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IARC group 1

Classification

Classification

IARC group 1 Carcinogens are substances, chemical mixtures, and exposure circumstances which have been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (chemical mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient, but when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

This list focuses on the hazard linked to the agents. This means that while carcinogens are capable of causing cancer, it does not take their risk into account, which is the probability of causing a cancer, given the level of exposure to this carcinogen. The list is up to date as of January 2026, including all agents classified by Volumes 1–140 of the IARC Monographs.

Agents

CAS No.AgentVolumeVolume publication yearEvaluation yearAdditional information
Clonorchis sinensis (infection with)61, 100B20122009
Helicobacter pylori (infection with)61, 100B20122009
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)61, 100B20122009
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)61, 100B20122009
Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with11120172014
Acid mists, strong inorganic54, 100F20122009
Alcoholic beverages44, 96, 100E20122009
Aluminium production34, Sup 7, 92, 100F20122009
Areca nut85, 100E20122009
Auramine productionSup 7, 99, 100F20122009
Automotive gasoline45, 138In prep.2025
Benzidine, dyes metabolized to99, 100F20122009
Betel quid with tobaccoSup 7, 85, 100E20122009
Betel quid without tobaccoSup 7, 85, 100E20122009
Coal gasificationSup 7, 92, 100F20122009
Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of95, 100E20122009
Coke productionSup 7, 92, 100F20122009
Engine exhaust, diesel46, 10520142012
Epstein-Barr virus70, 100B20122009
Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal72, 100A20122008
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)72, 91, 100A20122008
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)72, 91, 100A20122008
Firefighter (occupational exposure as a)98, 1322023 online2022
Fission products, including strontium-90100D20122009
Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole11120172014
Haematite mining (underground)1, Sup 7, 100D20122009
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)59, 100B20122009
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)59, 100B20122009
Hepatitis D virus (HDV)59, 139In prep.2025
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I67, 100B20122009
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)67, 100B20122009
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 1664, 90, 100B20122009
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 1864, 90, 100B20122009
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 3364, 90, 100B20122009
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 31, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 5964, 90, 100B20122009
Ionizing radiation (all types)100D20122009
Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure during)34, Sup 7, 100F20122009
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acidsSup 7, 100F20122009
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus70, 100B20122009
Leather dust100C20122009
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agentsSup 7, 100A20122008
Magenta productionSup 7, 57, 99, 100F20122009
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)104, 139In prep.2025
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated33, Sup 7, 100F20122009
Neutron radiation75, 100D20122009
Nickel compoundsSup 7, 49, 100C20122009
Opium consumption1262021 online2020
Outdoor air pollution10920162013
Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter in10920162013
Painter (occupational exposure as a)47, 98, 100F20122009
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containingSup 7, 100A20122008
Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189)10720162013
Processed meat (consumption of)11420182015
Radioiodines, including iodine-13178, 100D20122009
Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited78, 100D20122009
Radionuclides, beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited78, 100D20122009
Rubber manufacturing industry28, Sup 7, 100F20122009
Salted fish, Chinese-style56, 100E20122009
Solar radiation (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet radiation from welding; and Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices)55, 100D20122009
Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps)35, Sup 7, 92, 100F20122009
Tobacco smoke, secondhand83, 100E20122009
Tobacco smoking83, 100E20122009
Tobacco, smokelessSup 7, 89, 100E20122009
