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Interkosmos

Soviet international spaceflight program

Interkosmos
Summary

Soviet international spaceflight program

FieldValue
nameInterkosmos program
imageInterkosmos.svg
image_size200px
captionInterkosmos patch
country{{plainlist
organization{{plainlist
purposecrewed and uncrewed space mission for Soviet allies
statusCompleted
duration1967–1994
firstflight{{Unbulleted list
firstcrewed{{Unbulleted list
lastflight{{Unbulleted list
launchsiteBaikonur
native_name_aИнтеркосмос Космическая Программа
native_name_rInterkosmos Kosmicheskaya Programma
  • Soviet Union (1967–1991)
  • Russia (1992–1994)
  • Soviet space program (1967–1991)
  • Roscosmos (1992–1994) | Vertikal 1 | | Soyuz 28 | | Interkosmos 26 | Interkosmos () was an international Soviet space program designed to promote cooperation among socialist countries in space exploration and research. Formed in April 1967 in Moscow, it was led by the Soviet Union and primarily involved allied or friendly countries from the Eastern Bloc and Non-Aligned Movement, which were provided training and technical support with crewed and uncrewed space missions.

Interkosmos was established at the height of the Cold War "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States, which competed to achieve superior spaceflight capability. The respective successes were exploited by both sides for propaganda purposes, with Interkosmos aimed at demonstrating solidarity and unity between the Soviets and aligned or sympathetic countries.

All members of Interkosmos from the USSR were awarded Hero of the Soviet Union or the Order of Lenin. The program included members of the Warsaw Pact and CoMEcon, as well as other socialist states like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. Non-aligned nations such as India and Syria participated, as did capitalist states such as the United Kingdom, France and Austria. Most crewed missions consisted of non-Soviet cosmonauts being placed on routine flights with experienced Soviet cosmonauts.

Interkosmos was responsible for many inaugural achievements in the history of spaceflight, including the first citizen of a country other than the U.S. or USSR (Vladimír Remek of Czechoslovakia), the first black and Hispanic person (Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez of Cuba), and the first Asian person (Phạm Tuân of Vietnam).

History

Beginning in April 1967 with unpiloted research satellite missions, the first crewed Interkosmos mission occurred in February 1978. Joint crewed spaceflights enabled 14 non-Soviet cosmonauts to participate in Soyuz space flights between 1978 and 1988. The program was responsible for sending into space the first citizen of a country other than the US or USSR: Vladimír Remek of Czechoslovakia. Interkosmos also resulted in the first black and Hispanic person in space, Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez of Cuba, and the first Asian person in space, Phạm Tuân of Vietnam. Of the countries involved, only Bulgaria sent two cosmonauts to space, although the second one did not fly under the Interkosmos program, and the French spationaut Jean-Loup Chrétien flew on two flights.

The Soviet Union also offered commercial joint human spaceflight missions to the United Kingdom and Japan, resulting in the first British and Japanese cosmonauts. In the early 1980s, an offer was made to Finland, with test pilot Jyrki Laukkanen mentioned a potential candidate. The pilots of the Test Flight (Koelentue) refused on the grounds that participation would not benefit the flight or test pilot activity in any way; no further offers were made to Finland.

Crewed missions

refused offer}}
DateImagePrimeBackupCountryMissionPinSpace station
2 March 1978[[File:VladimirRemek.jpg75px]]Vladimír RemekOldřich PelčákFlag of Czechoslovakia.svgSoyuz 28
[[File:Soyuz 28 mission patch.svg50px]][[File:Soyuz-28 Pin.jpg50px]]Salyut 6
27 June 1978[[File:Miroslaw H.jpg75px]]Mirosław HermaszewskiZenon JankowskiFlag_of_Poland_(1928-1980).svgSoyuz 30
[[File:Soyuz 30 mission patch.svg50px]][[File:Soyuz-30 Intercosmos pin.jpg50px]]Salyut 6
26 August 1978[[File:Sigmund Jahn cropped.jpg75px]]Sigmund JähnEberhard KöllnerFlag of German Democratic Republic.svgSoyuz 31
[[File:Soyuz 31 mission patch.svg50px]][[File:Soyuz-31 Intercosmos.jpg50px]]Salyut 6
10 April 1979[[File:Georgi ivanov-676x1024.jpg75px]]Georgi IvanovAleksandr AleksandrovFlag of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svgSoyuz 33
[[File:Soyuz-33 patch.png50px]][[File:Soyuz-33 Intercosmos.jpg50px]]Salyut 6
(Docking failed)
26 May 1980[[File:Bertalan Farkas first Hungarian astronaut.jpg75px]]Bertalan FarkasBéla MagyariFlag of Hungary.svgSoyuz 36
[[File:Soyuz36 patch.png50px]][[File:Soyuz-36 Intercosmos pin depicting the flown crew.jpg50px]]Salyut 6
23 July 1980[[File:Phạm Tuân .JPG75px]]Phạm TuânBùi Thanh LiêmFlag of Vietnam.svgSoyuz 37
[[File:Soyuz37 patch.png50px]][[File:Soyuz-37 Intercosmos pin.jpg50px]]Salyut 6
18 September 1980[[File:Arnaldo Tamayo Berlin 2018 - 2.jpg75px]]Arnaldo Tamayo MéndezJosé López FalcónFlag of Cuba.svgSoyuz 38
[[File:Soyuz38 patch.png50px]][[File:Soyuz-38 Intercoms pin.jpg50px]]Salyut 6
23 March 1981[[File:Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa.jpeg75px]]Jügderdemidiin GürragchaaMaidarjavyn GanzorigFlag of the People's Republic of Mongolia (1949-1992).svgSoyuz 39
[[File:Soyuz39 patch.png50px]][[File:Soyuz-39 Intercosmos pin.jpg50px]]Salyut 6
14 May 1981[[File:Stamp of Moldova md389.jpg75px]]Dumitru PrunariuDumitru DediuFlag of Romania (1965-1989).svgSoyuz 40
[[File:Soyuz 40 mission patch.svg50px]][[File:Soyuz-40 Intercosmos pin depicting the flown crew.jpg50px]]Salyut 6
24 June 1982[[File:Chretien.jpg75px]]Jean-Loup ChrétienPatrick BaudryFlag of France.svgSoyuz T-6
[[File:Soyuz T-6 mission patch.png50px]]Salyut 7
2 April 1984[[File:Rakesh sharma.jpg75px]]Rakesh SharmaRavish MalhotraFlag of India.svgSoyuz T-11
[[File:Soyuz-T-11-Mission-Patch.svg50px]][[File:Soyuz-T11 Intercosmos pin depicting the flown crew.jpg50px]]Salyut 7
22 July 1987[[File:Muhammed Ahmed Faris.jpg75px]]Muhammed Ahmed FarisMunir Habib HabibFlag of Syria (1980–2024).svgSoyuz TM-3
[[File:Soyuz TM-3 mission patch.svg50px]]Mir
7 June 1988[[File:Александр Александров Панайотов.JPG75px]]Aleksandr AleksandrovKrasimir StoyanovFlag of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svgSoyuz TM-5
[[File:Soyuz TM-5 mission patch.svg50px]]Mir
29 August 1988Abdul Ahad MohmandMohammad Dauran Ghulam MasumFlag of Afghanistan (1987–1992).svgSoyuz TM-6
[[File:Soyuz TM-6 patch.svg50px]]Mir
26 November 1988[[File:Chretien.jpg75px]]Jean-Loup ChrétienMichel TogniniFlag of France.svgSoyuz TM-7
[[File:Soyuz TM-7 patch.png50px]]Mir
2 December 1990[[File:Toyohiro-Akiyama-First-Japanese-Person-in-Space-1990.png75px]]Toyohiro AkiyamaRyoko KikuchiFlag of Japan (1870–1999).svgSoyuz TM-11
[[File:Soyuz TM-11 patch.png50px]]Mir
18 May 1991[[File:Dr. Helen Sharman (cropped).jpg75px]]Helen SharmanTimothy MaceFlag of United Kingdom.svgSoyuz TM-12
[[File:Soyuz TM-12 patch.png50px]]Mir
2 October 1991Franz ViehböckClemens LothallerFlag of Austria.svgSoyuz TM-13
[[File:Soyuz TM-13 patch.png50px]]Mir

Uncrewed missions

  • 1970 November 28 — Vertikal-1 Aeronomy/Ionosphere/Solar mission.
  • 1971 August 20 — Vertikal-2 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
  • 1972 April 7 — Interkosmos 6 - Investigation of primary cosmic radiation and meteoritic particles in near-earth outer space.
  • 1973 April 4 — Interkosmos 9 "Copernicus-500" - satellite of cooperation of the Polish People's Republic and Soviet Union to study the Sun and ionosphere. Orbit around 200–1550 km.
  • 1975 June 3 — Interkosmos 14
  • 1975 September 2 — Vertikal-3 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
  • 1976 — Re-entry Vehicle Test mission.
  • 1976 June 19 — Interkosmos 15. Testing of new systems and components of satellite under space flight conditions.
  • 1977 March 29 — Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.
  • 1977 June 17 — Signe 3 - Twenty French specialists worked on the satellite.
  • 1977 August 30 — Vertikal-5 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
  • 1977 September 24 — Interkosmos 17 - Investigation of energetic charged and neutral particles and micrometeorite fluxes in circumterrestrial space.
  • 1977 October 25 — Vertikal-6 Ionosphere/Solar mission.
  • 1978 October 24 — Interkosmos 18 - Conduct of complex investigations on the interaction between the magnetosphere and ionosphere of the earth. Cooperation with the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, the Polish People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania.
  • 1978 October 24 — Magion 1 - The Czechoslovak satellite MAGION was launched into orbit by the Soviet spacecraft Interkosmos 18
  • 1978 November 3 — Vertikal-7 Ionosphere/Solar mission
  • 1979 February 27 — Interkosmos 19 - Cooperation with the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Polish People's Republic.
  • 1979 September 26 — Vertikal-8 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
  • 1979 November 1 — Interkosmos 20. (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania).
  • 1981 — Re-entry Vehicle Test mission.
  • 1981 February 6 — Interkosmos 21 - (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Socialist Republic of Romania)
  • 1981 August 7 — Interkosmos 22 "Bulgaria-1300" (People's Republic of Bulgaria).
  • 1981 August 28 — Vertikal-9 Solar Ultraviolet/Solar X-ray mission.
  • 1981 September 21 — Oreol 3 - Developed by Soviet and French specialists under the joint Soviet-French project 'Arkad-3'.
  • 1985 April 26 — Interkosmos 23 - Developed by scientists and specialists of the USSR and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
  • 1986 December 18 — Kosmos 1809
  • 1989 September 28 — Magion 2 - Part of the scientific programme of Interkosmos 24 (project Aktivnyj) Execution of the scientific programme of the 'Aktivny' project in conjunction with Interkosmos-24, permitting simultaneous spatially separating investigations of plasma processes in circumterrestrial space.
  • 1989 September 28 — Interkosmos 24 - U.S. participation, in cooperation with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania (the international scientific project entitled 'Aktivny'). Carrying the Czechoslovak Magion-2 satellite.
  • 1991 December 18 — Interkosmos 25 - Experiments from Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary. Comprehensive study of the effects of artificial impact of modulated electron flows and plasma beams on the ionosphere and magnetosphere of the Earth (forming part of the Apex international scientific project, conducted jointly with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.)
  • 1991 December 28 — Magion 3.
  • 1994 March 2 — Interkosmos 26 - Conduct of comprehensive investigations of the sun under the Coronas-I international project developed by Russian and Ukrainian experiments in cooperation with specialists from Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, France, and the United Kingdom.

Legacy

Following the Apollo–Soyuz mission, there were talks between NASA and Interkosmos in the 1970s about a "Shuttle–Salyut" program to fly Space Shuttle missions to a Salyut space station, with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future Buran-class orbiter to a future US space station. Whilst the Shuttle–Salyut program never materialized during the existence of the Soviet Interkosmos program, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Shuttle–Mir program would follow in these footsteps in the mid-1990s and eventually pave the way to the International Space Station.

Films

In general, most of the films associated with programs are short TV documentaries from that era. The two exceptions include (largely fictionalised) Interkosmos from 2006, and cooperation document from 2009 (in Polish) titled Lotnicy Kosmonauci ("Aviators-Cosmonauts").

References

References

  1. (2016). "Interkosmos".
  2. (2015). "Interkosmos - The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program". Springer Praxis.
  3. Matignon, Louis de Gouyon. (2019-04-05). "The Interkosmos space program".
  4. "Sigmund Jähn {{!}} Spaceflight, Astronaut, DDR {{!}} Britannica".
  5. (1984-04-04). "INDIAN JOINS SOVIET PAIR IN 8-DAY SPACE MISSION". The New York Times.
  6. Garthwaite, Rosie. (2016-03-01). "From astronaut to refugee: how the Syrian spaceman fell to Earth".
  7. Sheehan, Michael. (2007). "The international politics of space". Routledge.
  8. (2008). "The first Soviet cosmonaut team: their lives, legacy, and historical impact". Springer.
  9. "Miroslaw Hermaszewski {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica".
  10. Pinkham, Sophie. (2019-07-16). "How the Soviets Won the Space Race for Equality". The New York Times.
  11. (10 July 2019). "Jyrki Laukkasesta piti tulla Suomen ensimmäinen kosmonautti – kieltäytyi kutsusta, kun siitä ei olisi ollut mitään hyötyä". Yle.fi.
  12. "Jyrki Laukkanen". Suomen Tietokirjailijat ry.
  13. Roberts, Andrew Lawrence. (2005). "From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: a dictionary of Czech popular culture". [[Central European University Press]].
  14. (2004). "The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  15. [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-086E '''NSSDCA/COSPAR ID:''']
  16. [[Wikisource:Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir#2.1.6 Shuttle-Salyut .281973-1978.3B 1980s.29]].
  17. "FilmPolski".
Wikipedia Source

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