Harlan County, Kentucky

History

Eastern Kentucky is believed to have supported a large Archaic Native American population in prehistoric time. Cliff dwellings were used by successive cultures as residences and at times for burials. In 1923, an Indian Cliff Dwelling was discovered near Bledsoe, Kentucky Historical tribes in this area included the Cherokee and Shawnee.

Before the American Revolutionary War, the area presently bounded by state lines was considered to be part of the Virginia colony. In 1780, the Virginia state legislature divided Kentucky County into three counties: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln. In 1791 - as part of the state of Kentucky - these were incorporated into the new nation. In 1799, part of Lincoln County was divided to create Knox County. Harlan County was formed in 1819 from a part of Knox County and named after Silas Harlan who built a log stockade near Danville, which was known as "Harlan's Station". His grand-nephew was U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan .

Due to increasing population, in 1842 part of the county split off to become Letcher County in 1842; Bell County was likewise established in 1867. In 1878, the northwestern area was partitioned to form part of Leslie County.

Coal Mining was the only major resource in the county and was exploited to fuel the growth of early 20th century industry. When the Great Depression struck in 1930 and demand for coal reduced, often-violent confrontations between strikers, strikebreakers, mine company security forces, and law enforcement were termed the Harlan County Wars. After the Battle of Evarts, May 5, 1931, Kentucky governor Flem D. Sampson called in the National Guard to restore order.

Ballads sung on the picket line at the Brookside mine in Harlan County were captured on film by documentarian John Gaventa. The county was the subject of the documentary film Harlan County, USA (1976), directed by Barbara Kopple. It documented organizing during a second major period of labor unrest in the 1970s, particularly around the Brookside Strike.

And I'm a miner's son And I'll stick with the union Till every battle's won

They say in Harlan County There are no neutrals there You'll either be a union man Or a thug for J.H. Blair Which Side Are You On?

In 1924, Conda Uless (Ulysses) "Condy" Dabney was convicted in the county of murdering a person who was later found alive.

From the late eighteenth through the mid-nineteenth century, Harlan County and nearby counties were settled by numerous persons of multiracial descent, with African, European and sometimes American Indian ancestors. Many such families were descended from free people of color in colonial Virginia, who formed families of free white women and free, indentured or enslaved African and Black men. Because the mothers were free, their mixed-race children were born free.

Descendants of such free people of color, some of whose members have been called Melungeon, have documented the racial heritage of Harlan's early settlers through 19th-century photographs, DNA analysis such as the Melungeon DNA Project, and historic records.

In 2007, the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians formed as a non-profit organization to work on improving the lives of multiracial families and preserving Native American heritage, structures and artifacts in the area. It established the Kentucky Native American Data Bank, which has the names of 1,000 people of documented Native American descent related to this region; it is accessible for free on the Rootsweb Internet site. Now known as the Ridgetop Shawnee, they have become the heritage arm of Pine Mountain Indian Community, LLC, which since 2013 has taken the lead in working on economic development in the region.

In 2019, the county was the site of the 2019 Harlan County coal miners protest, one in a long history of coal mining. Coal miners demanded back payment from a coal company that fired them shortly after declaring bankruptcy. They occupied a railroad track and prevented a coal train from leaving the county for almost two months.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 468 sqmi, of which 466 sqmi is land and 2.3 sqmi (0.5%) is water.

Features

The headwaters of the Cumberland River are located in Harlan County: Poor Fork (extending from the city of Harlan east past the city of Cumberland and into Letcher County), Clover Fork extending East from above Evarts, and Martins Fork (extending through the city of Harlan west). The confluence is located in Baxter.

Black Mountain, located east of Lynch, is Kentucky's highest point, with an elevation of 4145 ft above sea level.

Major highways

• [[File:US 421.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 421
• [[File:US 119.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 119
• [[File:Elongated circle 38.svg|20px]] Kentucky Route 38
• [[File:Elongated circle 160.svg|20px]] Kentucky Route 160

Adjacent counties

• Perry County (north)
• Letcher County (northeast)
• Wise County, Virginia (east)
• Lee County, Virginia (southeast)
• Bell County (southwest)
• Leslie County (northwest)

National protected areas

• Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (part)
• Blanton Forest

Demographics

| align-fn = center 1790–1960 1900–1990 1990–2000 2010–2020

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 26,831. The median age was 42.3 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18 and 19.1% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 93.3 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 90.9 males age 18 and over.