Ultraviolet radiation from welding (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices; and Solar radiation)100D, 1182018 online2017
Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC) (see Ultraviolet radiation from welding; Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices; and Solar radiation)55, 100D20122017
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet radiation from welding; and Solar radiation)100D20122009
Welding fumes49, 1182018 online2017
Wood dust62, 100C20122009
X- and Gamma-Radiation75, 100D20122009
Radon-222 and its decay products43, 78, 100D20122009
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)Sup 7, 57, 99, 100F20122009
Tacrolimus137In prep.2024
Tamoxifen66, 100A20122008
1,3-ButadieneSup 7, 54, 71, 97, 100F20122009
Acrylonitrile19, Sup 7, 71, 1362025 online2024
Radium-224 and its decay products78, 100D20122009
Asbestos (all forms, including actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite)14, Sup 7, 100C20122009
Polychlorinated biphenyls18, Sup 7, 10720162013
Voriconazole137In prep.2024
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU) (Semustine)Sup 7, 100A20122008
Radium-226 and its decay products78, 100D20122009
AflatoxinsSup 7, 56, 82, 100F20122009
Phosphorus-32, as phosphate78, 100D20122009
Melphalan9, Sup 7, 100A20122008
Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobaliteSup 7, 68, 100C20122009
Radium-228 and its decay products78, 100D20122009
N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)Sup 7, 89, 100E20122009
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxinSup 7, 69, 100F20122009
Chromium (VI) compoundsSup 7, 49, 100C20122009
Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation24, Sup 7, 100A20122008
Treosulfan26, Sup 7, 100A20122008
Chlorambucil26, Sup 7, 100A20122008
Aristolochic acid82, 100A20122008
Aristolochic acid, plants containing82, 100A20122008
Etoposide76, 100A20122008
Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin76, 100A20122008
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)110, 1352025 online2023
Azathioprine26, Sup 7, 100A20122008
Chlornaphazine4, Sup 7, 100A20122008
Formaldehydelast1=Coglianofirst1=Vincentlast2=Grossefirst2=Yannlast3=Baanfirst3=Robertlast4=Straiffirst4=Kurtlast5=Secretanfirst5=Béatricelast6=Ghissassifirst6=Fatiha Eltitle=Advice on formaldehyde and glycol ethersjournal=The Lancet Oncologyvolume=5issue=9date=2004doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01562-1page=528url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470204504015621access-date=2026-01-05url-access=subscription }}, 100F20122009
Cyclophosphamide26, Sup 7, 100A20122008
Benzo[*a*]pyreneSup 7, 92, 100F20122009
Sulfur mustard9, Sup 7, 100F20122009
ThiotepaSup 7, 50, 100A20122008
Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl methyl ether (technical-grade)4, Sup 7, 100F20122009
Busulfan4, Sup 7, 100A20122008
Diethylstilbestrol21, Sup 7, 100A20122008
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran100F20122009
3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)100F20122009
Lindane11320182015
Hydrochlorothiazide50, 108, 137In prep.2024
Ciclosporin50, 100A20122008
Phenacetin24, Sup 7, 100A20122008
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages96, 100E20122009
Coal-tar pitch35, Sup 7, 100F20122009
Erionite42, Sup 7, 100C20122009
Shale oils35, Sup 7, 100F20122009
Benzene29, Sup 7, 100F, 12020182017
Plutonium78, 100D20122009
Thorium-232 and its decay products78, 100D20122009
Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds23, Sup 7, 100C20122009
Beryllium and beryllium compoundsSup 7, 58, 100C20122009
Cadmium and cadmium compounds58, 100C20122009
Uranium, mixture of isotopes (see Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited)78, 100D20122009
Vinyl chlorideSup 7, 97, 100F20122009
Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages100E20122009
Ethylene oxideSup 7, 60, 97, 100F20122009
1,2-Dichloropropane41, Sup 7, 71, 11020172014
TrichloroethyleneSup 7, 63, 10620142012
Coal-tar distillation92, 100F20122009
Pentachlorophenol53, 71, 11720192016
2-Naphthylamine4, Sup 7, 99, 100F20122009
4-Aminobiphenyl1, Sup 7, 99, 100F20122009
Benzidine29, Sup 7, 99, 100F20122009
ortho-ToluidineSup 7, 77, 99, 100F20122009

References

References

  1. . (July 7, 2019). ["List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124"](https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications). *IARC*.
  2. "IARC monographs preamble (as amended in 2019)". International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
  3. "List of Classifications – IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans".
  4. (2004). "Advice on formaldehyde and glycol ethers". The Lancet Oncology.
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