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High courts of India

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Summary

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court_name	High Courts Of India
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location	Respective States and Union Territory of India
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authority	Indian Constitution
appealsto	Supreme Court of India
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The high courts of India are the highest courts of appellate jurisdiction in each state and union territory of India. However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of peculiar or territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated, especially by the constitution, a state law or union law.

The work of most high courts primarily consists of adjudicating on appeals from lower courts and writ petitions in terms of Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. Writ jurisdiction is also the original jurisdiction of a high court.

Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a district judge and a session judge. He is known as the district judge when he presides over a civil case and the session's judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial authority below a high court judge. Below him, there are courts of civil jurisdiction, known by different names in different states. Under Article 141 of the constitution, all courts in India, including high courts – are bound by the judgements and orders of the Supreme Court of India by precedence.

Judges in a high court are appointed by the president of India in consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the state under Article 217, Chapter Five of Part VI of the Constitution, but through subsequent judicial interpretations, the primacy of the appointment process is on the hands of the Judicial Collegium. High courts are headed by a chief justice. The chief justices rank fourteenth (within their respective states) and seventeenth (outside their respective states) on the Indian order of precedence. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that high court, whichever is higher.

The Calcutta High Court is the oldest high court in the country, brought into existence on 14 May 1862. High courts that handle numerous cases of a particular region have permanent benches established there. Benches are also present in states which come under the jurisdiction of a court outside its territorial limits. Smaller states with few cases may have circuit benches established. Circuit benches (known as circuit courts in some parts of the world) are temporary courts which hold proceedings for a few selected months in a year. Thus cases built up during this interim period are judged when the circuit court is in session. According to a study conducted by Bangalore-based N.G.O, Daksh, on 21 high courts in collaboration with the Ministry of Law and Justice in March 2015, it was found that average pendency of a case in high courts in India is 3 years.

The buildings of Bombay High Court (as part of the Victorian and art deco ensemble of Mumbai) and Punjab and Haryana High Court (as part of the architectural work of Le Corbusier) are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The high courts are substantially different from and should not be confused with the state courts of other federations, in that the Constitution of India includes detailed provisions for the uniform organisation and operation of all high courts. In other federations like the United States, state courts are formed under the constitutions of the separate states and as a result vary greatly from state to state.

High courts

The Calcutta High Court in Kolkata (est. 1862), Bombay High Court in Mumbai (est. 1862), Madras High Court in Chennai (est. 1862), Allahabad High Court in Allahabad (est. 1866), and Bangalore High Court (now Karnataka High Court) in Bengaluru (est. 1884) are the five oldest high courts in India. The Andhra Pradesh High Court and Telangana High Court are the newest high courts, established on 1 January 2019 according to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.

The following are the 25 high courts in India, sorted by name, year established, act by which it was established, jurisdiction, principal seat (headquarters), permanent benches (subordinate to the principal seat), circuit benches (functional a few days in a month/year), the maximum number of judges sanctioned, and the presiding chief justice of the high court:

#	Court	Established	Act	Jurisdiction	Principal seat	Bench(es)	Judges	Chief Justice	Allahabad High Court
1		Indian High Courts Act 1861	Uttar Pradesh	Prayagraj	Lucknow	160	119	41	Arun Bhansali
(list)
2		Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014	Andhra Pradesh	Amaravati		37	28	9	Dhiraj Singh Thakur
(list)
3		Indian High Courts Act 1861	Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Maharashtra	Mumbai	Aurangabad, Nagpur, Panaji Kolhapur	94	71	23	Shree Chandrashekhar
(list)
4		Indian High Courts Act 1861	Andaman and Nicobar Islands, West Bengal	Kolkata	Port Blair
Jalpaiguri	98	78	28	Sujoy Paul (acting)
(list)
5		Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000	Chhattisgarh	Bilaspur		22	17	5	Ramesh Sinha
(list)
6		Delhi High Court Act, 1966	Delhi	New Delhi		60	46	14	Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya
(list)
7		Government of India Act 1935	Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland	Guwahati	Aizawl, Itanagar, Kohima	30	22	8	Ashutosh Kumar
(list)
8		Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960	Gujarat	Ahmedabad		52	39	13	Sunita Agarwal
(list)
9		State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970	Himachal Pradesh	Shimla		17	13	4	Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia
(list)
10		Letters Patent issued by then Maharaja of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019	Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh	Srinagar/Jammu		17	13	4	Arun Palli
(list)
11		Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000	Jharkhand	Ranchi		25	20	5	Mahesh Sharadchandra Sonak
(list)
12		Mysore High Court Act, 1884	Karnataka	Bengaluru	Dharwad, Kalaburagi	62	47	15	Vibhu Bakhru
(list)
13		States Reorganisation Act, 1956	Kerala, Lakshadweep	Kochi		47	35	12	Soumen Sen
(list)
14		Government of India Act 1935	Madhya Pradesh	Jabalpur	Gwalior, Indore	53	39	14	Sanjeev Sachdeva
(list)
15		Indian High Courts Act 1861	Puducherry, and Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Madurai	75	56	19	Manindra Mohan Shrivastava
(list)
16		North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012	Manipur	Imphal		5	4	1	M. Sundar
(list)
17		North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012	Meghalaya	Shillong		4	3	1	Revati Mohite Dere
(list)
18		Orissa High Court Ordinance, 1948	Odisha	Cuttack		24	9	Harish Tandon
(list)
19		Letters Patent issued by then British Crown	Bihar	Patna		53	40	13	Sangam Kumar Sahoo
(list)
20		Punjab High Court Ordinance, 1947	Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab	Chandigarh		85	64	21	Sheel Nagu
(list)
21		Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949	Rajasthan	Jodhpur	Jaipur	50	38	12	Sanjeev Prakash Shrivastava (acting)
(list)
22		The 36th Amendment to the Indian Constitution	Sikkim	Gangtok		3	3	0	Muhamed Mustaque Aymantakath
(list)
23		Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014	Telangana	Hyderabad		42	32	10	Aparesh Kumar Singh
(list)
24		North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012	Tripura	Agartala		5	4	1	Mamidanna Satyaratna Ramachandra Rao
(list)
25		Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000	Uttarakhand	Nainital		11	9	2	Manoj Kumar Gupta
(list)