The racial makeup of the county was 93.6% White, 2.0% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.3% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 0.4% from some other race, and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 1.0% of the population.

22.9% of residents lived in urban areas, while 77.1% lived in rural areas.

There were 11,249 households in the county, of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 31.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

There were 12,962 housing units, of which 13.2% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 67.4% were owner-occupied and 32.6% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6% and the rental vacancy rate was 8.7%.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 33,202 people, 13,291 households, and 9,449 families residing in the county. The population density was 71 /sqmi. There were 15,017 housing units at an average density of 32 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 95.56% White, 2.62% African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. 0.65% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race.

There were 13,291 households, out of which 32.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.30% were married couples living together, 13.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.90% were non-families. 27.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.00.

The age distribution was 25.00% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 27.50% from 25 to 44, 25.20% from 45 to 64, and 13.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $18,665, and the median income for a family was $23,536. Males had a median income of $29,148 versus $19,288 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,585. About 29.10% of families and 32.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.10% of those under age 18 and 21.00% of those aged 65 or over.

Life expectancy

Of 3,142 counties in the United States in 2013, Harlan County ranked 3,139 in the longevity of both male and female residents. Males in Harlan County lived an average of 66.5 years and females lived an average of 73.1 years compared to the national average for the longevity of 76.5 for males and 81.2 for females. Moreover, the average longevity in Harlan County declined by 0.6 years for males and 2.6 years for females between 1985 and 2013 compared to a national average for the same period of an increased life span of 5.5 years for men and 3.1 years for women.

Economy

For 100 years, the economy of Harlan County and other counties in eastern Kentucky was based on coal mining. The latter-twentieth-century decline of coal production and employment has led to widespread poverty and high unemployment.

Although coal mining began much earlier, the first shipment of coal by railroad from Harlan County occurred in 1911 and coal production boomed thereafter. Mining employment in Harlan County rose to 13,619 in 1950. The number of employed miners had declined to 764 by June 2016. During the same period, the population of Harlan County declined from 71,000 to less than 28,000. Unemployment has been as high as 20 percent (September 1995) and has consistently been higher than the U.S. national average. Unemployment in December 2016 was 9.5 percent, compared to 4.8 percent in the nation as a whole. Harlan County ranked in the highest 10 percent of all United States counties in the prevalence of poverty among its residents.

Annual per capita personal income in Harlan County was $27,425 in 2014 compared to a national average of $48,112.

By 2016, more than half of the county's income came from transfers from the Federal government such as Social Security, Medicare and food stamps.

As of 2018 new jobs are being located in the county as Teleworks USA has opened a hub in the city of Harlan. This has provided over 200 new jobs as of April 2018 SEKRI, located in the Blair community near the city of Cumberland, also announced expansions and added an additional 100 jobs in March 2018.

Politics

Harlan County's political history resembles West Virginia's. Under the Third and Fourth Party systems it was a Republican county: except when supporting Theodore Roosevelt's "Bull Moose" Party in 1912, it voted Republican for the presidential candidate in every election from 1880 to 1932. However, with increasing unionization in the coal industry, it became a Democratic stronghold for six decades. With the exception of Dwight D. Eisenhower's victories in 1952 and 1956, and Richard Nixon's landslide re-election in 1972 (in which it gave 59.4% of its votes to the Republican incumbent Nixon and 39.6% of its votes to Democratic presidential nominee George McGovern), it voted blue in every election from 1936 to 2000.

Even in Ronald Reagan's landslide re-election of 1984, Harlan County voted 51.9% for Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale, while incumbent Reagan received 47.1% of the vote. But the decline of the coal industry also changed politics in the county: in the 2004 Presidential election, Harlan County voted for the Republican presidential nominee for the first time in 32 years; Republican incumbent George W. Bush received 60.2% of the vote, while the Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry received 39.1% of the vote.

