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Hook (diacritic)

Diacritical mark

Summary

Diacritical mark

Field	Value
name	Hook
unicode_list	{{ubl
{{unichar	0321	combining palatalized hook below	cwith	}}
{{unichar	0322	combining retroflex hook below	cwith	}}
{{unichar	02DE	cwith	}}

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In typesetting, the hook or tail is a diacritic mark attached to letters in many alphabets. In shape it looks like a hook and it can be attached below as a descender, on top as an ascender and sometimes to the side. The orientation of the hook can change its meaning: when it is below and curls to the left it can be interpreted as a palatal hook, and when it curls to the right is called hook tail or tail and can be interpreted as a retroflex hook. It should not be mistaken with the hook above, a diacritical mark used in Vietnamese, or the rhotic hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Different types of hook diacritics

Letters with hook

It could be argued that the hook was used to derive the letter ⟨J⟩ from the letter ⟨I⟩, or the letter Eng ⟨ŋ⟩ from the letter ⟨N⟩. However, these letters are usually not identified as being formed with the hook.

Most letters with hook are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and many languages use them (along with capitals) representing the same sounds.

The hook often attaches to the top part of the letter, curling to the left or to the right, finishing the ascender if present. It may then be referred to as a crook, in some languages like French more commonly than in English that is less successful in mitigating the semantic overload of the hook term.

If the hook attaches to the bottom part of the letter, it is often called a palatal hook if it curls to the left, or a retroflex hook if it curls to the right.

The retroflex hook occurs on alveolar and post-alveolar IPA letters; it also occurs on vowel letters, which currently indicates the effect of a retroflex consonant on the vowel, but formally was an option for writing rhotic vowels.

Note that the "fishhook r", ɾ, is shaped like a fishhook. It does not have a hook diacritic despite its misleading Unicode name "R with fishhook".

