Izium

History

Pre-founding

The area that is now Izium has been inhabited since ancient times. Archeologists have discovered remnants of Mesolithic settlements from the 13th- to 6th-century BC, and Neolithic settlements from the fifth- to third-century BC. These finds include ceramic implements and flint tools. The "Bondarisi" archeological tract near Izium gives its name to the Bondarikha culture.

The territory was later part of the ancient East Slavic state Kievan Rus. In the 12th century AD Kievan Rus began to disintegrate, leading to increased incursions by Cuman nomads. In the year 1111, the territory that is now modern Izium was the site of the , in which the East Slavs, led by Vladimir II Monomakh and Sviatopolk II of Kiev, defeated a Cuman army on the river. The larger continued until the early 13th century. The area around Izium was devastated in the 1240s by the Mongol Empire and its invasion of the already collapsing Kievan Rus.

Founding and early history

Settlement of the region by Slavs did not resume until the late 15th century, after the creation of a new centralized East Slavic state in the form of the Principality of Moscow, more intensified settlement took place on the banks of the Donets river. As the Principality of Moscow evolved into the Tsardom of Russia, there was an effort to secure the southern border of the East Slavic lands, to stop the "devastating" attacks by the Crimean Tatars.

In response, Muscovy built fortifications in the Sloboda Ukraine region, like the (1635–1658) and the (1679–80), causing the Izium Trail to fall into disuse and easing invader pressure on Muscovy's border.

The origin of the name "Izium" is uncertain. It may originate from a Turkic-language word "huzun", meaning "a crossing", or from the (also simply Iziumets) river that the city was built on the banks of, or from a Tatar word "izzun" meaning "long", or "elongated". In Ukrainian and Russian, the town's name is spelled the exact same way as the word for "raisin", but historian V. V. Markin argues that this is a coincidence, and any connection to a supposed Turkic word meaning "raisin" is false etymology. Markin notes that it would have probably been impossible to grow grapes in the area, making such a name illogical, and argues that such a word "huzun" meaning "raisin" does not exist in any Turkic language.

Izium grew to be an important defense against Tatar invasions of the region. In 1684, Izium's Transfiguration Cathedral was built. Starting in 1685, Izium served as the seat of the within Sloboda Ukraine Governorate.

Residents of Izium took part in the Bulavin Rebellion of 1707-1708. On 7 October 1707, not far from Izium, a detachment of salt workers from Bakhmut and Cossacks led by Kondraty Bulavin defeated a Tsarist punitive expedition heading to Bakhmut. In summer 1708, Bulavin sent a squad to Izium, but this was defeated by the Tsarist authorities, and the rebellion overall ended in defeat. In 1708, due to the 1708 Russian administrative reform, Izium was assigned to Azov Governorate. In 1718, it was reassigned to Belgorod Province inside Kiev Governorate.

Russian Empire

In 1765, after the Izium Regiment was converted into a regular Russian hussar regiment as part of the abolition of the Cossack system in Sloboda Ukraine, Izium received city status and was assigned to Sloboda Ukraine Governorate of the recently proclaimed Russian Empire. Starting in 1780, Izium was the administrative center of Izyumsky Uyezd. Izyumsky Uyezd was originally a subdivision of Kharkov Viceroyalty in 1780, but was transferred to the reformed Sloboda Ukraine Governorate in 1796.

In 1809, construction began on Saint Nicholas's church in Izium. Construction was finished in 1823, and today the church is one of Izium's most notable architectural features. In 1835, Izyumsky Uyezd was transferred again, this time to Kharkov Governorate.

By the 18th and 19th centuries, Izium was considered one of the largest economic centers in the Sloboda Ukraine region. By the 1880s, factories producing bricks, vodka, butter, lard, and wax operated in Izium. By 1884, the city's main exports were wool, sold to Kharkiv and Poltava, and building materials sold to Taganrog. It had a population of 14,761 people.

In 1910, the Kharkiv-Donbas railway that passed through the city was built.

20th century and early 21st century

Izium changed hands several times during the Russian Civil War between 1918 and 1920, before finally being taken by the victorious Bolsheviks, who established the Soviet Union on the territory of the former Russian Empire. In 1923, Izium became the administrative center of the newly formed inside the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, in accordance with republic-wide abolition of the okruha system in the Ukrainian SSR, Izium Okruha was abolished and replaced with Izium Raion, which was subordinated directly to the federal government of Soviet Ukraine. In 1932, Izium and Izium Raion were assigned to the newly created Kharkiv Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR. Izium was incorporated as a city of oblast significance; while Izium served as the administrative center of the raion, it did not belong to it, being subordinated directly to Kharkiv Oblast.

