ISRO

The Satellite Launch Vehicle (known as SLV-3) was the first space rocket to be developed by India. The initial launch in 1979 was a failure followed by a successful launch in 1980 making India the sixth country in world with orbital launch capability. The development of bigger rockets began afterwards. ### Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle *Main article: Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/ASLV.svg" caption="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle"] :: ::Status: Retired The Augmented or Advanced Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was another small launch vehicle released in 1980s to develop technologies required to place satellites into geostationary orbit. ISRO did not have adequate funds to develop ASLV and PSLV at once. Since ASLV suffered repeated failures, it was dropped in favour of a new project. ### Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle *Main article: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg" caption="PSLV-C11 lifts off carrying [[Chandrayaan-1]], first Indian mission to the moon."] :: ::Status: Active The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle or PSLV is the first medium-lift launch vehicle from India which enabled India to launch all its remote-sensing satellites into Sun-synchronous orbit. PSLV had a failure in its maiden launch in 1993. Besides two other partial failures, PSLV has become the primary workhorse for ISRO with more than 50 launches placing hundreds of Indian and foreign satellites into orbit. Decade-wise summary of PSLV launches: ::data[format=table] | Decade | Successful | Partial success | Failure | Total | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1990s | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | | 2000s | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | | 2010s | 33 | 0 | 1 | 34 | | 2020s | 10 | 0 | 2 | 12 | | Total | 57 | 1 | 4 | 62 | :: ### Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle *Main article: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/GSLV-F08_Liftoff_5.jpg" caption="GSLV-F08 launches [[GSAT-6A]] into [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (2018)."] :: ::Status: Active The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle is a medium-lift launch vehicle which was envisaged in 1990s to transfer significant payloads to geostationary orbit. ISRO initially had a great problem realising GSLV as the development of CE-7.5 in India took a decade. The US had blocked India from obtaining cryogenic technology from Russia, leading India to develop its own cryogenic engines. Decade-wise summary of GSLV Launches: ::data[format=table] | Decade | Successful | Partial success | Failure | Total | |---|---|---|---|---| | 2000s | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | | 2010s | 6 | 0 | 2 | 8 | | 2020s | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 | | Total | 12 | 2 | 4 | 18 | :: ### Launch Vehicle Mark-3 *Main article: LVM3* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/LVM3_M4,_Chandrayaan-3_-_Launch_vehicle_lifting_off_from_the_Second_Launch_Pad_(SLP)_of_SDSC-SHAR,_Sriharikota_(edit).jpg" caption="SDSC SLP]], carrying [[Chandrayaan-3]] (2023)"] :: ::Status: Active The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), previously known as the GSLV Mk III, is a medium-lift launch vehicle and the heaviest rocket in operational service with ISRO. Equipped with a more powerful cryogenic engine and boosters than GSLV, it has significantly higher payload capacity and allows India to launch all its communication satellites. LVM3 is expected to carry India's first crewed mission to space and will be the testbed for SE-2000 engine which will power India's heavy-lift rockets in the future. Decade-wise summary of LVM3 launches: ::data[format=table] | Decade | Successful | Partial success | Failure | Total | |---|---|---|---|---| | 2010s | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | | 2020s | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | | Total | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | :: ### Small Satellite Launch Vehicle *Main article: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Mrm7669_Launch_of_SSLV-D1_from_Satish_Dhawan_FLP.jpg" caption="SDSC FLP"] :: ::Status: Active The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a small-lift launch vehicle developed by the ISRO with payload capacity to deliver 500 kg to low Earth orbit (500 km) or 300 kg to Sun-synchronous orbit (500 km) for launching small satellites, with the capability to support multiple orbital drop-offs. Decade-wise summary of SSLV launches: ::data[format=table] | Decade | Successful | Partial success | Failure | Total | |---|---|---|---|---| | 2020s | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | :: ### Sounding rockets #### Rohini sounding rockets *Main article: Rohini (rocket family)* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Rohini_rockets_family_shapes-03.jpg" caption="Rohini rocket family"] :: ::Status: Active Rohini is a series of sounding rockets developed by ISRO for meteorological and atmospheric study. These sounding rockets are capable of carrying payloads of 2 to between altitudes of 100 to. The ISRO currently uses RH-200, RH-300,Mk-II, RH-560 Mk-II and RH-560 Mk-III rockets, which are launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in Thumba and the SDSC in Sriharikota. #### Advanced Technology Vehicle *Main article: Advanced Technology Vehicle* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/ISRO_Advanced_Technology_Vehicle_shape-01_(rotated).jpg" caption="Advanced Technology Vehicle"] :: ::Status: Active The Advanced Technology Vehicle is a modified Indian sounding rocket developed by ISRO. It is based on the Rohini-560 sounding rocket. The ATV programme was created to test the development of a native dual-mode air-breathing scramjet engine. , ISRO has flown two test missions. ## Human spaceflight programme *Main article: Indian Human Spaceflight Programme, Gaganyaan, List of Indian astronauts* The first proposal to send humans into space was discussed by ISRO in 2006, leading to work on the required infrastructure and spacecraft. The trials for crewed space missions began in 2007 with the 600 kg Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE), launched using the PSLV rocket, and safely returned to earth 12 days later. In 2009, ISRO proposed a budget of for its human spaceflight programme. An unmanned demonstration flight was expected after seven years from the final approval and a crewed mission was to be launched after seven years of funding. A crewed mission initially was not a priority and left on the backburner for several years. A space capsule recovery experiment in 2014 and a pad abort test in 2018 were followed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's announcement in his 2018 Independence Day address that India will send astronauts into space by 2022 on the new Gaganyaan spacecraft. To date, ISRO has developed most of the technologies needed, such as the crew module and crew escape system, space food, and life support systems. The project would cost less than 100 billion (US$1.3 billion) and would include sending two or three Indians to space, at an altitude of 300 -, for at least seven days, using a GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle. ### Astronaut training and other facilities ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Gaganyaan_crew_at_Russia.jpg" caption="[[Gaganyaan]] crew in Russia"] :: The newly established Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF campaign. ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bengaluru to prepare personnel for flights in the crewed vehicle. It will use simulation facilities to train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival in microgravity, and will undertake studies of the radiation environment of space. ISRO had to build centrifuges to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the launch. Existing launch facilities at SDSC will have to be upgraded for the Indian human spaceflight campaign. HSFC and Glavkosmos signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts. An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) was to be set up in Moscow to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space. Four Indian Air Force personnel finished training at Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in March 2021. ### Axiom Mission 4 ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Shubhanshu_Shukla_at_ISS.png" caption="Shukla]] conducting experiments aboard the [[ISS]] during [[Axiom Mission 4"] :: *Main article: Axiom Mission 4* Axiom Mission 4 (Ax‑4), launched in June 2025, included Shubhanshu Shukla as mission pilot, marking the first time an Indian astronaut traveled to the International Space Station (ISS). The mission was organized by the company Axiom Space and launched by SpaceX from Launch Complex 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Shukla flew alongside Axiom commander Peggy Whitson and mission specialists Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski of the European Space Agency and Tibor Kapu of Hungary. Fellow ISRO astronaut Prasanth Nair served as Shukla's backup and participated in training at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston. Shukla spent approximately two weeks aboard the ISS conducting around 60 experiments. At least seven of these were developed by ISRO or Indian academic institutions, covering areas such as cognitive effects of screen exposure, microbial adaptation, muscle atrophy, and crop resilience in microgravity. According to ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan, Shukla's in-flight activities and research will also advance India's Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme. Media reports estimate that the Government of India spent approximately on the mission seat. The cost drew scrutiny, particularly in the context of India's parallel efforts to develop its own indigenous human spaceflight capability. ISRO and Axiom Space officials defended the expenditure, citing the mission's value in astronaut training, operational readiness, and scientific return. ### Crewed spacecraft *Main article: Gaganyaan* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gaganyaan_TV-D1_successfully_secured_on_deck_03.jpg" caption="Gaganyaan TV-D1 successfully secured on deck"] :: ISRO is working towards an orbital crewed spacecraft that can operate for seven days in low Earth orbit. The spacecraft, called Gaganyaan, will be the basis of the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (IHSP). The spacecraft is being developed to carry up to three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking capability. In its first crewed mission, ISRO's largely autonomous spacecraft would have a mass of approximately 3 t and be placed in low Earth orbit at an altitude of around 400 km. It would be capable of supporting a crew of two for up to seven days. ### Space station{{anchor|Space Station}} *Main article: Bharatiya Antariksh Station* India plans to develop a modular space station as a follow-up to the *Gaganyaan* human spaceflight programme. The proposed Bharatiya Antariksh Station would have a mass of approximately 20 t and be placed in low Earth orbit at an altitude of around 400 km. It is intended to initially support a crew of up to three astronauts for missions lasting 15 to 20 days. The ISRO aims to launch the station five to seven years after the completion of *Gaganyaan*. The station is planned to be expanded in phases over several years and is envisioned as a platform for international collaboration in research related to interplanetary exploration, microgravity science, space biology, and space medicine. ## Planetary sciences and astronomy ISRO and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research have operated a balloon launch base at Hyderabad since 1967. Its proximity to the geo-magnetic equator, where both primary and secondary cosmic ray fluxes are low, makes it an ideal location to study diffuse cosmic X-ray background. ISRO played a role in the discovery of three species of bacteria in the upper stratosphere at an altitude between 20 -. The bacteria, highly resistant to ultra-violet radiation, are not found elsewhere on Earth, leading to speculation on whether they are extraterrestrial in origin. They are considered extremophiles, and named as *Bacillus isronensis* in recognition of ISRO's contribution in the balloon experiments, which led to its discovery, *Bacillus aryabhata* after India's celebrated ancient astronomer Aryabhata and *Janibacter hoylei* after the distinguished astrophysicist Fred Hoyle. ### Astrosat *Main article: AstroSat* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Astrosat-1_in_deployed_configuration.png" caption="Astrosat-1 in deployed configuration"] :: Launched in 2015, Astrosat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory. Its observation study includes active galactic nuclei, hot White dwarfs, pulsations of pulsars, binary star systems, and supermassive black holes located at the centre of the galaxy. ### XPoSat *Main article: XPoSat* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/PSLV-C58,_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png" caption="XPoSat"] :: The **X-ray Polarimeter Satellite** (**XPoSat**) is a satellite for studying black holes and polarisation. The spacecraft carries the Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX) payload which will study the degree and angle of polarisation of bright astronomical X-ray sources in the energy range 5–30 keV. It launched on 1 January 2024 on a PSLV-DL rocket, and it has an expected operational lifespan of at least five years. ## Extraterrestrial exploration ### Lunar exploration *Main article: Chandrayaan programme* Chandryaan () are India's series of lunar exploration spacecraft. The initial mission included an orbiter and controlled impact probe while later missions include landers, rovers and sampling missions. #### Chandrayaan-1 *Main article: Chandrayaan-1* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/CY1_2007_(cropped).jpg" caption="Rendering of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft"] :: Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon. The robotic lunar exploration mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor called the Moon Impact Probe. ISRO launched it using a modified version of the PSLV on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. It entered lunar orbit on 8 November 2008, carrying high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. During its 312-day operational period (two years were planned), it surveyed the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar regions were of special interest, as they had possible ice deposits. Chandrayaan-1 carried 11 instruments: five Indian and six from foreign institutes and space agencies (including NASA, ESA, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Brown University and other European and North American institutions and companies), which were carried for free. The mission team was awarded the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics SPACE 2009 award, the International Lunar Exploration Working Group's International Co-operation award in 2008, and the National Space Society's 2009 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category. #### Chandrayaan-2 *Main article: Chandrayaan-2* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg" caption="''Vikram'' lander mounted on top of the orbiter of Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft" alt=""] :: Chandrayaan-2, the second mission to the Moon, included an orbiter, a lander and a rover. It was launched on a GSLV Mk III on 22 July 2019, consisting of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all developed in India. It was the first mission meant to explore the little-explored lunar south pole region. The objective of the Chandrayaan-2 mission was to land a robotic rover to conduct various studies on the lunar surface. The *Vikram* lander, carrying the *Pragyan* rover, was scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° S at approximately 1:50 am(IST) on 7 September 2019. However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory starting from an altitude of 2.1 km, and telemetry was lost seconds before touchdown was expected. A review board concluded that the crash-landing was caused by a software glitch. The lunar orbiter was efficiently positioned in an optimal lunar orbit, extending its expected service