Latin alphabet	Letters	[Unicode] name	Hook position	Cyrillic alphabet
	ᶏ		A with retroflex hook	bottom
	ᶐ		Script A or alpha with retroflex hook	bottom
Ɓ	ɓ	𐞅	url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20253r-mod-ipa-b.pdf	title=L2/20-253R: Unicode request for IPA modifier letters (b), non-pulmonic	date=2020-11-08	first1=Kirk	last1=Miller	first2=Michael	last2=Ashby}}	top
Ꞗ	ꞗ		B with flourish	left
	ᶀ		B with palatal hook	bottom
Ƈ	ƈ		C with hook	top
Ꞔ	ꞔ		C with palatal hook	bottom
	𝼝		url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21041-add-para-ipa-ltr.pdf	title=L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters	date=2021-01-11	first=Kirk	last=Miller}}	bottom
	ɕ	ᶝ	C with curl	bottom
	𝼏		Stretched C with curl	bottom
Ɗ	ɗ	𐞌	D with hook	top
Ɖ	ɖ	𐞋	title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic	url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf	date=2020-11-08	first1=Kirk	last1=Miller	first2=Michael	last2=Ashby}}	bottom
[[File:Latin capital letter african D with hook.svg	20px	link=D with hook and tail]]	ᶑ	𐞍	D with hook and tail	top and bottom
	ᶁ		D with palatal hook	bottom
	𝼥		D with left hook	left
	ȡ		D with curl	bottom
	ʥ	𐞉	Dz digraph with curl	bottom
	𝼙		Dezh with retroflex hook	bottom
	ꬴ		E with flourish	left
	ᶒ		E with retroflex hook	bottom
	[ɚ]()		Schwa with hook	right
	ᶕ		Schwa with retroflex hook	bottom
	ᶓ		Open E or epsilon with retroflex hook	bottom
	ɝ		Reversed open E or epsilon with hook	right
	ᶔ		Reversed open E or epsilon with retroflex hook	bottom
Ƒ	ƒ		F with hook	bottom
	ᶂ		F with palatal hook	bottom
Ɠ	ɠ	𐞓	G with hook	top
	ʛ	𐞔	Small capital g with hook	top
	ᶃ		G with palatal hook	right
	ꬶ		Script G with crossed-tail	bottom
Ɦ	ɦ	ʱ	H with hook	top
	ꞕ		H with palatal hook	bottom right
	ɧ	𐞗	Heng with hook	top
	ʮ		Turned H with fishhook	top
	ʯ		Turned H with fishhook and tail	top and bottom
	ᶖ		I with retroflex hook	bottom
Ʝ	ʝ	ᶨ	J with crossed-tail	bottom
	ʄ	𐞘	Dotless J with stroke and hook	top
Ƙ	ƙ		K with hook	top
	ᶄ		K with palatal hook	bottom
	𝼑		L with fishhook	right
	ᶅ	ᶅ	L with palatal hook	bottom
	𝼦		L with left hook	left
	ɭ	ᶩ	L with retroflex hook	bottom
	ꞎ	𐞝	L with retroflex hook and belt	bottom
	ȴ		L with curl	bottom
	𝼅	𐞟	Lezh with retroflex hook	bottom
Ɱ	ɱ	ᶬ	M with hook	bottom
	ᶆ		M with palatal hook	bottom
	ꬺ		M with crossed-tail	bottom
Ɲ	ɲ	ᶮ	N with left hook	bottom left
	ᶇ		N with palatal hook	bottom right
	𝼧		N with left hook	left
	ɳ	ᶯ	N with retroflex hook	bottom right
	ꬻ		N with crossed-tail	bottom
	ȵ		N with curl	bottom
	ꬼ		Eng with crossed-tail	bottom
	𝼔		url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf	title=L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks	date=2020-07-11	first=Kirk	last=Miller}}	bottom
	𝼛		O with retroflex hook	bottom
	ᶗ		Open O with retroflex hook	bottom
Ƥ	ƥ		P with hook	top
	ᶈ		P with palatal hook	right
Ꝓ	ꝓ		P with flourish	left middle
Ꝕ	ꝕ		P with squirrel tail	left top
	ʠ		Q with hook	top
Ɋ	ɋ		Small Q with hook tail	bottom
Ɽ	ɽ	𐞨	R with tail	bottom left
	ᶉ		R with palatal hook	bottom
	𝼨		R with left hook	left
	ɻ	ʵ	Turned R with hook	bottom
	𝼕		Turned R with palatal hook	bottom
	ⱹ		Turned R with tail	top
	ꭉ		R with crossed-tail	bottom
	ꭊ		Double R with crossed-tail	bottom
	ᶊ		S with palatal hook	bottom right
	𝼩		S with left hook	left
Ʂ	ʂ	ᶳ	S with retroflex hook	bottom left
	𝼞	𐞺	S with curl	bottom
Ȿ	ȿ		S with swash tail	bottom right
	ᶋ		Esh with palatal hook	right
	ᶘ		Esh with retroflex hook	bottom
	ʆ		Esh with curl	bottom
	𝼌		Esh with double bar and curl	bottom
Ƭ	ƭ		T with hook	top
	ƫ	ƫ	T with palatal hook	bottom
	𝼪		T with left hook	left
Ʈ	ʈ	𐞯	T with retroflex hook	bottom
	ȶ		T with curl	bottom
	𝼍		Turned T with curl	bottom
	ʨ	𐞫	Tc digraph with curl	bottom
	𝼜		Tesh with retroflex hook	bottom
	ꭒ	ꭟ	U with left hook	top left
	ᶙ		U with retroflex hook	bottom
	ᶌ		V with palatal hook	bottom
	ⱱ	𐞰	V with right hook	top right
Ʋ	ʋ	ᶹ	Script V or V with hook	top right
	ⱴ		V with curl	top left
Ⱳ	ⱳ		W with hook	top right
	ᶍ		X with palatal hook	bottom right
Ƴ	ƴ		Y with hook	top right
Ȥ	ȥ		Z with hook	bottom
Ᶎ	ᶎ		Z with palatal hook	bottom
	ʐ	ᶼ	Z with retroflex hook	bottom
20px	class=skin-invert	20px	class=skin-invert		Z with top hook	top right or top left
	ʑ	ᶽ	Z with curl	bottom
Ɀ	ɀ		Z with swash tail	bottom
	𝼘		Ezh with palatal hook	right
	ᶚ		Ezh with retroflex hook	bottom
	ʓ		Ezh with curl	bottom
	ƺ		Ezh with tail	bottom
	𝼊	𐞹	Retroflex click with retroflex hook	bottom
	𝼎		Inverted glottal stop with curl	bottom
Ꜭ	ꜭ		Cuatrillo tail	bottom
Ꜯ	ꜯ		Cuatrillo hook	bottom
Ӷ	ӷ		Ghe with hook	bottom
Ӻ	ӻ		Ghe with stroke and hook	bottom
Ҋ	ҋ		Short i with tail	bottom right
Ӄ~Қ	ӄ~қ		Ka with hook	bottom right
Ԓ	ԓ		El with hook	bottom right
Ӆ	ӆ		El with tail	bottom right
Ӎ	ӎ		Em with tail	bottom right
Ӈ~Ң	ӈ~ң		En with hook	bottom right
Ԩ	ԩ		En with left hook	bottom left
Ӊ	ӊ		En with tail	bottom right
Ҭ	ҭ		te with hook	bottom right
Ӽ~Ҳ	ӽ~ҳ		Ha with hook	bottom right
Ҷ	ҷ		Che with hook	bottom right