Izium suffered under the repressions of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. As a result of the Holodomor, a manmade famine in Soviet Ukraine between 1932 and 1933, 2,761 people from Izium are documented to have died.

During World War II, Izium was the site of numerous important battles. A Red Army salient was cut off by counterattacking German forces during the Second Battle of Kharkiv and was eliminated in one of the most expensive learning errors for the Red Army. Izium was occupied by the German Army starting on 24 June 1942. Izium was liberated by the Red Army on 5 February 1943. In mid-March 1943, German troops attacked Izium again, but were unsuccessful, according to Soviet sources. There were more clashes near the city in summer 1943, during the Izyum–Barvenkovo offensive. Soviet Lieutenant General , commander of the that fought on the Izium bridgehead, died in combat in the southern outskirts of the city. On 13 September 1950, after the end of the war, a monument to Volokh was unveiled in Izium. Until 2022, there was also a street named after Volokh.

Izium's population grew rapidly in the 20th century due to its importance as a junction between Kharkiv and the Donbas. In January 1989 the population was 64,334 people, up from 12,000 in 1926.

During the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election, more than 85% of people in Izium voted for Viktor Yanukovych.

Russo-Ukrainian War

War in Donbas and decommunization

Deutsche Welle (DW) reported in April 2014 that during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, there was only one attempt to hoist the Russian flag on any government buildings in Izium. Many of the people who had voted for Yanukovych in 2010 still supported him amidst the Euromaidan protests that ousted him. Most of the people DW interviewed supported some kind of federalization of Ukraine, or united Ukraine, and did not support the idea of joining the Russian Federation. A local government official said that out of the approximately 50,000 inhabitants, Izium had "a maximum of 200 active pro-Russian people".

Izium was the site of sporadic fighting during the beginning of the war in Donbas in 2014. The Sloviansk-Izium highway was referred to as the "highway of death" by locals during the summer of 2014 due to constant shelling from pro-Russian separatists. Izium was seen as an important link between separatist-held Sloviansk and Kharkiv, which also had active pro-Russian movements, and there were fears that separatists would move in that direction. Large-scale fighting in the proximity of Izium halted once Ukrainian forces liberated Sloviansk in July 2014.

On 30 September 2014, a monument to Vladimir Lenin in Izium was destroyed by unknown persons. This came as part of a larger trend of demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine. To comply with nationwide decommunization laws enacted in 2016, the local "Lenin Square" was renamed "John Lennon Square" in February 2016.

was formed on 14 June 2019, as an amalgamated hromada with its administrative center in Izium by uniting the with a nearby village council. On 12 June 2020, the hromada was expanded to include several other local councils, and, along with all other amalgamated hromadas in the country, was converted into a plain hromada. On 18 July 2020, the city of Izium, along with the rest of the hromada, was subordinated to Izium Raion, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine. The area of Izium Raion was also significantly expanded to include the area of several other raions, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven.

Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia began trying to take Izium in March 2022, beginning the battle of Izium. On 9 March, Russian forces used a large airborne munition on a civilian apartment building in Izium, killing at least 44 civilians in what Human Rights Watch called one of the deadliest attacks on civilians during the war.

Russia gained control over Izium on 1 April 2022. Russian soldiers used the "Lyceum No. 2" school as a base. The director of the school was one of the residents of Izium accused of collaborating with Russia, and would later be put on trial in Kharkiv by Ukraine after the end of occupation. In May 2022, Russian forces attempted to cross the Siverskyi Donets River and advance south. According to the British Ministry of Defense, Ukrainian forces rebuffed the attempted river crossing with substantial Russian losses. Residents of Izium said they were imprisoned, and tortured by Russian soldiers during the occupation.

Ukraine began a counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region in early September 2022, during which Izium was recaptured. According to city officials, by the end of the occupation, more than 80% of the city's infrastructure was destroyed; about 70% of multi-storey buildings are destroyed. The city administration estimates that all in all, about 1,000 people lost their lives under the Russian occupation.

In December 2022, Izium decided to rename 22 street names in the city that previously held names affiliated with communism and with Russia. Among others, the street named after Pyotr Volokh was renamed to honor Hetman Pavlo Polubotok.

Unexploded ordnance has posed a major threat to Izium's population, even months after the battle. In March 2023, a local doctor said that on average, the hospital received a person with wounds from landmines every week. In September 2023, a year after the end of Russian occupation, Izium was still scarred and its people traumatized by war. Most of the city's schools were destroyed in the battles, and were planned to open by the start of 2024, so most students had to attend through online school technology. The hospital still bore heavy damage from a missile strike, and urgent surgeries were held in a "small, dank room in the basement" due to fear of Shahed drone attacks. One resident said, "People still haven’t recovered from this psychological trauma[.] This feeling of total fear that came with the occupation — it hasn’t disappeared."

Geography

Landmarks and location

Izium is located at the foot of the Mountain, on the right bank of the Donets river.

Climate

The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb", warm summer continental climate. |Jan record high C = 13.1 |Feb record high C = 16.3 |Mar record high C = 24.0 |Apr record high C = 31.0 |May record high C = 36.7 |Jun record high C = 38.9 |Jul record high C = 39.9 |Aug record high C = 39.4 |Sep record high C = 34.4 |Oct record high C = 31.1 |Nov record high C = 22.0 |Dec record high C = 20.0 |year record high C = 39.9 |Jan record low C = -35.0 |Feb record low C = -36.1 |Mar record low C = -29.7 |Apr record low C = -9.0 |May record low C = -2.8 |Jun record low C = 1.1 |Jul record low C = 3.0 |Aug record low C = 1.1 |Sep record low C = -6.7 |Oct record low C = -17.0 |Nov record low C = -22.6 |Dec record low C = -33.2 |year record low C = -36.1 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls | archive-date = 17 July 2021 | access-date = 18 July 2021}} | access-date = April 6, 2015}}

Economy

The factories of Izium produce optical equipment, mechanical components, concrete products, building materials, and foodstuffs. Other industries include railroad repair and brewing.

Culture

In 2017 Izium housed the Road to the East () festival of literature and music organized by Serhiy Zhadan. Among guests of the event were Ukrainian authors and artists including Yuriy Andrukhovych and Dmytro Lazutkin. A mural dedicated to John Lennon and a cafe named after Yoko Ono were opened during the festival. The mural survived the following Russian invasion, but suffered some damage, like most of the city.

Demographics

| 1884 |14761 | 1897 |24300 | 1926 |12000 | 1989 |64334 | 2013 |51511 | 2022 |44979

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the native languages of Izium residents were 74.22% Ukrainian, 23.77% Russian, and 2.01% other/undecided. The same census data concluded that over 80% of the city's population were ethnic Ukrainians and roughly 13% were Russians. Other significant minorities were Belarusians and Armenians. The exact ethnic composition was as follows:

Deutsche Welle, reporting in 2014, said that most of the people in Izium were ethnic Ukrainians, but the Russian language was the most common language of communication on the streets.

It is the second most populous city in Kharkiv Oblast behind the oblast center Kharkiv.

Notable people

• Serhii Vasylkivsky (1854–1917), artist
• Denys Kulakov (born 1986), footballer

Twin towns

On April 17, 2023, Izium formed a Sister City partnership with Greenwich, Connecticut, USA.

Gallery

File:Izyum central square.jpg|Izium City Hall File:Soborna, 6 (Izium).JPG|A historical building in Izium File:Spartak cinema.JPG|The Spartak cinema File:Церква Вознесіння (Ізюм) 2.JPG|The Ascension Church File:Спасо-Преображенський собор, Ізюм (3).JPG|The Transfiguration Church File:Izium Church.jpg|The Holy Cross Church File:Криниця у Ізюмі.jpg|A holy well in Izium File:Izium railway station.jpg|Izium railway station