This rightward trend continued in 2008, when Republican presidential candidate John McCain received 72.3% of the vote, while Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama received 26.1% of the vote. In 2012, the Republican gap was even larger, as the Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney won the county over the Democratic incumbent Obama by a 64% margin (81.2% to 17.2%). In the 2016 election, its voters supported Republican nominee Donald Trump over Democrat Hillary Clinton by a 72.12% margin (84.87 to 12.75).

In 2020 Donald Trump received 85.38% of the county's vote compared to 13.62% for Democratic nominee Joe Biden, for a slightly lower margin of 71.76%. but an improvement over his previous percentage of 84.87%.

Elected officials

Education

Higher education

The county's only higher education institution is Southeast Kentucky Community and Technical College (formerly known as Southeast Community College), a part of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System, with its main campus in Cumberland.

K–12 Harlan County public schools

The county has two K–12 public school districts. Harlan County Public Schools covers all of Harlan County, except for the city of Harlan and some small unincorporated communities adjacent to the city. The district operates one high school, Harlan County High School, which opened in August 2008. The school nickname is Black Bears, reflecting the area's increasing black bear population. The new high school, located in the rural community of Rosspoint east of Harlan, replaced three other high schools:

• Cumberland High School, Cumberland, served students from the cities of Cumberland, Benham, Lynch, and near the Letcher County border.
• Evarts High School, Evarts, served the area from the Harlan City limits to the Virginia border.
• James A. Cawood High School, Harlan, served students in central Harlan County.

The district operates the following K–8 schools:

• Black Mountain Elementary
• Cawood Elementary
• Cumberland Elementary
• Evarts Elementary
• Green Hills Elementary
• James A. Cawood Elementary
• Rosspoint Elementary
• Wallins Elementary

Harlan Independent Schools

Harlan Independent Schools is a separate district covering the city of Harlan and operating the following schools:

• Harlan High School
• Harlan Middle School
• Harlan Elementary School

K–12 private schools

• Harlan County Christian School (Putney)

Economy

Coal companies in Harlan County

• Alpha Natural Resources
• Harlan-Cumberland Coal Company
• JRL Coal Company
• Sequoa Energy
• James River Coal Company
• US Coal

Area attractions

• Black Mountain Off-Road Adventure Area: This off-road park has been voted number one all-terrain vehicle (ATV) destination by ATV Pathfinder for two years running. It consists of more than 7000 acre set aside for quads and 4WD vehicle recreation. Harlan County also holds the Guinness World Record for the largest ATV parade.
• Cranks Creek Lake
• Kentucky Coal Mining Museum
• Kingdom Come State Park; Elevation: 2700 ft; Size: 1283 acre; Location: On the outskirts of the city of Cumberland, and is connected to the Little Shepherd Trail. This state park was named after the popular Civil War novel, The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come, by Kentucky author John Fox Jr. The park contains a picnic area, hiking trails, a fishing lake, a cave amphitheater, several lookouts and natural rock formations, including Log Rock and Raven Rock. It is the site of the annual Kentucky Black Bear Festival.
• Martins Fork Lake
• Pine Mountain Settlement School

Communities

Cities

• Benham
• Cumberland
• Evarts
• Harlan (county seat)
• Loyall
• Lynch

Census-designated places

• Ages
• Cawood
• Coldiron
• Kenvir
• Pathfork
• South Wallins
• Wallins Creek

Other unincorporated communities

• Alva
• Baxter
• Blair
• Bledsoe
• Brookside
• Chad
• Closplint
• Cranks
• Dayhoit
• Elcomb
• Fresh Meadows
• Grays Knob
• Gulston
• Highsplint
• Hiram
• Holmes Mill
• Putney
• Pine Mountain
• Rosspoint
• Smith
• Tacky Town
• Teetersville
• Totz
• Verda

Notable people==

• Bernie Bickerstaff, NBA coach
• Rebecca Caudill, author of children's books
• Jerry Chesnut, country music songwriter
• Carl H. Dodd, Korean War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
• Wah Wah Jones, NBA player
• Nick Lachey, singer, actor
• Cawood Ledford, University of Kentucky basketball and football announcer
• George Ella Lyon, author and poet
• Florence Reece, songwriter
• Louise Slaughter, Congresswoman
• Jordan Smith, Winner of The Voice

In popular culture

Literature

Elmore Leonard's novels Pronto, Riding the Rap, and Raylan feature Raylan Givens, a Harlan County native, and his short story "Fire in the Hole" has Givens returning to Harlan.

