Herodian dynasty

History

Origin

During the time of the Hasmonean ruler John Hyrcanus (134–104 BC), Judea conquered Edom (Idumea) and forced the Edomites to convert to Judaism. The Edomites were gradually integrated into the Judean nation, and some of them reached high-ranking positions. In the days of Alexander Jannaeus, the Edomite Antipas was appointed governor of Edom. His son Antipater was the chief adviser to Hyrcanus II and managed to establish a good relationship with the Roman Republic, who at that time (63 BC) extended their influence over the region, following conquest of Syria and intervention in a civil war in Judea.

There are differing genealogies for the dynasty, depending on the source. According to Sextus Julius Africanus, Antipater's father was named Herod, and Epiphanius of Salamis writes that this Herod's father was named Antipas. It is Josephus who states that Antipas fathered Antipater, without further delineating his ancestry. This model is usually accepted by scholars.

Julius Caesar appointed Antipater to be procurator of Judea in 47 BC, and Antipater appointed his sons Phasael and Herod to be governors of Jerusalem and Galilee respectively. Antipater was murdered in 43 BC; however, his sons managed to hold the reins of power and were elevated to the rank of tetrarchs in 41 BC by Mark Antony.

Rise to power and reign

Herodian Kingdom

In 40 BC, the Parthians invaded the eastern Roman provinces and managed to drive the Romans out of many areas. In Judea, the Hasmonean dynasty was restored under King Antigonus II Mattathias as a pro-Parthian monarch. Herod the Great, the son of Antipater and Cypros (possibly of Nabataean descent), managed to escape to Rome. After convincing the Roman Senate of his sincere intentions in favor of Romans he eventually was announced as king of the Jews by the Roman Senate.

Despite his announcement as king of the whole of Judea, Herod did not fully conquer it until 37 BC. He subsequently ruled the Herodian kingdom as a vassal king for 34 years, crushing the opposition while also initiating huge building projects, including the harbor at Caesarea Maritima, the plaza surrounded by retaining walls at the Temple Mount, the Masada and the Herodium, among other fortresses and public works. Herod ruled Judea until 4 BC; at his death, his kingdom was divided among his three sons and his sister as a tetrarchy.

Herodian Tetrarchy

Herod Archelaus, son of Herod and Malthace the Samaritan, was given the title of ethnarch and ruled over the main part of the kingdom: Judea proper, Idumea, and Samaria. He ruled for ten years until 6 AD, when he was "banished to Vienna in Gaul, where according to Cassius Dio, "Hist. Roma," lv. 27—he lived for the remainder of his days." See also Census of Quirinius.

Herod Antipas, another son of Herod and Malthace, was made a tetrarch of Galilee and Perea; he ruled there until he was exiled by emperor Caligula in 39 AD, according to Josephus. Herod Antipas is the person referenced in the New Testament, playing a role in the death of John the Baptist and the trial of Jesus. The Gospel of Luke states that Jesus was first brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, since Pilate was the governor of Roman Judea, which encompassed Jerusalem where Jesus was arrested. Pilate initially handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been most active, but Antipas sent him back to Pilate.

Philip was the son of Herod and his fifth wife Cleopatra of Jerusalem. He was given the title of tetrarch with jurisdiction over the northeast part of his father's kingdom: Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanaea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis, and Paneas. He ruled until his death in 34 AD.

Salome I, Herod's sister, was the toparch of Jabneh until her death c. 10 CE.

Last rulers

Herod Agrippa was the grandson of Herod. Thanks to his friendship with Caligula, the emperor appointed him ruler with the title of king over the territories of Philip in 37 AD, which were after Philip's death in 34 AD shortly part of the Roman province of Syria, and in 40 AD he was given the territories of Herod Antipas. In 41 AD, Emperor Claudius added to his territory the parts of Judea province that previously belonged to Herod Archelaus. Thus Agrippa I practically re-united his grandfather's kingdom under his rule. Agrippa died in 44 AD.

Agrippa's son Herod Agrippa II was appointed a tetrarch of Chalcis and later king of the territories previously ruled by Philip. He actively participated in the quelling of the Great Revolt of Judea on the Roman side. Agrippa II was the last of the Herodians; with his death in c. 92 or 100 AD the dynasty was extinct, and the kingdom became fully incorporated into the Roman province of Judaea.

In addition, Herod of Chalcis ruled as king of Chalcis, and his son, Aristobulus of Chalcis, was tetrarch of Chalcis and king of Armenia Minor.

List of rulers

• Antipater the Idumaean (Procurator of Judaea) 47–44 BC
• Herod the Great
  • Governor of Galilee 47–44 BC
  • Tetrarch of Galilee 44–40 BC
  • Elected king of all Judaea by the Roman Senate 40 BC, reigned 37–4 BC
• Phasael (Governor of Jerusalem) 47–40 BC
• Pheroras (Governor of Perea) 20–5 BC
• Herod Archelaus (Ethnarch of Judaea) 4 BC – 6 AD
• Herod Antipas (Tetrarch of Galilee) 4 BC – 39 AD
• Philip the Tetrarch (Tetrarch of Batanaea) 4 BC – 34 AD
• Salome I (Tetrach of Jabneh) 4 BC – 10 AD
• Tigranes V of Armenia (King of Armenia) 6–12 AD
• Herod Agrippa
  • King of Batanaea 37–41 AD
  • King of Galilee 40–41 AD
  • King of all Judaea 41–44 AD, previously Judaea (Roman province), given to him by Claudius, and reinstated as a province after his death.
• Herod of Chalcis (King of Chalcis) 41–48 AD
• Herod Agrippa II & Berenice
  • Tetrarch of Chalcis 48–53 AD
  • King of Batanaea 53–100 AD
• Aristobulus of Chalcis
  • King of Armenia Minor 55–72 AD
  • Tetrarch of Chalcis 57–92 AD
• Tigranes VI of Armenia (King of Armenia) 58–61 AD
• Gaius Julius Alexander (King of Cetis) 58–72 AD

