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Kings of Israel and Judah

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Summary

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Coronation of [[David]], as depicted in the [[Paris Psalter]].

The article deals with the biblical and historical kings of the Land of Israel—Abimelech of Sichem, the three kings of the United Kingdom of Israel and those of its successor states, Israel and Judah, followed in the Second Temple period, part of classical antiquity, by the kingdoms ruled by the Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties.

The Hebrew Bible describes a succession of kings of a United Kingdom of Israel, and then of divided kingdoms, Israel and Judah.

In contemporary scholarship, the united monarchy is debated, due to a lack of archaeological evidence for it. It is generally accepted that a "House of David" existed, but some scholars believe that David could have only been the king or chieftain of Judah, which was likely small, and that the northern kingdom was a separate development. There are some dissenters to this view, including those who support the traditional narrative, and those who support the united monarchy's existence but believe that the Bible contains theological exaggerations.

Overview tables

Kings and prophets

This table describes the kings, their parents, age they lived, the prophets who influenced them, and the emperors they encountered in battle.

Diagrams, Saul to Zedekiah

[[File:Genealogy of the kings of Israel and Judah.svg	center	600px]]

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Abimelech, son of Gideon

Abimelech – the son of Gideon, was the first man declared a king in the Land of Israel; he ruled from Sichem over the territory of Manasseh.

House of Saul

According to the Bible, the Tribes of Israel lived as a confederation under ad hoc charismatic leaders called judges. In around 1020 BCE, under extreme threat from foreign peoples, the tribes united to form the first United Kingdom of Israel. Samuel anointed Saul from the Tribe of Benjamin as the first king.

Saul (1020–1000 BCE) or (1040-1000 BCE)
Ish-bosheth (Esbaal) (1000–998 BCE)

House of David: united monarchy

Main article: Davidic line

The [[Tel Dan Stele]] with reference to the "House of David"

Albright	Thiele	Galil	Kitchen	Common/
Biblical
name	Regnal Name
and style	Notes
1000–962		1010–970	1010–970	David	דוד בן-ישי מלך ישראל	Reigned over Judah for 7 years in Hebron, then Israel & Judah in Jerusalem for 33 years; 40 years in total.
Death: natural causes
962–922		970–931	971–931	Solomon	שלמה בן-דוד מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel & Judah in Jerusalem for 40 years.
Death: natural causes
Son of David by Bathsheba, his rights of succession were disputed by his older half-brother Adonijah
922–915	931–913	931–914	931–915	Rehoboam	רחבעם בן-שלמה מלך יהודה	Reigned for 17 years. After 3 years, the kingdom was split into the kingdoms of Judah and Israel.
Death: natural causes

Separation into two kingdoms

After the death of king Solomon the United Kingdom of Israel was divided in two – the northern Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam, with its capital, first in Shechem, then Penuel, Tirzah, and finally Samaria, and ruled by a series of dynasties beginning with Jeroboam; and the southern Kingdom of Judah with its capital still in Jerusalem and ruled by the House of David. Under Hezekiah's rule in the Kingdom of Judah, the Neo-Assyrian Empire conquered and destroyed the northern kingdom 722 BCE leaving only the southern kingdom of Judah.

The Bible judges all kings of Israel and Judah by their attitude towards Hashem's Torah, and on this basis they all belong to one of the categories: the good kings, the bad kings, and the kings who acted both good as well as bad.

All kings of Israel are considered to be bad, except of Jehu who is considered to have acted both good, since he is credited with the suppression of a cult of Baal, as well as bad, since he failed to suppress a cult of golden calves in Bethel and Dan.

Amongst kings of Judah, five of them are judged to have acted good throughout their reign: Asa, Jehoshaphat, Jotham, Hezekiah, and Josiah, whereas Jehoash, Amaziah, Uzziah and Manasseh are all described as kings who acted good as well as bad during their reign. The remaining monarchs are considered to have acted bad throughout their reign.

Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)