In the James Jones novel "From Here to Eternity", Robert E. Lee Prewitt, a bugler in the Army and the main character, is from Harlan County.

In the Nicholas Proffitt novel "Gardens of Stone", the main character, Army soldier Jackie Willow's family is from Harlan County.

Music

Harlan County is mentioned in many versions of the 18th-century folk song "Shady Grove". The famous labor song, "Which Side Are You On?", was written by Florence Reece in 1931 in and about Harlan. It has been covered by many artists from Pete Seeger and the Almanac Singers to Billy Bragg, the Dropkick Murphys, and Natalie Merchant. Harlan is mentioned in the Aaron Watson song "Kentucky Coal Miner's Prayer".

It is mentioned in Robert Mitchum's recording "Ballad of Thunder Road" as a stop along a moonshine route. It is the subject of the Darrell Scott song "You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive", which has been covered by Brad Paisley, Dave Alvin, Kathy Mattea, and Patti Loveless, among others, and has been heard in several versions on the TV drama Justified. Dave Alvin also wrote and performed his song, "Harlan County Line" for an episode of Justified.

Dierks Bentley's song "Down in the Mine", on his Up on the Ridge album, mentions Harlan. The band Spear of Destiny included the song "Harlan County", on their 1985 album * World Service*. Harlan County is mentioned in the Merle Travis song Nine Pound Hammer which he wrote in 1939; it has been covered by many bluegrass artists including Doc Watson.

Wayne Kemp wrote and recorded a song called "Harlan County." Harlan County is also the name of the first album by Jim Ford, 1969, as well as a song bearing the same name. The Dave Alvin song "Harlan County Line" takes place around the area of Harlan. Singer/Songwriter Loudon Wainwright III included a song titled "Harlan County" on his 2014 album I Haven't Got The Blues (Yet). Harlan County is mentioned as the setting of the David Allan Coe song "Daddy Was A God Fearin' Man" in his 1977 album Tattoo.

Steve Earle wrote and recorded "Harlan Man" included on the 1999 Grammy-nominated album " The Mountain" recorded with the Del McCoury Band.

The Cast Iron Filter song "Harlan County, USA" from the 2000 album "Further Down the Line" recounts a dramatization of the Eastover/Brookside coal miners' strike.

Films

• Harlan County, USA (1976). Documentary film directed by Barbara Kopple depicting the Eastover/Brookside coal miners' strike, which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
• Harlan County War (2000). Dramatic film based on the Eastover/Brookside strike. Directed by Tony Bill and starring Holly Hunter.
• Thunder Road (film) (1958). Dramatic film about moonshiners based in Harlan County and starring Robert Mitchum.

Television

• The FX television series Justified (2010–15), created by Graham Yost and based on Elmore Leonard's Raylan Givens novels and short story, is set in the U.S. federal district of Eastern Kentucky and prominently in Harlan County. The show was filmed in California and Pennsylvania, however, not in Kentucky.
• Kentucky Justice, a reality TV show on National Geographic Channel, is set in Harlan County and follows Sheriff Marvin J. Lipfird & his department.