In the arts

Literature

Novels

• Hordos u-Miryam (1935), a Hebrew novel by Aaron Orinowsky
• Mariamne (1967), a Swedish novel by Pär Lagerkvist
• Claudius the God (1934), an English novel by Robert Graves, features Herod Agrippa I as an important character

Plays

• Herod appears in some cycles of the Mystery Plays, played as an over the top villain. Such portrayals were still in folk memory in William Shakespeare's time, for Hamlet instructs the players not to "out-Herod Herod" (Act 3, Scene 2).
• Marianna (1565), an Italian drama by Lodovico Dolce
• Mariam, the Faire Queene of Jewry (1613) an English drama by Elizabeth Tanfield Cary
• Herod and Antipater, with the Death of Faire Mariam (1622), an English drama by Gervase Markham and William Sampson
• Mariamne (1636), a French drama by François Tristan l'Hermite
• La mort des enfants d’Hérode; ou, Suite de Mariamne (1639), a French drama by Gathier de Costes de la Calprenède
• Herod and Mariamne (1673), an English drama by Samuel Pordage
• La Mariamne (1696), an Italian opera by Giovanni Maria Ruggeri (mus.) and Lorenzo Burlini (libr.)
• Mariamne (1723), a French drama by Elijah Fenton
• Herod features in two 18th century French plays on Mariamne, by Nadal and Voltaire.
• Herodes und Mariamne (1850), a German drama by Christian Friedrich Hebbel
• Myriam ha-Hashmonayith (1891), a Yiddish drama by Moses Seiffert
• Tsar Irod I tsaritsa Mariamna (1893), a Russian drama by Dmitri Alexandrov
• Herod and Mariamne (1938), an English drama by Clemence Dane

Poetry

• Herod and Mariamne (1888), an English poem by Amelie Rives
• Mariamne (1911), an English poem by Thomas Sturge Moore

Movies

• The King of Kings (1927) by Cecil B. DeMille
• Salome (1953) by William Dieterie
• King of Kings (1961) by Nicholas Ray
• The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) by George Stevens, David Lean, Jean Nugelesco
• Herod the Great (1959) (Italy) by Victor Tourjansky

Figurative arts

Painting

• Mariamne Leaving the Judgment Seat of Herod (1887), a painting by John William Waterhouse

Performing arts

Music

• Herod’s Lament for Mariamne (1815), an English song by Isaac Nathan (mus.) and George Byron (libr.)
• Herodes und Mariamne (1922), incidental music by Karol Rathaus
• Lied der Mariamne (ohne Worte) (1927), incidental music by Mikhail Gnesin

Ballet

• La Marianna (1785), an Italian ballet by Giuseppe Banti (chor.)

Opera

• Marianne (1796), opera in French with music by Nicolas Dalayrac and a libretto of Benoît-Joseph Marsollier
• Hérodiade (1881), opera in French by Jules Massenet after Gustave Flaubert's play Hérodias (1877)
• Salome (1905), opera in German by Richard Strauss after Oscar Wilde's play's Salome

Family tree

References

Bibliography

• Julia Wilker, Für Rom und Jerusalem. Die herodianische Dynastie im 1. Jahrhundert n.Chr. (Berlin, Verlag Antike, 2007) (Studien zur Alten Geschichte, 5).

References

1. (2015-11-06). "Peoples Beyond Palestine".
2. "Kingdoms of the Levant - Edom".
3. Jarus, Owen. (11 March 2019). "Who Was the Real King Herod?".
4. "The Family of Herod the Great - Grace Notes".
5. Flader, Fr John. (2020-06-17). "Which Herod was which? Sorting out the five Herods".
6. (15 December 2015). "Why the Magi got a bad press".
7. (25 January 2020). "Rome, Iran, and the Specters of Antiquity".
8. [http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war1.html Jewish War 1].14.4: [[Mark Antony]] " …then resolved to get him made king of the Jews… told them that it was for their advantage in the [[Parthian Empire. Parthian]] war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and [[Augustus. Caesar]] went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign."
9. (13 May 2020). "Palestinian Authority demolishing Hasmonean dynasty fortress - report".
10. Ponchner, Debbie. "Archeologists Restore Flooring That Adorned the Second Temple of Jerusalem".
11. Leichman, Abigail Klein. (2020-06-18). "The 10 most iconic archeological sites in Israel".
12. Flader, Fr John. (2020-06-17). "Which Herod was which? Sorting out the five Herods".
13. "Archelaus".
14. Josephus, ''Antiquities'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0526.tlg004.perseus-eng1:2.181 18.181].
15. GCT. "August 29: Beheading Of John The Baptist".