Hotu and Kamarband Caves

Excavations and findings

Excavations took place led by Carleton S. Coon and were reported on between 1949 and 1957. The site produced pottery shards, stone tools and material that could be radio-carbon dated. Twenty-two samples were dated and attributed to eight different cultures. The oldest pottery was dated to 6090-5210 cal BC. The two earliest cultures, present at around 9,910 to 7,240 years BCE are assumed to be seal hunters and vole eaters. The bones of a dog have been cited as an example of exceptionally early animal domestication. Pre-Neolithic finds date to around 6,120 years BCE.

Kamarband cave is notable for three human skeletons discovered there, dating to approximately 9,000 years BCE. Other finds include flint blades, walrus and deer bones, giving valuable information about human development from the ice age in the Mazandaran area.

DNA analysis of cave dwellers

Main article: Iranian hunter-gatherers

At Hotu Cave dwellers were identified as having Y-chromosome haplogroup J (xJ2a1b3, J2b2a1a1), with a more refined analysis putting it at J2a-PF5008*. These remains are from 9100-8600 BCE.

Literature

• C. S. Coon, Cave Explorations in Iran 1949, Museum Monographs, The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1951.
• C. S. Coon, "Excavations in Huto Cave, Iran, 1951: A Preliminary Report", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society; 96, 1952, pp. 231–69.
• C. S. Coon, The Seven Caves: Archaeological Explorations in the Middle East, New York, 1957.

References

References

1. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314159761_A_Preliminary_Analysis_of_Prehistoric_Pottery_from_Carleton_Coon's_Excavations_of_Hotu_and_Belt_Caves_in_Northern_Iran_Implications_for_Future_Research_into_the_Emergence_of_Village_Life_in_Western_Ce A Preliminary Analysis of Prehistoric Pottery from Carleton Coon's Excavations of Hotu and Belt Caves in Northern Iran: Implications for Future Research into the Emergence of Village Life in Western Central Asia by M. W. Gregg and C. P Thornton 2012]
2. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wEdWLzJSTj0C Animal Domestication in the Prehistoric Middle East by Charles A. Reed]
3. [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gar- GAR - Encyclopaedia Iranica]
4. [http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/06/16/059311 ''Iosif Lazaridis'' et al. The genetic structure of the world's first farmers, 2016.]
5. [http://j2-m172.info/2016/06/first-ancient-j2-from-iran-mesolithic-copper-age-and-levant-bronze-age-lazaridis-et-al-first-farmers/ First ancient J2 from Iran (Mesolithic, Copper Age) and Levant (Bronze Age) – Lazaridis et al. first farmers]
6. "The History of J2 - Page 6".