Illinois General Assembly

History

The Illinois General Assembly was created by the first state constitution adopted in 1818. Initially, the state did not have organized political parties, but the Democratic and Whig parties began to form in the 1830s.

Future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln successfully campaigned as a member of the Whig Party to serve in the General Assembly in 1834. He served four successive terms 1834–42 in the Illinois House of Representatives, supporting expanded suffrage and economic development. He later went to the presidency as part of then new Republican Party.

In 1877, John W. E. Thomas was the first African American elected to the legislature. In 1922, Lottie Holman O'Neill was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, becoming the first woman to serve in the Illinois General Assembly.

Future U.S. President Barack Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, serving there until 2004 when he was elected to the United States Senate.

Size over time

The size of the General Assembly has changed over time. The first General Assembly, elected in 1818, consisted of 14 senators and 28 representatives.{{Cite web

After voters approved the Legislative Apportionment Amendment in 1954, there were 58 Senate districts and 59 House districts, which did not necessarily coincide. This new arrangement was conceived as a "little federal" system: the Senate districts would be based on land area and would favor downstate, while the House districts would be based on population. House members continued to be elected by cumulative voting, three from each House district. With the adoption of the 1970 Illinois Constitution, the system of separate House and Senate districts was eliminated, and legislative districts were apportioned on a one person, one vote basis. The state was divided into 59 legislative districts, each of which elected one senator and three representatives.

The cumulative voting system was abolished by the Cutback Amendment in 1980. Since then, the House has been elected from 118 single-member districts, which are formed by dividing each of the 59 Senate districts in half. Each senator is "associated" with two representatives.

Terms of members

Members of the House of Representatives are elected to a two-year term without term limits.

Members of the Illinois Senate serve two four-year terms and one two-year term each decade. This ensures that Senate elections reflect changes made when the General Assembly is redistricted following each United States Census. To prevent complete turnovers in membership (except after an intervening Census), not all Senators are elected simultaneously. The term cycles for the Senate are staggered, with the placement of the two-year term varying from one district to another. Each district's terms are defined as 2-4-4, 4-2-4, or 4-4-2. Like House members, Senators are elected without term limits.

Officers

The officers of the General Assembly are elected at the beginning of each even-numbered year. Representatives of the House elect from its membership a Speaker and Speaker pro tempore, drawn from the majority party in the chamber. The Illinois Secretary of State convenes and supervises the opening House session and leadership vote. State senators elect from the chamber a President of the Senate, convened and under the supervision of the governor. Since the adoption of the current Illinois Constitution in 1970, the Lieutenant Governor of Illinois does not serve in any legislative capacity as Senate President, and has had its office's powers transferred to other capacities. The Illinois Auditor General is a legislative officer appointed by the General Assembly that reviews all state spending for legality.

Sessions and qualifications

The General Assembly's first official working day is the second Wednesday of January each year. The Secretary of State presides over the House until it chooses a Speaker and the governor presides over the Senate until it chooses a President. Both chambers must also select a Minority Leader from among the members of the second most numerous party.

In order to serve as a member in either chamber of the General Assembly, a person must be a U.S. citizen, at least 21 years of age, and for the two years preceding their election or appointment a resident of the district which they represent. In the general election following a redistricting, a candidate for any chamber of the General Assembly may be elected from any district which contains a part of the district in which they resided at the time of the redistricting and reelected if a resident of the new district they represents for 18 months prior to reelection.

Restrictions

Members of the General Assembly may not hold other public offices or receive appointments by the governor, and their salaries may not be increased during their tenure.

Vacancies

Seats in the General Assembly may become vacant due to a member resigning, dying, being expelled, or being appointed to another office. Under the Illinois Constitution, when a vacancy occurs, it must be filled by appointment within 30 days.{{cite constitution

The appointment process was unsuccessfully challenged before the Illinois Supreme Court in 1988 as an unconstitutional grant of state power to political parties, but the challenge failed.

Vetoes

The governor can veto bills passed by the General Assembly in four different ways: a full veto, an amendatory veto, and, for appropriations only, an item veto and a reduction veto. These veto powers are unusually broad among US state governors. The line item veto was added to the Illinois Constitution in 1884.{{Cite book | chapter-url = https://www.ncsl.org/documents/legismgt/ilp/98tab6pt3.pdf | archive-date = January 15, 2010 | access-date = June 10, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100115021825/https://www.ncsl.org/documents/legismgt/ilp/98tab6pt3.pdf#GenlProcedures | url-status = dead

The General Assembly can override full, amendatory and item vetoes by a three-fifths majority vote in both chambers.{{cite constitution

Joint Committee on Administrative Rules

By statute, the General Assembly has the power to block regulations, including emergency regulations, proposed by state administrative agencies.{{Cite journal | author-last = Falkoff | author-first = Marc D. | access-date = 2022-06-11 | access-date = 2022-06-12 | access-date = 2022-06-09

JCAR was first established in 1978 and given only advisory powers. The General assembly gave it the power to temporarily block or suspend administrative regulations for 180 days in 1980. In September 2004, the General Assembly expanded this temporary suspension power into a permanent veto. As the Illinois Constitution does not provide for a legislative veto, the constitutionality of this arrangement has been questioned. Among the charges brought against Governor Rod Blagojevich in his 2009 impeachment trial was that he had not respected the legitimacy of JCAR blocking his rulemaking on healthcare in 2008.

Works cited

• Illinois Constitution of 1818
• Illinois Constitution of 1870
• Illinois Constitution of 1970
• {{Cite web | author-last = Green | author-first = Paul M. | access-date = 2022-06-09
• {{Cite book | author-last = Miller | author-first = David R. | access-date = 2022-06-09

References

References

1. "Illinois Legal Research Guide". [[University of Chicago Library]].
2. (2012). "Illinois Criminal Law: A Survey of Crimes and Defenses". [[LexisNexis]].
3. White, Jr., Ronald C. (2009). ''A. Lincoln: A Biography''. Random House, Inc. {{ISBN. 978-1-4000-6499-1, p. 59.
4. VandeCreek, Drew E. [http://dig.lib.niu.edu/civilwar/politics.html Politics in Illinois and the Union During the Civil War] {{webarchive. link. (June 25, 2012 (accessed May 27, 2013))
5. McClellan McAndrew, Tara. (April 5, 2012). "Illinois' first black legislator". Illinois Times.
6. "Lottie Holman O'Neill (1878-1967)". National Women's History Museum.
7. Scott, Janny. (July 30, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd". The New York Times.
8. Uphoff, Judy Lee. (2012). "Governing Illinois: Your Connection to State and Local Government". Center Publications, Center for State Policy and Leadership, [[University of Illinois Springfield]].
9. [https://www.ilga.gov/commission/lrb/con4.htm Constitution of the State of Illinois, ARTICLE IV, THE LEGISLATURE] (accessed May 27, 2013)
10. {{ILCS. 10. 5/25-6