time from one year to seven. It was planned that there will be another attempt to soft-land on the Moon in 2023, without an orbiter. #### Chandrayaan-3 *Main article: Chandrayaan-3* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Chandrayaan-3_–_Integrated_Module.webp" caption="Integrated Module of Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft"] :: Chandryaan-3 is India's second attempt to soft-land on the Moon after the partial failure of Chandrayaan-2. The mission only included a lander-rover set and communicated with the orbiter from the previous mission. On 23 August 2023, ISRO became the first space agency to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole. ISRO is the fourth space agency ever to land on the Moon. Recognizing this achievement, Prime Minister Narendra Modi proclaimed August 23 as National Space Day in India. ### Mars exploration *Main article: Indian Mars exploration missions* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_(30055660701).png" caption="[[Tharsis]] and [[Valles Marineris]] as captured by [[Mars Orbiter Mission]]."] :: #### Mars Orbiter Mission ''(MOM)'' or ''(Mangalyaan-1)'' *Main article: Mars Orbiter Mission* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_Over_Mars_(15237158879).jpg" caption="Artist's rendering of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] spacecraft, with [[Mars]] in the background"] :: The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally known as *Mangalyaan* (eng: "MarsCraft") was launched into Earth orbit on 5 November 2013 by ISRO and has entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. India thus became the first country to have a space probe enter Mars orbit on its first attempt. It was completed at a record low cost of $74 million. MOM was placed into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. The spacecraft had a launch mass of 1337 kg, with 15 kg of five scientific instruments as payload. The National Space Society awarded the Mars Orbiter Mission team the 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category. ### Mars and Moon analogue research station *Main article: Ladakh Human Analogue Mission* Researchers from the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP) and Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have determined that Ladakh is the best site for India's first Mars and Moon analogue research station, for planning and conducting Mars and Moon mission-related exercises. The study project is being conducted by BSIP's Binita Phartiyal, IISc's Aloke Kumar who pioneered the idea of building space-bricks from biologically solidified lunar and martian regolith, and Gaganyaan astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla. The projected research station would be used for geological and astrobiological research, human studies, crew training, advancing Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), testing space technologies, and engineering integration. In Ladakh, Aaka Space Studio and ISRO will be leading a 21-day Mars and Moon analog mission. An important step forward in India's efforts to develop human spaceflight and analog research in support of the Gaganyaan program and future missions like Bharatiya Antariksh Station. It will replicate the harsh conditions of extraterrestrial environments. The expedition will test human health and endurance in isolation, acquire biometric data, simulate extraterrestrial landscape, investigate circadian lighting, and test life support technologies. The startup has experimented with technology, human endurance, and habitat design in Rann of Kutch in 2023, simulating lunar conditions. ### Solar probes #### Aditya-L1 *Main article: Aditya-L1* On 2 September 2023, ISRO launched the 400 kg Aditya-L1 mission to study the solar corona. It is the first Indian space-based solar coronagraph to study the corona in visible and near-infrared bands. The main objective of the mission is to study coronal mass ejections (CMEs), their properties (the structure and evolution of their magnetic fields for example), and consequently constrain parameters that affect space weather. On 6 January 2024, Aditya-L1 spacecraft, India's first solar mission, has successfully entered its final orbit around the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point (L1), approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. ## Upcoming launches Long-term plans may include crewed landings on the Moon and other planets as well. ### Extraterrestrial probes ::data[format=table] | Destination | Craft name | Launch vehicle | Year | |---|---|---|---| | Moon | Chandrayaan-4 | 2 × LVM3 | 2027 | | Moon | LUPEX | H3 | 2028-29 | | Venus | Venus Orbiter Mission | LVM3 | date=18 September 2024 |title=After Moon and Mars, India sights science goals on Venus |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055982 |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Union Cabinet, Government of India}} | | Mars | Mars Lander Mission | LVM3 | NET 2030 | :: #### Lunar exploration ;Chandrayaan-4 *Main article: Chandrayaan-4* Chandrayaan-4 is a planned lunar sample return mission of ISRO and the fourth iteration in its Chandrayaan programme. As of January 2025, the conceptualisation phase has been completed, and the design phase is nearing completion. The mission is expected to launch around 2028. It is planned to return up to 3 kg (6.6 lb) of lunar regolith from near Shiv Shakti point, the landing site of Chandrayaan-3. ;Lunar Polar Exploration Mission *Main article: Lunar Polar Exploration Mission* The Lunar Polar Exploration mission (LUPEX) is a planned robotic lunar mission concept by ISRO and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission would send an uncrewed lunar lander and rover to explore the south pole region of the Moon no earlier than 2028. JAXA is likely to provide the H3 launch vehicle and the rover, while ISRO would be responsible for the lander. ;Crewed Lunar Landing ISRO aims to put an Indian astronaut on the lunar surface by 2040. #### Mars exploration *Main article: Mars Lander Mission* The next Mars mission, Mars Lander Mission or Mangalyaan 2, has been proposed for launch in 2030. The new mission plan includes a rover, helicopter, sky crane and a supersonic parachute. #### Venus exploration *Main article: Venus Orbiter Mission* ISRO is considering an orbiter mission to Venus called Venus Orbiter Mission, that could launch as early as 2028 to study the planet's atmosphere. Some funds for preliminary studies were allocated in the 2017–18 Indian budget under Space Sciences; solicitations for potential instruments were requested in 2017 and 2018. A mission to Venus is scheduled for 2025 that will include a payload instrument called Venus Infrared Atmospheric Gases Linker (VIRAL) which has been co-developed with the Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales (LATMOS) under French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and Roscosmos. The Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM), which is intended to orbit a spacecraft in the orbit of planet Venus for a better understanding of the Venusian surface and subsurface, atmospheric processes, and influence of Sun on Venusian atmosphere, was approved by the Union Cabinet on 18 September 2024, under the direction of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Understanding the fundamental processes that have transformed Venus—which is thought to have once been habitable and very comparable to Earth—will be crucial to comprehending the development of Earth and Venus, the sister planets. A total of has been sanctioned for the Venus Orbiter Mission, of which would go toward the spacecraft. #### Asteroids and outer solar system Conceptual studies are underway for spacecraft destined for the asteroids and Jupiter, as well, in the long term. The ideal launch window to send a spacecraft to Jupiter occurs every 33 months. If the mission to Jupiter is launched, a flyby of Venus would be required. Development of RTEG power might allow the agency to further undertake deeper space missions to the other outer planets. ### Space telescopes and observatories #### AstroSat-2 *Main article: AstroSat-2* AstroSat-2 is the successor to the AstroSat mission. #### Exoworlds Exoworlds is a joint proposal by ISRO, IIST and the University of Cambridge for a space telescope dedicated for atmospheric studies of exoplanets, planned for 2025. ExoWorlds is proposed as a dedicated mission for exoplanet spectroscopy in the NUV-VISIBLE-IR ranges. It would be placed in a stable orbit around the Earth-Sun L2 point. #### Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST) The *Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST)* will produce high-resolution deep UV-optical images, and will also have capabilities to carry out low to medium resolution spectroscopy. The INSIST proposal was recommended by ISRO for pre-project phase with seed funding in March 2019. Collaboration with the Canadian Space Agency is also being proposed. #### DAKSHA *DAKSHA* is a proposed all-sky, high-energy transients mission, with the primary objectives of studying the gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts in a spectral range from 1 keV to about 1 MeV. To achieve these goals, Daksha will use twin Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with Three Identical Instruments each. Seed funding has been issued to ISRO Laboratories to create a laboratory model of its Instruments. It is led by teams from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and IIT Bombay will consist of a pair of satellites in LEO. Teams from Raman Research Institute, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics and PRL are developing Instruments for it. ISRO has stated that the mission meets all the technical requirements but has yet to approve funding for it. #### Proposed space weather probe ISRO has envisioned a mission to the stable L5 Lagrange point. It is under conceptual stage and parallels ESA's Vigil mission. #### Proposed LEO Solar Observatory ISRO has proposed to launch a complement to the Aditya-L1 probe to be placed in Low-Earth Orbit. ### Forthcoming satellites ::data[format=table] | Satellite name | Launch vehicle | Year | Purpose | Notes | |---|---|---|---|---| | G1/OM1 | HLVM3 | TBA | Reentry mission | First uncrewed mission of Gaganyaan to demonstrate end-to-end mission, including aerodynamics characterization of human rated launch vehicle, mission operations of Orbital Module, Re-entry and recovery of Crew Module. | | EOS-05 | GSLV | TBA | Earth observation | Launch of Earth Observation Satellite for strategic user. | | TDS-01 | PSLV | TBA | Technology demonstration | Launch of Technology Demonstration Satellite (TDS-01) to demonstrate new technologies including high Thrust Electric Propulsion System, Indigenous TWT (Travelling Wave Tube) Amplifier, Quantum Key Distribution. | | EOS-10 | PSLV | TBA | Earth observation | First PSLV vehicle realized by NSIL through Industry consortium that will launch Earth Observation Satellite for Oceanographic studies along with Indo-Mauritius joint satellite (IMJS) and Leap-2 Satellite from Indian NGE as co-passengers. | | NSIL | SSLV | TBA | TBA | Dedicated commercial mission by NSIL. | :: #### Geospatial intelligence satellites A family of 50 artificial intelligence based satellites will be launched by ISRO between 2024 and 2028 to collect geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) in different orbits to track military movements and photograph areas of interest. For the sake of national security, the satellites will monitor the neighboring areas and the international border. It will use thermal, optical, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), among other technologies, for GEOINT application. Each satellite using artificial intelligence will have the ability to communicate and collaborate with the remaining satellites in space at different orbits to monitor the environment for intelligence gathering operations. #### Bodyguard satellites The Indian government's Satellite-Protection Project, being developed by ISRO, is to safeguard India's space assets and orbiting satellites from potential dangers in space, particularly from rivals such as China. The initiative was started after a near-collision in the middle of 2024. ## Future projects ISRO is developing and operationalising more powerful and less pollutive rocket engines so it can eventually develop much heavier rockets. It has also planned to deploy a space station above earth where astronauts can stay for 15–20 days. The time frame is 5–7 years after Gaganyaan mission, to develop electric and nuclear propulsion for satellites and spacecraft to reduce their weight and extend their service lives. ### Engines and launch vehicles #### Semi-cryogenic engine *Main article: SE-2000* SE-2000 is a rocket-grade RP-1 kerosene (dubbed "ISROsene") and liquid oxygen (LOX)-based semi-cryogenic rocket engine inspired by RD-120. The engine will be less polluting and far more powerful than the existing Vikas engine. When combined with the LVM3, it will boost its payload capacity; it will be clustered in future to power India's heavy rockets. On 28 March 2025, ISRO announced significant progress in the design and development of a semi-cryogenic engine with a high thrust of 2,000 kN that will power the semi-cryogenic booster stage of the LVM3. #### Methalox engine Reusable methane and LOX-based engines are under development. Methane is less pollutive, leaves no residue and hence the engine needs very little refurbishment. The LPSC began cold flow tests of engine prototypes in 2020. #### Modular heavy rockets *Main article: Next Generation Launch Vehicle* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/NGLV_Family.svg" caption="NGLV, NGLV-H and NGLV-SH"] :: ISRO's current launch vehicles lack the capacity for launching very heavy satellites to the geostationary orbit beyond 4 ton class, a problem that is planned to be fixed with the introduction of the NGLV. ISRO is studying heavy (HLV) and super heavy-lift launch vehicle (SHLV). Modular launchers are being designed, with interchangeable parts, to reduce production time. A 10 t capacity HLV and an SHLV capable of delivering 50 - into orbit have been mentioned in statements and presentations from ISRO officials. The agency intends to develop a launcher in the 2020s which can carry nearly 16 t to geostationary transfer orbit, nearly four times the capacity of the existing LVM3. A rocket family of five medium to heavy-lift class modular rockets described as "Next Generation Launch Vehicle or NGLV" (initially planned as *Unified Modular Launch Vehicle* or *Unified Launch Vehicle*) are being planned which will share parts and will replace ISRO's existing PSLV and GSLV rockets completely. The rocket family will be powered by LOX-Methane engine and will have a capacity of lifting from 4.9 t to 16 t to geostationary transfer orbit. #### Reusable launch vehicles *Main article: RLV Technology Demonstration Programme* ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Launch_of_RLV-TD_HEX01_from_First_Launch_Pad_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre,_Sriharikota_(SDSC_SHAR)_02.jpg" caption="Satish Dhawan Space Centre FLP]] (SDSC SHAR) on 23 May 2016"] :: There have been two reusable launcher projects ongoing at ISRO. One is the ADMIRE test vehicle, conceived as a VTVL system and another is RLV-TD programme, being run to develop an autonomous spacecraft which will be launched vertically but land like a plane. To realise a fully re-usable two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose, the winged Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been configured. The RLV-TD acts as a flying testbed to evaluate various technologies such as hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight, and hypersonic flight using air-breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials was the Hypersonic Flight Experiment (HEX). ISRO launched the prototype's test flight, RLV-TD, from the Sriharikota spaceport in February 2016. It weighs around 1.5 t and flew up to a height of 70 km. HEX was completed five months later. A scaled-up version of it could serve as fly-back booster stage for the winged TSTO concept. HEX will be followed by a landing experiment (LEX) and return flight experiment (REX). ### Spacecraft propulsion and power #### Electric thrusters *Main article: Spacecraft electric propulsion* India has been working on replacing conventional chemical propulsion system with Hall-effect and plasma thrusters which would make spacecraft lighter. GSAT-4 was the first