Heera Mandi

Etymology

Heera Mandi translates literally to "diamond market". Hira Singh Dogra, a prime minister of the Punjab, during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh thought that Shahi Mohalla in the heart of the city may be used as an economic hub, similar to a bazaar, in addition to housing tawaifs. He established a food grains market in the neighborhood which first became familiar as ‘Hira Singh di Mandi’ (Hira Singh's market). The area's name is traditionally ascribed to Heera Singh, son of Dhian Singh Dogra. Dhian Singh was the Prime Minister during Maharaja Ranjit Singh's reign.

Historical background

Mughal Empire

Established during the Mughal Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries, this place gained prominence during the reign of the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. During the Mughal period, women from Afghanistan and Uzbekistan were brought to Heera Mandi to entertain the royal court.

An area south of the Lahore Fort was developed as a residential neighborhood for attendants and servants of the royal court and the Emperor. It later came to be known as Shahi Mohalla, which translates to "royal neighborhood" in English. The area became home to tawaifs, who were professional entertainers associated with the royal court. The market remained the centre of the city's tawaif (courtesan) culture for the Lahore's Mughal era elite during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. The name "Heera Mandi" was chosen in honor of Heera Singh, an officer who resided in that area.

Durrani Empire

Following invasions by Ahmad Shah Abdali who is also called Ahmad Shah Durrani, Heera Mandi became known for prostitution. Abdali made it a Prostitution hub for his army

Sikh Empire

Maharaja Ranjit Singh reinstated various Mughal royal rituals in Lahore, including the culture of tawaifs and their court performances, the tawaifs continued to receive royal patronage from the court. Brothels run by Afghans in Heeramandi were shut down.

British Empire

British colonial rule solidified Heera Mandi's reputation as a hub for prostitution. Within the market, women and hijras offered traditional and classical dances. From the British colonial period till recent past, it remained a centre of prostitution in Lahore. Many hijras, members of Pakistan's transgender community, frequent the area and are involved in the area's dance culture. After the British colonization, although more brothels and prostitutes were operating in Heera Mandi, there were still tawaif performing activities in the area, Heera Mandi retained its reputation as a centre of the performing arts. Tawaifs' patrons were no longer emperors and nobles but wealthy men from the city. This is when Heera Mandi earned its nickname “Bazaar-e-Husn” (Market of Beauty).

After the partition

After the partition of India, young and attractive tawaifs from Heera Mandi became the first choice of Pakistan filmmakers. Girls from the Heera Mandi joined the Lollywood industry and gained much fame and wealth. Some of the most skilled tawaifs performed as backup dancers in early Pakistani films. In Heera Mandi and surrounding areas, there were many dance and music classrooms, which closed as the tawaifs and musicians left. Eventually, only prostitutes came and stayed at Heera Mandi to engage in prostitution.

Culture

During the Mughal period, tawaifs of Heeramandi were trained in Indian classical music, Kathak and mujra dance, as well as poetry and etiquette. These tawaif had art teachers or an Ustad to guide them in their skills. They would practice music and dance on the balcony. These tawaifs entertained guests with exquisite art in kotha and provided performing arts to their guests. Some of tawaifs also entered the palace to perform for the Mughal royal family.

Prostitution

The brothel houses were further developed by the British in the old Anarkali Bazaar for the recreation and enjoyment of the British soldiers during the British Raj. After that, these were shifted to Lohari Gate and then to Taxali Gate.

The place is also considered as a symbol for the city of Lahore during the Mughal period. Over time, during the day, Heera Mandi is much like any other Pakistani bazaar and is known for its good food, wide range of Khussa (traditional Mughal footwear), and shops for musical instruments and dance. At night, the 'brothels above the shops' were opened. Sometimes the words 'Heera Mandi' themselves are considered to be offensive during informal conversations.

Crackdown on prostitution

During Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's reign, an operation was conducted against music and dance houses, which were alleged to be dens of prostitution. The operation served to spread the practice throughout the city.

After prostitution was outlawed in Heera Mandi, much of the area was converted into food streets, restaurants and retail shops. In recent times, there are prostitutes in the area who are selling sex secretly, the practice in the neighbourhood is in decline with the rise of reserve prostitutes on online websites, though it's still illegal.

Civic administration

The neighbourhood forms part of Taxali Gate's Union Council 30.

In popular culture

• Lajwanti, a 2015 Indian TV series is partially set in Heera Mandi.
• Heera Mandi is referred to in the 2019 Indian film Kalank.
• The district serves as the basis for the 2024 Indian Netflix web-series Heeramandi: The Diamond Bazaar (2024).
• The 2024 Pakistani film Taxali Gate is partially set in Heera Mandi.

References

References

1. Jalil, Xari. (30 April 2017). "FADE FROM RED: THE DIAMOND OF LAHORE HAS DULLED". Dawn newspaper.
2. Qureshi, Tania. (23 April 2017). "Heera Singh's Mandi".
3. Patel, Mira. (2024-05-12). "The real story of Lahore’s Hira Mandi: Of glamour, power, and survival". The Indian Express.
4. (2024-05-04). "5 interesting facts about real-life Heera Mandi which still exists in Lahore, Pakistan".
5. (3 March 2021). "Heera Mandi: Red-Light Area With ARoyal Past".
6. "Lahore Chronicle: A journey from Royal Courtesans to Selling Sex in the City-Sumaira Rauf/Saira Rauf".
7. "A maharaja, a tawaif, and an area with a reputation: The story of Heera Mandi".
8. (3 May 2024). "Real story of Heeramandi: Unveiling Lahore's lost legacy of tawaif culture".
9. (23 August 2016). "How Facebook is killing Lahore's Heera Mandi". [[Dawn (newspaper).
10. M Shafiq, 'Old Lahore, 2001
11. (June 27, 2022). "The untold tales of Heera Mandi".
12. Grimes, William. (July 20, 2005). "In Shadows of a City of Pleasure, Courtesans Grow Old". [[The New York Times]] newspaper.
13. (2017-06-07). "Niggo - A Heera Mandi girl in Lollywood and victim of honour killing".
14. (21 August 2015). "Footprints: When shahi mohallah fell silent".
15. (5 January 2019). "They Once Danced for Royalty. Now It's Mostly for Leering Men.". The New York Times.
16. "Heera Mandi: Red-Light Area With A Royal Past".
17. "The Dancing Girls of Lahore : Selling Love and Saving Dreams in Pakistan's Pleasure District by Louise Brown".
18. Butt, Zohaib. (2010-08-19). "Heera Mandi: Scarlet secrets of Lahore".
19. (23 March 2023). "Heera Mandi History: कहां खो गए लाहौर की हीरामंडी के रंग? कला के लिए मशहूर जगह कैसे बनी ज़िस्मफरोशी का केंद्र".