Io Matua Kore

Controversy

Io was first known generally with the publication in 1913 of Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury's book, translated by Percy Smith as The Lore of the Whāre-wananga. The idea that the Io represented a pre-Christian understanding of "God" much like the Christian God would be propagated by Elsdon Best in his Maori Religion and Mythology.

The Io tradition was initially rejected by scholars including prominent Māori scholar Te Rangi Hīroa (Peter Buck), who wrote, "The discovery of a supreme God named Io in New Zealand was a surprise to Māori and Pākehā alike." Buck believed that the Io tradition was restricted to the Ngāti Kahungunu as a response to Christianity. Jonathan Z. Smith questions the motives behind the existence of such a book, seeing this as a questionable emphasis of the idea around the Io. Others such as James Cox argues that this "pre-Christian" understanding of a supreme god may in fact be due to the earlier Mormon missionary activities.

References

References

1. Moorfield, John C. "Io".
2. Tregear, Edward. (1891). "The Maori-Polynesian comparative dictionary". Lyon and Blair.
3. Whatahoro, Hoani Te. (2011). "The Lore of the Whare-wānanga: Or Teachings of the Maori College on Religion, Cosmogony, and History". Cambridge University Press.
4. Best, Elsdon. (2005). "Māori Religion and Mythology: Being an Account of the Cosmogony, Anthropogeny, Religious Beliefs and Rites, Magic and Folk Lore of the Māori Folk of New Zealand". Te Papa Press.
5. Hiroa, Te Rangi. (1949). "The Coming of the Maori". Maori Purposes Fund Board.
6. Smith, Jonathan Z.. (1982). "Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown". University of Chicago Press.
7. Cox, James. (2014). "The Invention of God in Indigenous Societies". Routledge.