Indian spacecraft to carry electric thrusters, but it failed to reach orbit. GSAT-9 launched later in 2017, had xenon-based electric propulsion system for in-orbit functions of the spacecraft. GSAT-20 is expected to be the first fully electric satellite from India. On 28 March 2025, ISRO reported that its 300 mN xenon-based Stationary Plasma Thruster had successfully completed a 1,000-hour life test under 5.4 kW full power in a vacuum chamber. The electric propulsion system, which is intended to replace the chemical propulsion system in future satellites for orbit raising and orbital station-keeping, is designed to incorporate SPT. It will enable satellite buses to carry more transponders because of their reduced weight. Compared to the chemical propulsion system, the specific impulse of SPT is at least six times greater. The EPS will be utilized for orbit raising to the geostationary orbit and is intended to be introduced and validated in the next Technology Demonstration Satellite (TDS-01) mission. #### Alpha source thermoelectric propulsion technology *Main article: Radioisotope thermoelectric generator* Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), also called alpha source thermoelectric technology by ISRO, is a type of atomic battery which uses nuclear decay heat from radioactive material to power the spacecraft. In January 2021, the U. R. Rao Satellite Centre issued an Expression of Interest (EoI) for design and development of a 100-watt RTG. RTGs ensure much longer spacecraft life and have less mass than solar panels on satellites. Development of RTGs will allow ISRO to undertake long-duration deep space missions to the outer planets. #### Radioisotope heater unit *Main article: Radioisotope heater unit* ISRO included two radioisotope heater units developed by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in the propulsion module of Chandrayaan-3 on a trial basis which worked flawlessly. ISRO is collaborating with Department of Atomic Energy for the RHU & RTG development for the future Chandrayaan deep-space exploration missions. #### Nuclear propulsion *Main article: Nuclear propulsion* ISRO has plans for collaboration with Department of Atomic Energy to power future space missions using nuclear propulsion technology. ### Quantum technology Quantum entanglement-based real-time quantum key distribution over a 300-meter atmospheric channel, combined with quantum-secure text and image transmission and quantum-assisted two-way video chatting, were jointly demonstrated on 27 January 2022, by the Space Applications Center and Physical Research Laboratory. #### Satellite-based quantum communication At the Indian Mobile Congress 2023, ISRO presented its satellite-based quantum communication on quantum key distribution technology. According to ISRO, it is creating technologies to thwart quantum computers, which have the ability to readily breach the current generation of encrypted secure communication. A significant milestone for unconditionally secured satellite data communication was reached in September 2023 when ISRO demonstrated free-space quantum communication across a 300-meter distance, including live video conferencing using quantum-key encrypted signals. ### Upcoming launch facility ;SSLV Launch Complex *Main article: SSLV Launch Complex* SSLV Launch Complex is an under-construction spaceport in Kulasekarapattinam, a coastal village in Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. After completion, it would serve as the second launch facility of ISRO. This spaceport will mainly be used for launching SSLV and private companies' launch vehicles. It is estimated that this facility will cater 20 to 25 launches every year. ISRO plans to commission the launch pad by December 2026. ## Applications ### Telecommunication India uses its satellite communication network – one of the largest in the world – for applications such as land management, water resources management, natural disaster forecasting, radio networking, weather forecasting, meteorological imaging and computer communication. Business, administrative services, and schemes such as the National Informatics Centre (NIC) are direct beneficiaries of applied satellite technology. ### Military The Integrated Space Cell, under the Integrated Defence Staff headquarters of the Ministry of Defence, has been set up to utilise more effectively the country's space-based assets for military purposes and to look into threats to these assets. This command will leverage space technology including satellites. Unlike an aerospace command, where the Air Force controls most of its activities, the Integrated Space Cell envisages cooperation and coordination between the three services as well as civilian agencies dealing with space. With 14 satellites, including GSAT-7A for exclusive military use and the rest as dual-use satellites, India has the fourth largest number of satellites active in the sky which includes satellites for the exclusive use of its air force (IAF) and navy. GSAT-7A, an advanced military communications satellite built exclusively for the Air Force, is similar to the Navy's GSAT-7, and GSAT-7A will enhance the IAF's network-centric warfare capabilities by interlinking different ground radar stations, ground airbases and airborne early warning and control (AWACS) aircraft such as the Beriev A-50 Phalcon and DRDO AEW&CS. GSAT-7A will also be used by the Army's Aviation Corps for its helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations. In 2013, ISRO launched GSAT-7 for the exclusive use of the Navy to monitor the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) with the satellite's 2000 nmi 'footprint' and real-time input capabilities to Indian warships, submarines and maritime aircraft. ISRO launched EMISAT on 1 April 2019. EMISAT is a 436 kg electronic intelligence (ELINT) satellite. It will improve the situational awareness of the Indian Armed Forces by providing information and the location of hostile radars. India's satellites and satellite launch vehicles have had military spin-offs. While India's 93 - range Prithvi missile is not derived from the Indian space programme, the intermediate range Agni missile is derived from the Indian space programme's SLV-3. In its early years, under Sarabhai and Dhawan, ISRO opposed military applications for its dual-use projects such as the SLV-3. Eventually, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)-based missile programme borrowed staff and technology from ISRO. Missile scientist A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (later elected president), who had headed the SLV-3 project at ISRO, took over as missile programme at DRDO. About a dozen scientists accompanied him, helping to design the Agni missile using the SLV-3's solid fuel first stage and a liquid-fuel (Prithvi-missile-derived) second stage. The IRS and INSAT satellites were primarily intended, and used, for civilian-economic applications, but they also offered military spin-offs. In 1996 the Ministry of Defence temporarily blocked the use of IRS-1C by India's environmental and agricultural ministries in order to monitor ballistic missiles near India's borders. In 1997, the Air Force's "Airpower Doctrine" aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management. ### Academic Institutions like the Indira Gandhi National Open University and the Indian Institutes of Technology use satellites for educational applications. Between 1975 and 1976, India conducted its largest sociological programme using space technology, reaching 2,400villages through video programming in local languages aimed at educational development via ATS-6 technology developed by NASA. This experiment—named Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE)—conducted large-scale video broadcasts resulting in significant improvement in rural education. ### Telemedicine ISRO has applied its technology for telemedicine, directly connecting patients in rural areas to medical professionals in urban locations via satellite. Since high-quality healthcare is not universally available in some of the remote areas of India, patients in those areas are diagnosed and analysed by doctors in urban centers in real time via video conferencing. The patient is then advised on medicine and treatment, and treated by the staff at one of the 