Isoxazole

Occurrence

Isoxazole rings are found in some natural products, such as ibotenic acid and muscimol.

Synthesis

Isoxazole can be synthesised via a variety of methods. Examples include via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with alkynes; or the reaction of hydroxylamine with 1,3-diketones or derivatives of propiolic acid.

Photochemistry

The photolysis of isoxazole was first reported in 1966. Due to the weak N-O bond, the isoxazole ring tends to collapse under UV irradiation, rearranging to oxazole through azirine intermediate. Meanwhile, the azirine intermediate can react with nucleophiles, especially carboxylic acids. Given the photoreactions, isoxazole group is developed as a native photo-cross-linker for photoaffinity labeling and chemoproteomic studies.

Pharmaceuticals and herbicides

Isoxazoles also form the basis for a number of drugs, including the COX-2 inhibitor valdecoxib (Bextra) and a neurotransmitter agonist AMPA. A derivative, furoxan, is a nitric oxide donor. An isoxazolyl group is found in many beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotics, such as cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin. Leflunomide is an isoxazole-derivative drug. Examples of AAS containing the isoxazole ring include danazol and androisoxazole. A number of pesticides are isoxazoles. Gaboxadol is a conformationally constrained isoxazole derivative of muscimol.

thumb|left|[[Isoxaben]] is an example of an isoxazole used as a herbicide.

References

References

1. [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]. (2014). "Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013". [[Royal Society of Chemistry.
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3. (2021). "An overview of metal-free synthetic routes to isoxazoles: the privileged scaffold". RSC Adv.
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5. (2022). "Synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazoles in water via a [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and 1,3-diketones, β-ketoesters, or β-ketoamides". Beilstein J. Org. Chem..
6. Edwin F. Ullman. (1966). "Photochemical Transposition of Ring Atoms in Five-Membered Heterocycles. The Photorearrangement of 3,5-Diphenylisoxazole". J. Am. Chem. Soc..
7. (2022). "Developing Isoxazole as a Native Photo-Cross-Linker for Photoaffinity Labeling and Chemoproteomics.". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed..
8. (2022). "Harnessing the Intrinsic Photochemistry of Isoxazoles for the Development of Chemoproteomic Crosslinking Methods.". Chem. Comm..
9. (2018). "The recent progress of isoxazole in medicinal chemistry". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry.
10. Clemens Lamberth. (2018). "Oxazole and Isoxazole Chemistry in Crop Protection". Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry.