Integral Coach Factory

History

After Indian Independence, the Government of India wanted to reduce the import of rail coaches to cater to the increasing traffic of the Indian Railways. In the railway budget for 1949–50, then Minister of Transport and Railways, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar announced the intention to establish a railway coach factory in India.

In 1949, a technical agreement was concluded with Swiss Cars and Elevator Manufacturing Corporation, a Zurich-based company for technical assistance and transfer of coach building technology. A basic steel shell was designed as a prototype by the Swiss company which would form the basis of coaches to be manufactured in the new facility.

In 1951, the site for the factory was chosen at Perambur, a suburb of Madras and the construction began. A further extended agreement was signed in 1953 for the Swiss company to supply tools and machines to set up the factory. The Integral Coach Factory is one of the earliest production units and was constructed at a cost of . The factory was inaugurated by then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru, and rolled out its first coach on 2 October 1955. The furnishing division was inaugurated on 2 October 1962.

Manufacturing

The ICF consists of two main divisions, shell division and furnishing division. The shell division consists of 14 individual units and manufactures the skeleton of the rail coach, where various parts that form the shell are fabricated and integrated to form a single structure that is placed on wheel sets. The furnishing division consists of eight individual units and is responsible for interior furnishing, exterior painting, electrical equipment and other testing. The factory had an installed capacity of 350 units per annum in 1955 with the production increasing to 1458 by 2013–14, 2277 by 2016–17 and reaching the highest at 4166 coaches in 2019–20.

In 2011, the air-conditioned train-sets manufactured by ICF for Kolkata Metro allegedly broke down causing disruption of services as the rakes were sent to Kolkata without conducting dry runs because the ICF did not have third-rail testing facilities. As of early 2020s, the company manufactures over 4000 coaches each year and is the largest rail coach manufacturer in the world. In June 2024, ICF rolled out its 75,000 coach, which was part of the 69th rake of Vande Bharat.

Products

ICF manufactures more than 170 varieties of coaches including ICF coaches, LHB coaches, Metro coaches, EMUs, DMUs and MEMUs. The coaches manufactured based on original Swiss design were termed as ICF coaches which were manufactured from 1955 to 2018. The ICF coaches were replaced by newer LHB coaches designed by Linke-Hofmann-Busch of Germany. In the 1960s, ICF started developing EMUs for short-haul and local routes.

In 2017, ICF started developing a semi-high speed train-set designed to be fully air-conditioned, equipped with modern facilities and capable of reaching speeds of over 160 kph. In 2018, the first prototype code-named "Train 18" was completed within 18 months after initiation and was built at a cost of with 80% indigenous components. It was later re-named as Vande Bharat Express, the first of which was flagged off by the Prime Minister of India on 15 February 2019.

Exports

While the coach factory primarily manufactures rolling stock for Indian Railways, it also exports railway coaches to other countries. The first export was an order of 47 bogies to Thailand in 1967 and the factory has since exported 875 bogies and coaches to over 13 Afro-Asian countries including Angola, Bangladesh, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zambia.

Other facilities

A training school, established in 1955 provides training to the personnel. A Regional Railway Museum is situated in the factory premises which has a collection of nascent models of trains and models endemic to the Indian Railways. ICF maintains quarters of working staff and other associated facilities including hospitals and schools. About 59.1 million units of electricity had been generated through the windmills installed by ICF in Tirunelveli district in 2011 which met 80 per cent of the plant's electrical energy requirements.

References

References

1. "U Subbra Rao takes over as General Manager". [[Indian Railways]].
2. "About us". ICF.
3. "Tracing the roots". ICF.
4. (15 October 2014). "Integral Coach Factory strong at 60". [[Deccan Chronicle]].
5. (7 March 2018). "54,000 coaches later, an Indian train factory is hitting reset for the high-speed age". [[Quartz (publication).
6. "Parliamentary debates, 1954". [[Government of India]].
7. (1 September 2024). "Inside the Chennai-based Integral Coach Factory, where Vande Bharat coaches are manufactured". [[Business Line]].
8. (10 June 2022). "Integral Coach Factory: a global success story from Chennai". [[The Hindu]].
9. "Rolling Stock Department". ICF.
10. "ICF produces record 1,622 coaches". [[The Times of India]].
11. (12 March 2014). "Indian government approves Kolar coach factory".
12. (18 September 2011). "Snag disrupts Metro services develops snag, commuters stranded". [[The Times of India]].
13. (14 January 2020). "After becoming world's largest rail factory, Indian Railways ICF to beat its own coach production record". Financial Express.
14. (14 June 2022). "Watch {{!}} How Chennai's ICF became a global success". [[The Hindu]].
15. (27 June 2024). "ICF rolls out 75,000th coach since its inception". [[The Hindu Business Line]].
16. Ayyappan, V.. (4 January 2021). "Leakage Found in ICF Coaches". [[The Times of India]].
17. Debroy, Bibek. (9 February 2018). "A 70-Year-Old Vs a 30-Year-Old: LHB Coaches Perform Better than ICF Ones". [[Business Standard]].
18. (15 October 1999). "Electrical Multiple Units".
19. "Historical Background of Railway Electrification". [[Indian Railways]].
20. (20 February 2017). "Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import!". The Financial Express.
21. (29 October 2018). "Train 18: Country's first engine-less train rolled out; Train 20 next". [[The Economic Times]].
22. "India's fastest to be called Vande Bharat Express". [[NDTV]].
23. "Integral Coach Factory to turn new Vande Bharat variants this fiscal". [[Deccan Herald]].
24. "65-year-old ICF of Indian Railway exported 650 rail coaches in last few years to 14 countries". [[The New Indian Express]].
25. (18 May 2018). "Chugging through TN's Integral Coach Factory, India's oldest train-making facility". The News Minute.
26. "Janakpur-Jayanagar rail service to resume operations by March". Kathmandu Post.
27. (27 January 2012). "Coach factory to use Rs 250 cr to upgrade bogies". Business Standard.
28. (23 February 2010). "Surplus from ICF windmills to power TNEB grid soon". [[The Times of India]].
29. (10 April 2009). "Integral Coach Factory installs seven windmills". [[The Hindu]].