References

References

1. (2020-11-11). "Elections in Kharkiv Region: Kernes' Son in the Regional Council and Local Success "Servants of the People"".
2. (10 September 2022). "Ukraine counter-offensive: Russian forces retreat as Ukraine takes key towns".
3. "Izyum".
4. "Изюмская городская громада". Портал об'єднаних громад України.
5. Залізняк, Л. Л.. (2011). "Ізюмські стоянки". [[Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine]].
6. In 1681, a fortress named Izium was built by the [[Kharkiv Sloboda Cossack Regiment]] within a small settlement on the location of Izium. This is generally regarded as the foundation date of Izium.Изюм // Большая Советская Энциклопедия. / редколл., гл. ред. Б. А. Введенский. 2-е изд. том 17. М., Государственное научное издательство «Большая Советская энциклопедия», 1952. стр.522
7. Изюм // Украинская Советская Энциклопедия. том 4. Киев, «Украинская Советская энциклопедия», 1980. стр.231
8. (2000). "Linhvistychni studiï". [[Donetsk State University]].
9. (2023-09-16). "Ukraine: The stigma of Izium, one year after being freed from Russian occupation". Le Monde.fr.
10. "Ізюм, Ізюмський район, Харківська область".
11. "ІЗЮМ".
12. . (1882). ["Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom III"](http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_III/).
13. Проскурний, В. П.. (2011). "Ізюмський казенний приладобудівний завод". Інститут енциклопедичних досліджень НАН України.
14. 9781405840637 (page 60)
15. "Gefängnis Izjum".
16. "Ізюм, Ізюмський район, Харківська область (продовження)".
17. "Izium".
18. "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей.".
19. Изюм // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.). / редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. том 1. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1991. стр.481
20. "Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.96".
21. "Сможет ли Украина остановить сепаратизм на востоке страны? – DW – 25.04.2014".
22. "Дорога смерти Изюм – Славянск: как это было". Information Resistance.
23. (30 September 2014). "На Харківщині зруйнували ще одного Леніна". Radio Svoboda.
24. [http://uatoday.tv/society/not-back-to-the-ussr-beatles-star-john-lennon-gets-a-street-named-after-him-in-ukraine-602740.html Not Back in the USSR! Beatles star John Lennon gets a street named after him in Ukraine], [[Ukraine Today]] (2 March 2016)
    [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/ Poroshenko signed the laws about decomunization]. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. 15 May 2015
    [http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/265988.html Poroshenko signs laws on denouncing Communist, Nazi regimes], [[Interfax-Ukraine]]. 15 May 20
    [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32267075 Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols], [[BBC News]] (14 April 2015)
25. "Потреби внутрішньо переміщених осіб: в Ізюмській міській об'єднаній територіальній громаді Харківської області".
26. "Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Харківської області".
27. (2020-07-18). "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.".
28. "Нові райони: карти + склад". Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
29. "Bombed Out and Occupied".
30. (2023-03-22). "Ukraine: Izium Apartment Victims Need Justice". Human Rights Watch.
31. (1 April 2022). "RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGN ASSESSMENT, APRIL 1".
32. (3 April 2022). "Two Russian soldiers killed, 28 in hospital after being poisoned by Ukrainian civilians: Officials".
33. (4 April 2022). "Putin's army mocked after Ukrainian pie poisoning of Russian soldiers". Express.
34. (May 13, 2022). "Ukraine decimated Russian forces trying to cross a river in the east, Britain's defense ministry says.". The New York Times.
35. Agapiou, Gina. (24 Feb 2023). "Protests and events in Cyprus to mark one year since Russia's invasion of Ukraine".
36. (2022-09-16). "Mass Grave With 440 Bodies Found in Izium, Ukraine Says". The New York Times.
37. (16 September 2022). "ООН направит следователей на места массовых захоронений в Изюме".
38. Petrenko, Roman. (3 December 2022). "У звільненому Ізюмі з'явилася вулиця Бандери".
39. (2023-03-06). "In liberated Ukraine city, civilians still pay price of war".
40. (2023-09-29). "Russian Forces Left This City a Year Ago. The Scars Remain.". The New York Times.
41. (2022-10-03). "Izyum's ancient guardians fall victim to Russia's assault". The Telegraph.
42. (2022-09-21). "Ukrainian stone statues—likened to Easter Island's Moai—destroyed during Russian invasion".
43. "Izyum, Ukraine Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)".
44. (2025-09-30). "Мурал із Джоном Ленноном в Ізюмі: голос миру серед руїн війни".
45. "Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України".
46. "Національний склад міст за переписом 2001 року".
47. Махортова, О. В.. (2011). "Ізюм". [[Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine]].
48. (April 17, 2023). "Greenwich officials, Ukrainian leaders meet to formalize sister city relationship with Izyum".