Infanta Maria Teresa-class cruiser

Description

The naval shipyard at Bilbao, Spain, built all three units of the Infanta Maria Teresa class. Originally, the Spanish Navy had planned to build sister ships of the battleship , but a crisis with the German Empire in the Caroline Islands in 1885 caused Spain to divert money budgeted for the battleships to the Infanta Maria Teresa class instead. The armored cruisers were considered more desirable than additional battleships at the time because their greater speed and steaming range made them better suited for responses to colonial crises.

Infanta María Teresa and her two sister ships were versions inspired by the British armored cruisers of the Orlando class, with a larger size and more powerful artillery and displacing 5,000 tons, with armor based on the same principle.

The two-funnelled Infanta Maria Teresa class was fast and well-armed, with 11 in (Hontoria) guns mounted in barbettes on the center line fore and aft and a large secondary battery of 5.5 in guns. However, their protection was poor. The armor belt was narrow and stretched for only two-thirds of the length of the hulls, the main guns had only lightly armored hoods, the 5.5-inch guns were mounted in the open on the upper deck, and the ships had a high, unprotected freeboard. Their upper decks were planked-over beams without steel plating. The ships also were heavily decorated and furnished with wood, which the Spanish failed to remove before combat and which would feed fires after enemy shell hits.

History

The Infanta Maria Teresa-class armored cruisers were active units, serving both in European and American waters. After the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, all three were assigned to the 1st Squadron, commanded by Vice Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete, in which all three were sunk at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.

Ships in class

''Infanta Maria Teresa''

Ordered in 1889, laid down in 1890, launched on 30 August 1890 and completed in 1893, was named for a Spanish princess. In Spain at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, she was sent along with her sisters to the Caribbean as part of Cervera's squadron, blockaded for 37 days in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, and sunk in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July 1898.

''Vizcaya''

Ordered in 1889, launched on 8 July 1891, and completed in 1893, was named for a Spanish province. She was visiting New York City at the time of the destruction of armored cruiser in February 1898. Ordered across the Atlantic to join Cervera in the Cape Verde Islands, she was sent along with her sisters to the Caribbean as part of Cervera's squadron, blockaded for 37 days in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, and sunk in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July 1898.

''Almirante Oquendo''

Laid down in January 1889, launched in 1891, and completed in 1893, was in Havana, Cuba when war with the United States became likely in the spring of 1898. Ordered across the Atlantic to join Cervera in the Cape Verde Islands, she was sent along with her sisters to the Caribbean as part of Cervera's squadron, blockaded for 37 days in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, and sunk in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July 1898.

Notes

References

• Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, Eds. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York, New York: Mayflower Books Inc., 1979. .
• Nofi, Albert A. The Spanish–American War, 1898. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania:Combined Books, Inc., 1996. .

References

1. [http://www.spanamwar.com/pelayo.htm The Spanish–American War Centennial Web Site: ''Pelayo'']
2. [http://www.eldesastredel98.com/capitulos/vizcaya.htm Cruceros Clase "Vizcaya"]
3. ''Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905'', p. 382
4. Brown, D K ''Warrior to Dreadnought'', p177.
5. http://www.spanamwar.com/teresa.htm The Spanish–American War Centennial Web Site: ''Infanta Maria Teresa''; and ''Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905'', p. 382
6. Nofi, p. 78
7. http://www.spanamwar.com/vizcaya.htm The Spanish–American War Centennial Web Site: ''Vizcaya''; and ''Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905'', p. 382
8. Nofi, p. 58
9. [http://www.spanamwar.com/oquendo.htm The Spanish–American War Centennial Web Site: ''Almirante Oquendo''] {{Webarchive. link. (2013-12-31 ; and ''Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905'', p. 382; the former reports the launch date as 10 April 1898, the latter as 4 October 1891, apparently because of transposition of the numerals representing the month and year, making it impossible to identify correct date.)