'super-specialty hospitals' per instructions from those doctors. Mobile telemedicine vans are also deployed to visit locations in far-flung areas and provide diagnosis and support to patients. ### Biodiversity Information System ISRO has also helped implement India's Biodiversity Information System, completed in October 2002. ### Cartography The Indian IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was equipped with high-resolution panchromatic equipment to enable it for cartographic purposes. IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was followed by a more advanced model named IRS-P6 developed also for agricultural applications. The CARTOSAT-2 project, equipped with single panchromatic camera that supported scene-specific on-spot images, succeeded the CARTOSAT-1 project. ### Spin-offs *Main article: ISRO spinoff technologies* ISRO's research has been diverted into spin-offs to develop various technologies for other sectors. Examples include bionic limbs for people without limbs, silica aerogel to keep Indian soldiers serving in extremely cold areas warm, distress alert transmitters for accidents, Doppler weather radar and various sensors and machines for inspection work in engineering industries. ## International cooperations ISRO has signed various formal cooperative arrangements in the form of either Agreements or Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) or Framework Agreements with Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Peru, Portugal, Russia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Netherlands, Tunisia, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela and Vietnam. Formal cooperative instruments have been signed with international multilateral bodies including European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), European Commission, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), European Space Agency (ESA) and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). ### Notable collaborative projects - **Chandrayaan-1** also carried scientific payloads to the Moon from NASA, the European Space Agency, Bulgarian Space Agency, and other institutions/companies in North America and Europe. - For the Gaganyaan mission, ISRO signed a Technical Implementing Plan (TIP) with ESA to provide ground station support. ;**Indo-French satellite missions** ISRO has two collaborative satellite missions with France's CNES, namely the now retired Megha-Tropiques to study water cycle in the tropical atmosphere and the presently active SARAL for altimetry. A third mission consisting of an Earth observation satellite with a thermal infrared imager, TRISHNA (Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High resolution Natural resource Assessment) is being planned by the two countries. ;LUPEX The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) is a joint Indo-Japanese mission to study the polar surface of the Moon where India is tasked with providing soft landing technologies. ;NISAR NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is a joint Indo-US radar project carrying an L band and an S band radar. It is the world's first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequencies. Some other notable collaborations include: - ISRO operates LUT/MCC under the international COSPAS/SARSAT Programme for Search and Rescue. - India has established a Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP) that is sponsored by the United Nations. - India is a member of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Cospas-Sarsat, International Astronautical Federation, Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), International Space University, and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellite (CEOS). - Contributing to planned BRICS virtual constellation for remote sensing. ## Statistics Last updated: 24 December 2025 - Total number of foreign satellites launched by ISRO: 434 (34 countries) - Spacecraft missions: 133 - Launch missions: 104 - Student satellites: 18 - Re-entry missions: 9 ### Budget for the Department of Space ::data[format=table] | Calendar year | GDP (2011–12 base year) in crores(₹) | Total expenditure in crores (₹) | Budget of Department of Space | Notes and references | Nominal INR (crore) | % of GDP | % of total expenditure | 2020 constant INR (crore) | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1972–73 | 55245 | | 18.2325000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1973–74 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1973_74.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072754/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1973_74.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=06 }} | | | 1973–74 | 67241 | | 19.0922000 | | | | page=13}} | | | 1974–75 | 79378 | | 30.7287000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1976–77 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1976_77.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311150735/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1976_77.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=27 }} | | | 1975–76 | 85212 | | 36.8379000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1977–78 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1977_78.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072807/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1977_78.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=32 }} | | | 1976–77 | 91812 | | 41.1400000 | | | | Revised estimate as actuals are not available | | | 1977–78 | 104024 | | 37.3670000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1979–80 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1979_80.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072837/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1979_80.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=33 }} | | | 1978–79 | 112671 | | 51.4518000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1980–81 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1980_81.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072811/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1980_81.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=36 }} | | | 1979–80 | 123562 | | 57.0062000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1981–82 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1981_82.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072831/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1981_82.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=36 }} | | | 1980–81 | 147063 | | 82.1087000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1982–83 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1982_83.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072833/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1982_83.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space }} | | | 1981–82 | 172776 | | 109.132100 | | | | page=38}} | | | 1982–83 | 193255 | | 94.8898000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1984–85 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1984_85.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318192646/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1984_85.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=48 }} | | | 1983–84 | 225074 | | 163.365600 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1985–86 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1985_86.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072829/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1985_86.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=53 }} | | | 1984–85 | 252188 | | 181.601000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1986–87 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1986_87.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072836/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1986_87.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=49 }} | | | 1985–86 | 284534 | | 229.102300 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1987–88 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1987_88.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072824/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1987_88.