while his father was indifferent to his advancement. After a year, his father was remarried to a Karoline Victoria Pfaff. They had seven children, of whom Kiesinger's half-sister Maria died a year after she was born. Pfaff was also a Catholic. Kiesinger was therefore shaped by both denominations and later referred to himself gladly as a "Protestant Catholic". Politically, Kiesinger grew up in a liberal, democratically-minded milieu.

Kiesinger studied law in Berlin and worked as a then as lawyer in Berlin from 1935 to 1940. As a student, he joined the (non-couleur wearing) Roman Catholic corporations KStV Alamannia Tübingen and Askania-Burgundia Berlin.

Nazi career

He became a member of the Nazi Party in February 1933. In 1940, he was called to arms but avoided mobilization by finding a job in the Foreign Office's broadcasting department, rising quickly to become deputy head of the department from 1943 to 1945 and the department's liaison with the Propaganda Ministry. He worked under Joachim von Ribbentrop, who would later be condemned to death at Nuremberg. After the war, he was interned by US-American authorities for his connection to Ribbentrop and spent 18 months in the Ludwigsburg camp before being released as a case of mistaken identity.

Franco-German journalist Beate Klarsfeld demonstrated Kiesinger's close connections to Ribbentrop and Joseph Goebbels, the head of Nazi Germany's Propaganda Ministry. She also asserted that Kiesinger had been chiefly responsible for the contents of German international broadcasts which included anti-Semitic and war propaganda, and had collaborated closely with SS functionaries and Franz Alfred Six. The latter was responsible for mass murders in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe and was tried as a war criminal in the Einsatzgruppen Trial at Nuremberg. Even after becoming aware of the extermination of the Jews, Kiesinger had continued to produce anti-Semitic propaganda. These allegations were based in part on documents that Albert Norden published about the culprits of war and Nazi crimes.

Early CDU career

Kiesinger joined the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in 1946. From 1946 he gave private lessons to law students, and in 1948 he resumed his practice as a lawyer. In 1947 he also became unpaid secretary-general of the CDU in Württemberg-Hohenzollern.

In the federal election in 1949 he was elected to the Bundestag, in which he went on to sit until 1958 and again from 1969 to 1980. In his first legislative term, he represented the constituency of Ravensburg, where he received record vote shares of over 70 percent, from 1969 the constituency of Waldshut. For the 1976 federal election, Kiesinger left his own constituency and entered parliament via the Baden-Württemberg state list of his party. In the first two legislative periods (1949–1957), he was chairman of the mediation committee of the Bundestag and Bundesrat. On 19 October 1950, Kiesinger received 55 votes compared to his party friend Hermann Ehlers (201 votes) in the election for President of the Bundestag, even though he had not been fielded as a candidate. In 1951, he became a member of the CDU executive board. From 17 December 1954 to 29 January 1959, he was chairman of the Bundestag Committee on Foreign Affairs, to which he had been a member since 1949.

During that time, he became known for his rhetorical brilliance, as well as his in-depth knowledge of foreign affairs. However, despite the recognition he enjoyed within the Christian Democrat parliamentary faction, he was passed over during various cabinet reshuffles. Consequently, he decided to switch from federal to state politics.

Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg

Kiesinger became Minister-President of the state of Baden-Württemberg on 17 December 1958, an office in which he served until 1 December 1966. At that time Kiesinger was also a member of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg. As Minister-President he was President of the German Bundesrat from 1 November 1962 to 31 October 1963. During his time in office the state founded two universities, the University of Konstanz and the University of Ulm.

In the early days of the Federal Republic of Germany, oversized coalitions were not uncommon at the state level, and so Kiesinger led a coalition of the CDU, SPD, FDP/DVP and BHE until 1960, but then a CDU/CSU-FDP coalition, coalition from 1960 to 1966. On 15 April 1961, the BHE disbanded.

Chancellor of West Germany (1966–1969)

In 1966, following the collapse of the existing CDU/CSU-FDP coalition in the Bundestag, Kiesinger was elected to replace Ludwig Erhard as Federal Chancellor, heading a new CDU/CSU-SPD alliance with the SPD leader Willy Brandt as Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister. The Kiesinger government remained in power for nearly three years. Kiesinger reduced tensions with the Soviet bloc nations, establishing diplomatic relations with Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia, but he opposed any major conciliatory moves. A number of progressive reforms were also realised during Kiesinger's time as Chancellor. Pension coverage was extended in 1967 via the abolition of the income-ceiling for compulsory membership. In education, student grants were introduced, together with a university building programme, while a constitutional reform of 1969 empowered the federal government to be involved with the Länder in educational planning through joint planning commission. Vocational training legislation was also introduced, while a reorganisation of unemployment insurance promoted retraining schemes, counselling and advice services, and job creation places. In addition, under the Lohnfortzahlunggesetz of 1969, employers had to pay all employees’ wages for the first six weeks of sickness. In August 1969, the Landabgaberente (a higher special pension for farmers willing to cede farms that were unprofitable according to certain criteria) was introduced.

