Jerusalem Waqf

Name and history

In Islamic law, a waqf (; ), plural awqaf, is an inalienable endowment – typically a building, plot of land or another property that has been dedicated for Muslim religious or charitable purposes. In Ottoman Turkish law, and later under the British Mandate of Palestine, a waqf was defined as usufruct state land (or property) from which the state revenues were assured to religious foundations. The Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in Jerusalem has been administered as a waqf since the Muslim reconquest of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187. By metonymy, the foundation that administers the waqf of Jerusalem has itself come to be known as "the Waqf".

The current version of the Jerusalem Waqf administration was instituted by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after its occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, during the 1948 Palestine war. Following Israel's capture of the Old City of Jerusalem during the Six-Day War in June 1967, the Jerusalem Waqf remained under Jordanian control, but access to the site was transferred to Israel. As part of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty signed between Israel and Jordan in 1994, many religious sites in Jerusalem, including the Al-Aqsa Mosque, were transferred back to the Jerusalem Foundation.

Current

The Jerusalem Waqf is an organ of the Jordanian Ministry of Awqaf Islamic Affairs and Holy Places, which is charged with "implementing the Hashemite custodianship over Islamic and Christian holy sites and endowments and consolidating the historical and legal status quo."

The staff members of the Jerusalem Waqf are Jordanian government employees. It is headed by a director, also picked by the Jordanian government. The current director of the Jerusalem Waqf is Sheikh Azzam al-Khatib, appointed in 2005.

An agreement signed in 2013 between the State of Palestine (represented by Mahmoud Abbas) and Jordan's King Abdullah II recognized Jordan's role in managing the Jerusalem holy sites. This agreement replaced a decades-old verbal agreement.

The Jerusalem Waqf is responsible for administrative matters in the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. Religious authority on the site, on the other hand, is the responsibility of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, appointed by the government of the State of Palestine.

When Israel recaptured the eastern half of Jerusalem in 1967, they made an agreement to allow the Jordanian (Muslim) religious authorities, called the Waqf, to retain control of the Temple Mount. The Waqf considers Jewish prayers (or any non-Muslim prayers) to be an affront to Islam, so they forbid anyone but Muslims to recite prayers on the Temple Mount.

In 2017, Jordan enlarged the Waqf's council from 11 members to 18. For the first time, Palestinian officials and religious leaders were installed in the body, which had historically been made up of individuals close to the Jordanian monarchy.

Controversies

The Waqf have been frequently accused of the careless destruction of cultural artefacts below the Temple Mount. It has been referred to by archaeologists and scholars as deliberately trying to obliterate evidence of Jewish history. Israel's Supreme Court has held that the Waqf damaged and destroyed important archaeological remains on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

References

References

1. "Jordan protests to Israel after envoy blocked from holy site".
2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221852/http://www.passia.org/media/filer_public/98/bc/98bc8971-d106-404d-b95f-9b3f83fe33bb/waqf_graph_-final_version_fin-_no_legend_1.pdf THE ISLAMIC WAQF AND AL-AQSA MOSQUE AFFAIRS, JERUSALEM - 2021], [[PASSIA]], 2021
3. Tim Marshall. (1 May 2016). "Spatialising Peace and Conflict: Mapping the Production of Places, Sites and Scales of Violence". Palgrave Macmillan UK.
4. (5 September 2014). "Arab states neglect Al-Aqsa says head of Jerusalem Waqf". [[Al-Monitor]].
5. Jerusalem Institute. "The eroding status quo".
6. "What is Waqf". Awqaf SA.
7. ''A Survey of Palestine'' (Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the [[Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry]]), chapter 8, section 1, British Mandate Government of Palestine: Jerusalem 1946, pp. 226–228
8. Sachar, Howard M.. (2013). "A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time". Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
9. Fischer, N.. (2019). "Interreligious Relations and the Negotiation of Ritual Boundaries". Palgrave Macmillan.
10. Ministry name according to [https://portal.jordan.gov.jo/wps/portal/Home/GovernmentEntities/Ministries/Ministry/Ministry%20of%20Awqaf%20Islamic%20Affairs%20and%20Holy%20Places/!ut/p/z0/fczRCoIwFIDhVzkvEEfEuh8iS9FIC7LdxMGcHVqbbaPw7fMJuvzh40eFPSpLH54osrNk1r6q3U1kxXmbSFG2aZcloj7khay7qu1SPI0WK1T_0XpJfZM3E6qZ4mPDVjvsG7Ycol_AaRDfN2kog6EXDyC0JvYByN5h78wCR0PDGHB-yssPfgHcgQ!!/ its official homepage] {{Webarchive. link. (2021-04-22 . Accessed 10 May 2022.)
11. [https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-706288 ''Jordan: We don't accept instructions from Israel on Temple Mount guards''], Khaled Abu Toameh for [[The Jerusalem Post]], 10 May 2022 (accessed the same day).
12. (1996). "Islamic Endowments in Jerusalem Under British Mandate". [[Routledge]].
13. (2 April 2013). "Jerusalem deal boosts Jordan in Holy City: analysts". [[The Daily Star (Lebanon).
14. "What Is Beneath the Temple Mount?". Smithsonian.
15. "Israeli Court Finds Muslim Council Destroyed Ancient Remains on Temple Mount".