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Helotiales

Order of fungi

Summary

Order of fungi

Helotiales is an order of the class Leotiomycetes within the division Ascomycota. The taxonomy within Helotiales has been debated. It has expanded significantly as genomic techniques for taxonomical identification have become more commonly used. , the order is estimated to contain 30 accepted families, 519 genera, and 6266 species.

Helotiales is the largest order of non-stromatic discomycetes that usually, but not always, have brightly coloured apothecia. Many members of the family have obviously cup-shaped ascomata with little or no stipes. They are usually found fruiting on coarse or large wood debris as well as on other organic matter. Part of these discomycetes are limited to a specific host range, this goes as far as to not just being limited to one particular plant, additionally some species need a particular part of that plant.

Description

Helotiales is distinguished by its disc or cup-shaped apothecia.
Its asci are only slightly thickened in contrast to other Leotiomycetes
Most Helotiales species live as saprobes on soil humus, dead logs, manure and other organic matter.
The order includes most fungi that engage in ericoid mycorrhiza, including Rhizoscyphus ericae, Meliniomyces species and Cairneyella variabilis.
The order contains some of the most severe plant pathogens such as Monilinia fructicola (brown rot on stone fruits), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (lettuce drop and other diseases), D. rosae (black spot of roses), Sclerotium cepivorum (soft rot of onions) and Botrytis cinerea.

Families

Amicodiscaceae
Arachnopezizaceae
Bryoglossaceae
Cenangiaceae
Chlorociboriaceae
Chlorospleniaceae
Chrysodiscaceae
Dermateaceae
Discinellaceae
Drepanopezizaceae
Erysiphaceae
Gelatinodiscaceae
Godroniaceae
Hamatocanthoscyphaceae
Helotiaceae
Heterosphaeriaceae
Hyaloscyphaceae
Hydrocinaceae
Lachnaceae
Loramycetaceae
Mitrulaceae
Mollisiaceae
Myxotrichaceae
Neolauriomycetaceae
Pleuroascaceae
Ploettnerulaceae
Rutstroemiaceae
Sclerotiniaceae
Solenopeziaceae
Tympanidaceae
Vibrisseaceae

Disputed or previously included families

Amorphothecaceae - Kirk (2008) assigned to Helotiales, but reclassified under order Erysiphales.
Ascocorticiaceae - reclassified under order Medeolariales
Hemiphacidiaceae - Merged with Cenangiaceae in the 2010s.
Phacidiaceae (also known as Bulgariaceae) - reclassified under order Phacidiales
Vandijckellaceae - identified by Crous et al. (2017), not widely accepted.

File:Chlorociboria-aeruginascens.jpg|Green Elfcup or Green Wood Cup Chlorociboria aeruginascens, family: Chlorociboriaceae (photo: Holger Krisp) File:Leeuwenhorstbos - Ascocoryne.jpg|Ascocoryne, family: Helotiaceae File:Mollisia benesuada (Tul.) W. Phillips 718024.jpg|Mollisia benesuada, family: Dermateaceae File:Bisporella citrina 59079.jpg|Bisporella citrina, family: Helotiaceae File:Arachnopeziza aurata 57007696.jpg|Arachnopeziza aurata, family: Hyaloscyphaceae File:Eichen-Stromabecher Rutstroemia firma.jpg|Brown oak disk cup Rutstroemia firma, family: Rutstroemiaceae (photo: Holger Krisp) File:Botrytis conidiophores 16X.png|The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis conidiophores, Magnification X16, family: Sclerotinaceae File:Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr 335788.jpg|Vibrissea truncorum, family: Vibrisseaceae image source: Mushroom Observer

References

(December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". The Field Museum, Department of Botany.
(2020). "Species Fungorum for CoL+ {{!}} COL".
"Helotiales: The non-stromatic Cup Funghi". Mycologywebpages [[New Brunswick Museum]].
(2004). "''Chlorociboria aeruginascens'' & ''C. aeruginosa''".
(2021). "''Brahmaculus'' gen. nov. (Leotiomycetes, Chlorociboriaceae)". MycoKeys.
(September 2005). "Life history and systematics of the aquatic discomycete Mitrula (Helotiales, Ascomycota) based on cultural, morphological, and molecular studies". American Journal of Botany.
"Amorphothecaceae".
(2021-01-01). "Phylogenetic Advances in Leotiomycetes, an Understudied Clade of Taxonomically and Ecologically Diverse Fungi". Elsevier.
(2016). "Evidence for the polyphyly of Encoelia and Encoelioideae with reconsideration of respective families in Leotiomycetes". Fungal Diversity.
(December 2014). "Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications". IMA Fungus.
(December 2017). "Fungal Planet description sheets: 625-715". Persoonia.
"Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. (335788)". [[Mushroom Observer]].
(2008). "Dictionary of the Fungi". CABI.

Wikipedia Source

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helotiales leotiomycetes ascomycota-orders

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