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=45 }} | | | 1986–87 | 318366 | | 309.990900 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1988–89 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1988_89.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073042/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1988_89.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=48 }} | | | 1987–88 | 361865 | | 347.084600 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1989–90 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1989_90.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073104/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1989_90.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=50 }} | | | 1988–89 | 429363 | | 422.367000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1990–91 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1990_91.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329075451/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1990_91.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=48 }} | | | 1989–90 | 493278 | | 398.559500 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1991–92 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1991_92.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073040/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1991_92.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=50 }} | | | 1990–91 | 576109 | 105298 | 386.221800 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1992–93 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1992_93.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073103/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1992_93.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=52 }} | | | 1991–92 | 662260 | 111414 | 460.101000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1993–94 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1993_94.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072855/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1993_94.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=54 }} | | | 1992–93 | 761196 | 122618 | 490.920400 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1994–95 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1994_95.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072813/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1994_95.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=51 }} | | | 1993–94 | 875992 | 141853 | 695.335000 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1995–96 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1995_96.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072849/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1995_96.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=65 }} | | | 1994–95 | 1027570 | 160739 | 759.079300 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1996–97 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1996_97.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072843/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1996_97.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=38 }} | | | 1995–96 | 1205583 | 178275 | 755.778596 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1997–98 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1997_98.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072841/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1997_98.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=38 }} | | | 1996–97 | 1394816 | 201007 | 1062.44660 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1998–99 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1998_99.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072808/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1998_99.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=38 }} | | | 1997–98 | 1545294 | 232053 | 1050.50250 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1999–2000 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1999_2000.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072821/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1999_2000.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=40 }} | | | 1998–99 | 1772297 | 279340 | 1401.70260 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2000–2001 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2000_2001.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072837/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2000_2001.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=41 }} | | | 1999–00 | 1988262 | 298053 | 1677.38580 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2001–2002 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2001_2002.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072903/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2001_2002.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=41 }} | | | 2000–01 | 2139886 | 325592 | 1905.39970 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2002–2003 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2002_2003.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328063237/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2002_2003.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=47 }} | | | 2001–02 | 2315243 | 362310 | 1900.97370 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2003–2004 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2003_2004.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072809/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2003_2004.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=41 }} | | | 2002–03 | 2492614 | 413248 | 2162.22480 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2004–2005 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2004_2005.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311134754/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2004_2005.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=42 }} | | | 2003–04 | 2792530 | 471203 | 2268.80470 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2005–2006 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2005_2006.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072843/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2005_2006.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=48 }} | | | 2004–05 | 3186332 | 498252 | 2534.34860 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2006–2007 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2006_2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311141857/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2006_2007.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=48 }} | | | 2005–06 | 3632125 | 505738 | 2667.60440 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2007–2008 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2007_2008.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072913/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2007_2008.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=53 }} | | | 2006–07 | 4254629 | 583387 | 2988.66550 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2008–2009 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2008_2009.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072759/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2008_2009.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=50 }} | | | 2007–08 | 4898662 | 712671 | 3278.00440 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2009–2010 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2009_2010.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072823/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2009_2010.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=52 }} | | | 2008–09 | 5514152 | 883956 | 3493.57150 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2010–2011 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2010_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072805/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2010_2011.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=46 }} | | | 2009–10 | 6366407 | 1024487 | 4162.95990 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2011–2012 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2011_2012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072802/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2011_2012.