--{{hlist| --ᶏ | ᶐ | Ɓɓ 𐞅 ᶀ | Ꞗꞗ | ƇƈꟄꞔ𝼝 | Ɗɗ 𐞌 ᶁ | Ɖɖ 𐞋 ᶑ 𐞍 | ᶒꬴ | ᶕ ɚ | ᶓ | ᶔ ɝ | Ƒƒ ᶂ | Ɠɠ 𐞓 ʛ 𐞔 | ᶃꬶ | Ɦɦ ʱ ꞕ | ɧ 𐞗 ʮ ʯ | ᶖ | Ʝ ʝ ᶨ ʄ 𐞘 | Ƙƙ ᶄ | ᶅ ᶪ | ɭ ᶩ ꞎ 𐞝𝼑 | Ɱɱ ᶬ ᶆ | ꬺ | Ɲɲ ᶮ | ɳ ᶯ ᶇ | ꬻ𝼔ꬼ | 𝼛 | ᶗ | Ƥƥ ᶈ | ꝒꝓꝔꝕ | ʠ | Ɋɋ | Ɽɽ 𐞨 ᶉ | ⱹ ɻ ʵ𝼕 | ꭉꭊ | Ȿȿ ᶊ | Ʂʂ ᶳ | ᶋᶘ | Ƭƭ | Ʈʈ 𐞯 ƫ ᶵ | ᶙꭒ ꭟ | ᶌ ⱱ 𐞰 | Ʋʋ ᶹ | Ⱳⱳ | ᶍ | Ƴƴ | Ȥȥ ʐ ᶼ | ⱿɀꟆᶎ | 𝼘 | ᶚƺ | 𝼅𐞟 | 𝼊 𐞹 Ӻӻ | Ҋҋ | Ӄӄ | Ԓԓ | Ӆӆ | Ӎӎ | Ӈӈ | Ԩԩ | Ӊӊ | Ӽӽ palatal hook

Unicode

Unicode has the combining diacritics and but these are not recommended to be used with letters, and should be used to illustrate the hooks themselves. Instead Unicode recommends the use of characters that already include the hook.

The is used to mark an r-colored vowel.

References

As in the non-standard French translation of the [[Unicode. UCS]] [http://hapax.qc.ca/ListeNoms-13.0.0.txt ListeNoms].
(2020-11-08). "L2/20-253R: Unicode request for IPA modifier letters (b), non-pulmonic".
Miller, Kirk. (2021-01-11). "L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters".
(2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic".
Priest, Lorna. (2008-07-28). "L2/08-182: Proposal to Encode Additional Latin and Cyrillic Characters".
(2020-07-11). "L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS".
Miller, Kirk. (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks".
(2005-08-09). "N2945: Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Phonetic and Orthographic Characters".
(2020-07-10). "L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters".
(1 February 2004). "Revised Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Retroflex Hook in the UCS".
"The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2015)". IPA Association.

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

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