Albright	Thiele	Galil	Kitchen	Common/Biblical name	Regnal Name and style	Notes
922–901 BCE	931–910 BCE	931–909 BCE	931–911 BCE	Jeroboam I	ירבעם בֵּן-נבט מלך ישראל	Led the rebellion and divided the kingdoms. Reigned in Israel (Northern Kingdom) for 22 years. Death: Natural Causes
901–900 BCE	910–909 BCE	909–908 BCE	911–910 BCE	Nadab	נדב בֵּן-ירבעם מלך ישראל	Reigned in Israel for 2 years. Death: Killed by Baasha, son of Ahijah of the house of Issachar, along with his whole family.
900–877 BCE	909–886 BCE	908–885 BCE	910–887 BCE	Baasha	בעשא בֵּן-אחיה מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 24 years. Death: Natural Causes
877–876 BCE	886–885 BCE	885–884 BCE	887–886 BCE	Elah	אלה בֵּן-בעשא מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 2 years. Death: Zimri, one of his officials, got him drunk and killed him at his house in Azra.
876 BCE	885 BCE	884 BCE	886 BCE	Zimri	זמרי מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 7 days. Death: He set his palace on fire when Omri and all the Israelites with him withdrew from Gibbethon and laid siege to Tirzah.
876–871 BCE	885–880 BCE	–	–	Tibni	תבני מלך ישראל	Rival claimant to Omri, reigned for several years. Death: Was apparently killed while assailed by the soldiers of Omri – his death is recorded, but the circumstances surrounding it go unexplained.
876–869 BCE	885–874 BCE	884–873 BCE	886–875 BCE	Omri	עמרי מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 12 years. Death: Natural Causes
869–850 BCE	874–853 BCE	873–852 BCE	875–853 BCE	Ahab	אחאב בֵּן-עמרי מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 22 years. Death: Shot by an archer during the battle at Ramoth Gilead. He died upon his arrival at Samaria.
850–849 BCE	853–852 BCE	852–851 BCE	853–852 BCE	Ahaziah	אחזיהו בֵּן-אחאב מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years. Death: He fell through the lattice of his upper room and injured himself. Elijah the prophet told him he would never leave his bed and would die on it.
849–842 BCE	852–841 BCE	851–842 BCE	852–841 BCE	Joram	יורם בֵּן-אחאב מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 12 years. Death: Killed by Jehu, the next king of Israel
842–815 BCE	841–814 BCE	842–815 BCE	841–814 BCE	Jehu	יהוא בֵּן-נמשי מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 28 years. Death: Natural Causes
815–801 BCE	814–798 BCE	819–804 BCE	814–806 BCE	Jehoahaz	יהואחז בֵּן-יהוא מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 17 years. Death: Natural Causes
801–786 BCE	798–782 BCE	805–790 BCE	806–791 BCE	Jehoash (Joash)	יואש בֵּן-יואחז מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 16 years. Death: Natural Causes
786–746 BCE	782–753 BCE	790–750 BCE	791–750 BCE	Jeroboam II	ירבעם בֵּן-יואש מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 41 years. Death: Natural Causes. The Book of Jonah or Jonah's journey to Nineveh (when he was swallowed by a whale or fish) happened at that time.
746 BCE	753 BCE	750–749 BCE	750 BCE	Zachariah	זכריה בֵּן-ירבעם מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 6 months. Death: Shallum son of Jabesh killed him in front of the people and succeeded as king.
745 BCE	752 BCE	749 BCE	749 BCE	Shallum	שלם בֵּן-יבש מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 1 month. Death: Menahem son of Gadi attacked Shallum and assassinated him.
745–738 BCE	752–742 BCE	749–738 BCE	749–739 BCE	Menahem	מְנַחֵם בֵּן-גדי מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 10 years. Death: Natural Causes
738–737 BCE	742–740 BCE	738–736 BCE	739–737 BCE	Pekahiah	פקחיה בֵּן-מְנַחֵם מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years. Death: Pekah son of Remaliah, one of the chief officers, took 50 men with him and assassinated the king in his palace at Samaria.
737–732 BCE	740–732 BCE	736–732 BCE	737–732 BCE	Pekah	פקח בֵּן-רמליהו מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 20 years. Death: Hoshea son of Elah conspired against him and assassinated him.
732–722 BCE	732–722 BCE	732–722 BCE	732–722 BCE	Hoshea	הושע בֵּן-אלה מלך ישראל	Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 9 years. Death: King Shalmaneser attacked and captured Samaria. He charged Hoshea with treason and he put him in prison, then, he deported the Israelites to Assyria.