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=46 }} | | | 2010–11 | 7634472 | 1197328 | 4482.23150 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2012–2013 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2012_2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072817/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2012_2013.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=43 }} | | | 2011–12 | 8736329 | 1304365 | 3790.78880 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2013–2014 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2013_2014.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072906/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2013_2014.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=49 }} | | | 2012–13 | 9944013 | 1410372 | 4856.28390 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2014–2015 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2014_2015.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072815/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2014_2015.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=53 }} | | | 2013–14 | 11233522 | 1559447 | 5168.95140 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2015–2016 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2015_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072916/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2015_2016.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=58 }} | | | 2014–15 | 12467960 | 1663673 | 5821.36630 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2016–2017 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2016_2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072903/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2016_2017.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=74 }} | | | 2015–16 | 13771874 | 1790783 | 6920.00520 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2017–2018 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2017_2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072827/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2017_2018.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=83 }} | | | 2016–17 | 15391669 | 1975194 | 8039.99680 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2018–2019 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2018_2019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072920/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2018_2019.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=76 }} | | | 2017–18 | 17090042 | 2141975 | 9130.56640 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2019–2020 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2019_2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072819/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2019_2020.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=91 }} | | | 2018–19 | 18899668 | 2315113 | 11192.6566 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2020–2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2020_2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311145014/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2020_2021.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=93 }} | | | 2019–20 | 20074856 | 2686330 | 13033.2917 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2021–22 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/DDG_2021_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226081032/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/DDG_2021_2022.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=94 }} | | | 2020–21 | 19800914 | 3509836 | 9490.05390 | | | | title=Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2022–23 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2022_23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073052/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2022_23.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=30 May 2022 |publisher=Department of Space |page=97 }} | | | 2021–22 | 23664637 | 3793801 | 12473.84 | | | | date=1 February 2023 |title=Components of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222173837/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab16.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2023 |publisher=Ministry of Finance |page=3 }} | | :: ## Corporate affairs ### S-band spectrum scam In India, electromagnetic spectrum, a scarce resource for wireless communication, is auctioned by the Government of India to telecom companies for use. As an example of its value, in 2010, 20 MHz of [3G](3g) spectrum was auctioned for . This part of the spectrum is allocated for terrestrial communication (cell phones). However, in January 2005, Antrix Corporation (commercial arm of ISRO) signed an agreement with Devas Multimedia (a private company formed by former ISRO employees and venture capitalists from the US) for lease of S band transponders (amounting to 70 MHz of spectrum) on two ISRO satellites (GSAT 6 and GSAT 6A) for a price of , to be paid over a period of 12 years. The spectrum used in these satellites (2500 MHz and above) is allocated by the International Telecommunication Union specifically for satellite-based communication in India. Hypothetically, if the spectrum allocation is changed for utilisation for terrestrial transmission and if this 70 MHz of spectrum were sold at the 2010 auction price of the 3G spectrum, its value would have been over . This was a hypothetical situation. However, the Comptroller and Auditor-General considered this hypothetical situation and estimated the difference between the prices as a loss to the Indian Government. There were lapses on implementing official procedures. Antrix/ISRO had allocated the capacity of the above two satellites exclusively to Devas Multimedia, while the rules said it should always be non-exclusive. The Cabinet was misinformed in November 2005 that several service providers were interested in using satellite capacity, while the Devas deal was already signed. Also, the Space Commission was not informed when approving the second satellite (its cost was diluted so that Cabinet approval was not needed). ISRO committed to spending of public money on building, launching, and operating two satellites that were leased out for Devas. In late 2009, some ISRO insiders exposed information about the Devas-Antrix deal, and the ensuing investigations led to the deal's annulment. G. Madhavan Nair (ISRO Chairperson when the agreement was signed) was barred from holding any post under the Department of Space. Some former scientists were found guilty of "acts of commission" or "acts of omission". Devas and Deutsche Telekom demanded US$2 billion and US$1 billion, respectively, in damages. The Department of Revenue and Ministry of Corporate Affairs began an inquiry into Devas shareholding. The Central Bureau of Investigation registered a case against the accused in the Antrix-Devas deal under Section 120-B, besides Section 420 of IPC and Section 13(2) read with 13(1)(d) of PC Act, 1988 in March 2015 against the then executive director of Antrix Corporation, two officials of a USA-based company, a Bengaluru-based private multimedia company, and other unknown officials of the Antrix Corporation or the Department of Space. Devas Multimedia started arbitration proceedings against Antrix in June 2011. In September 2015, the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce ruled in favour of Devas, and directed Antrix to pay US$672 million (Rs 44.35 billion) in damages to Devas. Antrix opposed the Devas plea for tribunal award in the Delhi High Court. ## Heads of ISRO *Main article: Chairperson of ISRO* List of Chairpersons (since 1963) of ISRO. 1. Vikram Sarabhai (1963–1971) 1. M. G. K. Menon (1972) 1. Satish Dhawan (1973–1984) 1. U. R. Rao (1984–1994) 1. K. Kasturirangan (1994–2003) 1. G. Madhavan Nair (2003–2009) 1. K. Radhakrishnan (2009–2014) 1. Shailesh Nayak (2015) 1. A. S. Kiran Kumar (2015–2018) 1. K. Sivan (2018–2022) 1. S. Somanath (2022–2025) 1. V. Narayanan (2025–present) ## Notes ## References ## Bibliography - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ## References 1. ["Annual Report 2022-2023: 3.2 Human Resources"](https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/HumanResource.pdf). *[[Department of Space]]*. 2. (1 Feb 2025). 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