Jaswant Singh of Marwar

Early life

Born on 26 December 1626 at Burhanpur, Jaswant Singh was the youngest son of Maharaja Gaj Singh of Marwar. His mother, Sisodini Pratap Deviji, was the favorite wife of his father and was the daughter Bhan Sisodia, eldest son of Shakti Singh Sisodia.

Reign

Jaswant Singh succeeded his father on his death by special decree of the Emperor Shah Jahan, in accordance with his father's wishes, on 6 May 1638. He was invested by Imperial authority and inherited the parganas of Jodhpur, Siwana, Merta, Sojat, Phalodi and Pokharan (Satalmer) in jagir.

He was installed on the gaddi at Sringar Chowki, Mehrangarh, Jodhpur, on 25 May 1638. He was granted the personal title of Maharaja by the Emperor Shah Jahan, on 6 January 1654.

Jaswant Singh's ascension to the throne had an instrumental role of his father's favourite concubine, Anara Begum, who used to regard Jaswant as her own son and also had differences with the heir-apparent Amar Singh Rathore, who was later granted the territory of Nagore as compensation.

Battle of Dharmat

Main article: Battle of Dharmat

Jaswant Singh was appointed by Shah Jahan to stop the advance of the rebel prince Aurangzeb and prince Murad. Army of Jaswant Singh and combined army of both the princes met at Dharmatpur, fifteen miles from Ujjain. The battle was fought on 15 April 1658. Jaswant Singh's advisers suggested a night raid to destroy Aurangzeb's artillery and gunpowder as the Rajput army was almost entirely made up of light cavalry, while Aurangzeb had a well equipped army of heavy cavalry, Artillery and Muskets. However Jaswant Singh replied by saying "It is inconsistent with the manliness of the Rajputs or usage, to employ stratagems or make a night attack". Jaswant Singh was defeated and lost 6,000 of his soldiers including his Rajpurohit Dalpat Singh sevad(father of Akheraj Singh) of Tinwari, who was just 22 years old. Ratan Singh Rathore, Maharaja of Ratlam and Mokand Das Hada, Rao of Kota were amongst others slain in the battle.

Deccan campaign

Jaswant Singh was posted to the Deccan and made Pune his headquarters. In 1660, he encamped across from Shaista Khan’s camp after Pune was seized. In 1664, he besieged Kondana, but it ended in a failure. He left for Delhi after Jai Singh was posted to the Deccan.

In 1667, He returned to the Deccan with Prince Muazzam, who was made viceroy following Jai Singh’s departure to the north . He also acted as an intermediary between Shivaji and Emperor Aurangzeb after Aurangzeb ignored Shivaji’s letters of submission.

In 1670, Jaswant Singh’s and Prince Muazzam’s poor opinion of Diler Khan and his consequent paranoia led him to flee to Gujarat, seeking protection from the emperor.

In the same year, Aurangzeb appointed Mahabat Khan to Burhanpur, where Jaswant Singh was posted, as the supreme commander in the Deccan following Shivaji’s sack of Surat.

Death and succession

Prithviraj Singh was Jaswant Singh's son. It is chronicled in Marwar 'khyats' that Aurangzeb presented Prithviraj Singh a dress which was poisoned. On wearing the dress Prithviraj died on 8 May 1667 in great pain at Delhi. Prithviraj was a good leader and a brave prince. Jaswant could not get over the shock of his son's death. He was very saddened because he had no male heir who could seek revenge.

Jaswant's reign lasted until his death at Jamrud, near Peshawar, on the Vikram Samvat calendar date of 10 Pausha of 1735, equivalent to 28 December 1678 on the Gregorian calendar. However, another scholar lists 10 Pausha 1735 V.S. as having been on 28 November 1678.

At the time of his death two of his wives were pregnant, and both would later bear sons. This led to a war in which there were attempts to install Jaswant Singh's elder surviving son Ajit Singh Rathore as ruler of Marwar.

Ancestry

Gallery

File:Firman of the Emperor Aurangzeb, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.jpg|Farman (royal decree) of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb issued 15 February 1662, conveying an order to Jaswant Singh. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery File:Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur listening to music.jpg|Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur listening to music. Jodhpur, c. 1660. National Gallery of Victoria

Notes

References

References

1. (2001). "The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Select translations bearing on the history of a Rajpūt family, 1462–1660". The Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies, The University of Michigan.
2. Chandra, Satish. "Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals".
3. [[John F. Richards]]. ''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]: The Mughal Empire'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 180-181
4. Singh, Sabita. (2019-05-27). "The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan". Oxford University Press.
5. Joshi, Varsha. (1995). "Polygamy and Purdah: Women and Society Among Rajputs". Rawat Publications.
6. The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan By M. S. Naravane pg.85
7. War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 By Kaushik Roy pg.33
8. Madhya Pradesh District Gazetter: Ratlam pg.366
9. Stuart Cary Welch. (1987). "The Emperors' Album: Images of Mughal India". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
10. Sarkar, Jadunath. (1992). "Shivaji and His Times". Orient Blackswan.
11. "Jodhpur tradition puts the date of his death as 10 Paush Badi, 1735 on Thursday which is equivalent to 28 December 1678", Sri Ram Sharma, ''Maharana Raj Singh and His Times'' (Motilal Banarsidass, 1971) p. 56
12. "The correct date is Thursday, Paush Vidi 10, 1735 V.S., i.e., November 28, 1678", R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi, ''Rajasthan Through the Ages'' (Sarup & Sons, 2008) p. 81
13. [[John F. Richards]]. ''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]: The Mughal Empire'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 180-181