Kingdom of Judah

Main article: Kings of Judah

Albright	Thiele	Galil	Kitchen	Common/Biblical name	Regnal Name and style	Notes
915–913	913–911	914–911	915–912	Abijah	אבים בן-רחבעם מלך יהודה	Reigned for 3 years. Death: natural causes.
913–873	911–870	911–870	912–871	Asa	אסא בן-אבים מלך יהודה	Reigned for 41 years. Death: severe foot disease.
873–849	870–848	870–845	871–849	Jehoshaphat	יהושפט בן-אסא מלך יהודה	Reigned for 25 years. Death: natural causes.
849–842	848–841	851–843	849–842	Jehoram	יהורם בן-יהושפט מלך יהודה	Reigned for 8 years. Death: severe stomach disease.
842–842	841–841	843–842	842–841	Ahaziah	אחזיהו בן-יהורם מלך יהודה	Reigned for 1 year. Death: killed by Jehu, who usurped the throne of Israel.
842–837	841–835	842–835	841–835	Athaliah	עתליה בת-עמרי מלכת יהודה	Reigned for 6 years. Death: killed by the troops assigned by Jehoiada the Priest to protect Joash. Queen Mother, widow of Jehoram and mother of Ahaziah.
837–800	835–796	835–802	835–796	Jehoash (Joash)	יהואש בן-אחזיהו מלך יהודה	Reigned for 40 years. Death: killed by his officials namely: Zabad, son of Shimeath, an Ammonite woman, and Jehozabad, son of Shimrith, a Moabite woman.
800–783	796–767	805–776	796–776	Amaziah	אמציה בן-יהואש מלך יהודה	Reigned for 29 years. Death: killed in Lachish by the men sent by his officials who conspired against him.
783–742	767–740	788–736	776–736	Uzziah	עזיהו בן-אמציה מלך יהודה	Reigned for 52 years. Death: Tzaraath. George Syncellus wrote that the First Olympiad took place in Uzziah's 48th regnal year.
742–735	740–732	758–742	750–735/30	Jotham	יותם בן-עזיהו מלך יהודה	Reigned for 16 years. Death: natural causes.
735–715	732–716	742–726	735/31–715	Ahaz	אחז בן-יותם מלך יהודה	Reigned for 16 years. Death: natural causes. The Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III records he received tribute from Ahaz; compare 2 Kings 16:7-9.
715–687	716–687	726–697	715–687	Hezekiah	חזקיהו בן-אחז מלך יהודה	Reigned for 29 years. Death: Natural Causes. Contemporary with Sennacherib of Assyria and Merodach-Baladan of Babylon.
687–642	687–643	697–642	687–642	Manasseh	מנשה בן-חזקיהו מלך יהודה	Reigned for 55 years. Death: natural causes. Mentioned in Assyrian records as a contemporary of Esarhaddon.
642–640	643–641	642–640	642–640	Amon	אמון בן-מנשה מלך יהודה	Reigned for 2 years. Death: killed by his officials, who were killed later on by the people of Judah.
640–609	641–609	640–609	640–609	Josiah	יאשיהו בן-אמון מלך יהודה	Reigned for 31 years. Death: shot by archers during the battle against Neco of Egypt. He died upon his arrival on Jerusalem.
609	609	609	609	Jehoahaz	יהואחז בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה	Reigned for 3 months. Death: Necho II, king of Egypt, dethroned him, and got him replaced by his brother, Eliakim. Carried off to Egypt, where he died.
609–598	609–598	609–598	609–598	Jehoiakim	יהויקים בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה	Reigned for 11 years. Death: Natural Causes. The Battle of Carchemish occurred in the fourth year of his reign (Jeremiah 46:2).
598	598	598–597	598–597	Jehoiachin/Jeconiah	יהויכין בן-יהויקים מלך יהודה	Reigned for 3 months & 10 days. Death: King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon sent for him and brought him to Babylon, where he lived and died. Jerusalem was captured by the Babylonians and Jehoiachin deposed on 16 March, 597 BCE. Called Jeconiah in Jeremiah and Esther.
597–587	597–586	597–586	597–586	Zedekiah	צדקיהו בן-יאשיהו מלך יהודה	Reigned for 11 years. Death: In prison. His reign saw the second rebellion against Nebuchadnezzar (588–586 BCE). Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege, the temple burnt, Zedekiah blinded and taken into exile, and Judah reduced to a province.

Hasmonean Dynasty

Dates	Common name	Name and style	Notes
104–103 BCE	Yehudah	Aristobulus I	The first leader from the Hasmonean lineage to call himself king, and also the first of any Judean king to claim both the high priesthood and kingship title.
103–76 BCE	Yonatan Yannai	Alexander Jannaeus
76–67 BCE	Shelomzion	Salome Alexandra
67–63 BCE	Aristobulus	Aristobulus II
63–40 BCE	Yohanan Hurqanos	Hyrcanus II	King from 67 BCE, High Priest from 76 BCE
40–37 BCE	Matityahu	Antigonus II Mattathias

Herodian Dynasty

Herod the Great (r. 37–4 BCE)
Herod Agrippa (r. 41–44 CE)

Family Tree

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References

Lipschits, Oded. (2014). "The Jewish Study Bible". Oxford University Press.
(2014). "The Jewish Study Bible". Oxford University Press.
(2001). "The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Stories". Simon & Schu.
Kuhrt, Amélie. (1995). "The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC, Band 1". Routledge.
(July 2014). "David, King of Judah (not Israel)".
{{Bibleverse. Judges. 9:6. HE
Gijsbert J.B. Sulman, ''Facts, Fiction, and the Bible. The Truth Behind the Stories in the Old Testament.'' (2016), p. 65
{{Bibleverse. 2 Kings. 10:28. HE
{{Bibleverse. 2 Kings. 10:29. HE
Considered to be a contemporary of the Assyrian King [[Shalmaneser III]] (858–824 BC) to whom he paid tribute. This is based on an inscription on [[Black Obelisk. The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III]] showing "Yaua" son of Omri paying tribute, dated to 841 BCE.
Paid tribute to the Assyrian King [[Shalmaneser V]] (727–722 BCE) but rebelled in 725 BCE. Shalmaneser besieged the capital, [[Samaria (ancient city). Samaria]], but died shortly before the fall of the city. His brother [[Sargon II]] (722–705 BCE) completed the siege with success in 722. Some of the population of the Northern Kingdom was exiled to other parts of the Assyrian Empire and new population groups were resettled in the new Assyrian province of Samaria. A small group of people fled south to take refuge in Judah.
Jeremiah 52:11

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