The historian Tony Judt has observed that Kiesinger's chancellorship, like the presidency of Heinrich Lübke, showed the "a glaring contradiction in the Bonn Republic's self-image" in view of their previous Nazi allegiances. One of his low points as Chancellor was in 1968 when Nazi-hunter Beate Klarsfeld, who campaigned with her husband Serge Klarsfeld against Nazi criminals, publicly slapped him in the face during the 1968 Christian Democrat convention, while calling him a Nazi. She did so in French and, whilst being dragged out of the room by two ushers, repeated her words in German, saying "Kiesinger! Nazi! Abtreten!" ("Kiesinger! Nazi! Step down!") Kiesinger, holding his left cheek, did not respond, though Klarsfeld was sentenced to a year in prison that same day under expedited proceedings. Up to his death he refused to comment on the incident, and in other opportunities he denied explicitly that he had been opportunistic by joining the NSDAP in 1933 (although he admitted to joining the German Foreign Ministry to dodge his 1940 draft by the Wehrmacht). Other prominent critics included the writers Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass. (In 1966, Grass had written an open letter urging Kiesinger not to accept the chancellorship). In 2006, 40 years later, Grass, in an interview with the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, would confess to a Waffen-SS membership, which became a controversy on its own.

After the election of 1969, the SPD preferred to form a coalition with the FDP, ending the uninterrupted post-war reign of the CDU chancellors. Kiesinger was succeeded as Chancellor by his former Vice-Chancellor Willy Brandt.

Economic policies

While in office, Kiesinger's government adhered to economic policy principles referred to as a kind of "modern dirigism" by some media outlets. His style has been described as keynesian; with certain decisions made by his coalition in the field of economics retrospectively garnering outstanding praise by some commentators.

Later years and death

Kiesinger continued to head the CDU/CSU in opposition and remained a member of the Bundestag until 1980. In July 1971 Kiesinger was succeeded as Leader of the Christian Democratic Union by Rainer Barzel. In 1972 he held the main speech for justification to the constructive vote of no confidence by the CDU/CSU parliamentary group against Willy Brandt in the Bundestag. The election of then CDU leader Rainer Barzel as chancellor was unsuccessful because of the bribery of Julius Steiner and probably Leo Wagner by GDR's Stasi.

In 1980 Kiesinger ended his career as politician and worked on his memoir. Of his planned memoirs, only the first part (Dark and Bright Years) was completed, covering the years up to 1958. It was released after his death in 1989. Kiesinger died in Tübingen on 9 March 1988, 28 days short of his 84th birthday. After a requiem mass in Stuttgart's St. Eberhard Church, his funeral procession was followed by protesters (mainly students) who wanted his former membership in the Nazi Party remembered.

Books

• Schwäbische Kindheit. ("Swabian childhood."), Wunderlich Verlag, Tübingen 1964.
• Ideen vom Ganzen. Reden und Betrachtungen. ("Ideas from the whole. Speeches and reflections."), Wunderlich Verlag, Tübingen 1964.
• Stationen 1949-1969. ("Stations 1949-1969."), Wunderlich Verlag, Tübingen 1969.
• Die Stellung des Parlamentariers in unserer Zeit. ("The position of the parliamentarian in our time."), Stuttgart 1981.
• Dunkle und helle Jahre: Erinnerungen 1904–1958. ("Dark and Bright Years: Memoirs 1904–1958."), Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1989.

Notes

References

References

1. Braunbuch, chapter "Diplomaten Ribbentrops", 3rd Volume, Berlin, GDR 1968, https://web.archive.org/web/20101120003249/http://braunbuch.de/8-01.shtml
2. Klarsfeld, Beate. (1967-09-30). "The truth about Kiesinger".
3. Jeffrey Herf, "Judenhass aus dem Äther. NS-Propaganda für die Arabische Welt während des Zweiten Weltkriegs", in ''Naziverbrechen. Täter, Taten, Bewältigungsversuche'', edited by Martin Cüppers et al., Darmstadt 2013, pp. 45-61, here p. 49.
4. Munzinger-Online, s.v.Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Accessed 16 October 2010
5. [https://collections.ushmm.org/oh_findingaids/RG-50.498.0011_trs_en.pdf Transcript of oral history interview] {{webarchive. link. (28 December 2016 , Kapitel aus: Beate Klarsfeld: ''Wherever they may be'', 1972, Seite 26–35.)
6. (1966). "Unwiderstehliche Kraft". [[Der Spiegel]].
7. Kolinsky, Eva (ed). ''The Federal Republic of Germany: The End of an Era''.
8. (1 January 1974). "Agricultural policy in Germany". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
9. Flora, Peter. (1 January 1986). "Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II". Walter de Gruyter.
10. (2005). "Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945". Penguin.
11. (14 May 2015). "'Nazi hunter' Beate Klarsfeld to receive top German honor". [[Deutsche Welle]].
12. (8 November 1968). "Woman Hits Kiesinger in Eye in Berlin and Gets Year". The New York Times.
13. (2006-08-11). "Günter Grass enthüllt: "Ich war Mitglied der Waffen-SS"". FAZ.NET.
14. Piper, Nikolaus. (2017-06-07). "Wirtschaftspolitik: Mit Keynes durch dick und dünn". [[Süddeutsche Zeitung]].
15. "Wayback Machine".
16. "Abschied von gestern - WELT".
17. Rürup, Bert. (2022-04-22). "Wirtschaft: Deutschland braucht ein neues magisches Viereck".