High courts by states/union territories

State/UT	Court	Principal seat	Bench(es)
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Calcutta High Court		Port Blair
Arunachal Pradesh	Gauhati High Court		Itanagar
Andhra Pradesh	Andhra Pradesh High Court	Amaravati
Assam	Gauhati High Court	Guwahati
Bihar	Patna High Court	Patna
Chandigarh	Punjab and Haryana High Court	Chandigarh
Chhattisgarh	Chhattisgarh High Court	Bilaspur
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu	Bombay High Court	Mumbai
Delhi	Delhi High Court	New Delhi
Goa	Bombay High Court		Panaji
Gujarat	Gujarat High Court	Ahmedabad
Haryana	Punjab and Haryana High Court	Chandigarh
Himachal Pradesh	Himachal Pradesh High Court	Shimla
Jammu and Kashmir	Jammu and Kashmir High Court	Srinagar/Jammu
Jharkhand	Jharkhand High Court	Ranchi
Karnataka	Karnataka High Court	Bengaluru	Dharwad and Kalaburagi
Kerala	Kerala High Court	Kochi
Ladakh	Jammu and Kashmir High Court	Srinagar/Jammu
Lakshadweep	Kerala High Court	Kochi
Madhya Pradesh	Madhya Pradesh High Court	Jabalpur	Gwalior and Indore
Maharashtra	Bombay High Court	Mumbai	Nagpur, Aurangabad and Kolhapur
Manipur	Manipur High Court	Imphal
Meghalaya	Meghalaya High Court	Shillong
Mizoram	Gauhati High Court		Aizawl
Nagaland	Gauhati High Court		Kohima
Odisha	Orissa High Court	Cuttack
Puducherry	Madras High Court	Chennai
Punjab	Punjab and Haryana High Court	Chandigarh
Rajasthan	Rajasthan High Court	Jodhpur	Jaipur
Sikkim	Sikkim High Court	Gangtok
Tamil Nadu	Madras High Court	Chennai	Madurai
Telangana	Telangana High Court	Hyderabad
Tripura	Tripura High Court	Agartala
Uttar Pradesh	Allahabad High Court	Prayagraj	Lucknow
Uttarakhand	Uttarakhand High Court	Nainital
West Bengal	Calcutta High Court	Kolkata	Jalpaiguri

Courts under a high court

District Court
District Munsiff Court
Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class
Court of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
E-courts

References

Body league my presw Ho Chi Minh....., Engineering New Zealand (Organisation), issuing. "EG.".
[https://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/ A Brief History about Calcutta High Court]
Thakur, Pradeep. (March 22, 2016). "HCs taking 3 years on average to decide cases: Study". [[The Times of India]].
(2017). "India's Constitution". S. Chand & Company Ltd..
Originally established at [[Agra]], it shifted to Allahabad in 1875.
(2018-12-26). "High Court of Andhra Pradesh to function at Amaravati from Jan 1, 2019".
[[Lahore High Court]] was established at [[Lahore]] on 21 March 1919 and had jurisdiction over [[Punjab region. undivided Punjab]] and [[Delhi]]. On 11 August 1947 a separate [[Punjab High Court]] was created with its seat at [[Shimla. Simla]] under the [[Indian Independence Act, 1947]], which had jurisdiction over Punjab, Delhi and present Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. In 1966 after the reorganisation of the State of Punjab, the High Court was designated as the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] at [[Chandigarh]]. The Delhi High Court was established on 31 October 1966 with its seat at Simla which was later shifted to New Delhi in 1971 after the Himachal Pradesh was granted the statehood with its own High Court at Simla.
Originally known as the High Court of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland, it was renamed as Gauhati High Court in 1971.
Originally, known as the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]. But Jammu and Kashmir having been bifurcated into two union territories, since the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019). reorganization of the state]], the court was renamed as the High Court of Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh in July 2021.
(17 July 2021). "New nomenclature for Jammu and Kashmir High Court". The Hindu.
Originally known as [[Mysore High Court]], it was renamed as Karnataka High Court in 1974.
The High Court of [[Travancore-Cochin]] was inaugurated at [[Kochi]] on 7 July 1949. The state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. That Act abolished the Travancore-Cochin High Court and created the Kerala High Court. The Act also extended the jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court to Lakshadweep.
Under the Government of India Act 1935, a High Court was established at [[Nagpur]] for the [[Central Provinces]] by Letters Patent dated 2 January 1936. After the reorganization of states, this High Court was moved to Jabalpur in 1956.
Though the State of Orissa was renamed Odisha in March 2011, the Orissa High Court retained its original name. There has been an ongoing discussion on how to legally change the nomenclature of the High Courts to reflect the renaming of states, but so far none has changed.
Originally known as [[Punjab High Court]], it was renamed as Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1966.
Originally known as [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]], and it was established on 5 November 1956 but it was renamed as [[High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad]] in 2014, renamed again as Telangana High Court on 26 December 2018.
Originally known as [[Uttaranchal High Court]], it was renamed as Uttarakhand High Court in 2007.

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