References

References

1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau.
2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties.
3. Cressey, Paul Frederick. (1949). "Social Disorganization and Reorganization in Harlan County, Kentucky". American Sociological Review.
4. "Wet & Dry Counties in Kentucky". Kentucky Office of Alcoholic Beverage Control.
5. [https://pinemountainsettlement.net/?page_id=2875 Series 10-Built Environment: "Indian Cliff Dwelling"], Pine Mountain Settlement School, posted May 27, 2001; 2013-12-18; January 13, 2014
6. "Find A County". Naco.org.
7. Rennick, Robert M.. (1987). "Kentucky Place Names". University Press of Kentucky.
8. Green III, James S.. (1964). "Major Silas Harlan: His Life and Times".
9. Harlan, Alpheus Hibben. (1914). "History and Genealogy of the Harlan Family; and Particularly of the Descendants of George and Michael Harlan Who Settled in Chester County PA, 1687".
10. [http://www.genealogyinc.com/kentucky/bell-county/ "Bell County, Kentucky"] Genealogy Inc. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
11. Tom Hansell, Patricia Beaver and Angela Wiley, "Keep Your Eye upon the Scale," ''Southern Spaces'', 2015 [http://southernspaces.org/2015/keep-your-eye-upon-scale]
12. [https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/6482/005152380_00644?pid=23188469 U.S. World War I Draft Registration Card: Conda Uless Dabney], accessed March 2017
13. [http://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittle_bks/Borchard_Convicting/chpt9.pdf Convicting the Innocent - Errors in Criminal Justice: Condy Danny] {{Webarchive. link. (May 20, 2016 , accessed March 2017)
14. (September 28, 2019). "Kentucky miners, still seeking back pay, end coal train protest after two months".
15. (August 22, 2012). "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau.
16. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024". United States Census Bureau.
17. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau.
18. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library.
19. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau.
20. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000". United States Census Bureau.
21. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)".
22. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)".
23. (2023). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)".
24. "Archived copy".
25. "100 years of Coal Mining in Harlan County", ''Lexington Herald-Leader'', [http://www.kentucky.com/news/local/coal/article44121909.html] accessed February 15, 2017,
26. Kentucky Quarterly Coal Report, April to June 2016, [http://energy.ky.gov/Coal%20Facts%20Library/Kentucky%20Quarterly%20Coal%20Report%20(Q2-2016).pdf]{{Dead link. (August 2025)
27. "The unemployment rate in Harlan County, Kentucky [https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/KYHARL5URN] accessed February 15, 2017
28. "Archived copy".
29. "Per Capita Personal Income in Harlan County, Kentucky" [https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCPI21095/downloaddata] accessed February 15, 2017,
30. (December 21, 2018). "Where Government is a Dirty Word but it Checks Pay the Bills". New York Times.
31. [https://www.harlandaily.com/2018/04/17/additional-employers-considering-teleworks/ Harlan Daily Enterprise (17 April 2018)]
32. [https://www.harlandaily.com/2018/05/15/county-announces-job-fair/ Harlan Daily Enterprise (May 15, 2018)]
33. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
34. The Political Graveyard; [http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/KY/HR-votes.html Harlan County, Kentucky]
35. . ["Senate Members - County"](https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/Legislators/smembers_county.html). *[[Kentucky General Assembly]]*.
36. . ["House Members - County"](https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/Legislators/hmembers_county.html). *[[Kentucky General Assembly]]*.
37. (October 14, 2008). "Cumberland High School".
38. (January 23, 2011). "Evarts High School".
39. (December 25, 2008). "James A. Cawood High School".
40. "Harlan Independent Schools". Harlan-ind.k12.ky.us.
41. "車査定で高値を引き出すコツ！知らなきゃ損する中古車買取の秘訣". Hccs-warriors.com.
42. "Alpha Natural Resources - 2012 Kentucky Operations".
43. "James River Coal Company – Bledsoe".
44. "uscoalinc.com".
45. "atvpathfinder.com".
46. Lee-Sherman, Deanna. (September 16, 2006). ["County breaks ATV world record"](http://www.harlandaily.com/articles/2006/09/17/news/local_news/news9568.txt}}{{dead link). [[The Harlan Daily Enterprise]].
47. "Pine Mountain Settlement School". Pine Mountain Settlement School.
48. [http://www.rebeccacaudill.org/about/index.htm Rebecca Caudill Young Readers' Book Award: About the Award]. Rebeccacaudill.org (October 2, 1985). Retrieved March 13, 2011.
49. (April 15, 2015). "'Justified' Ends With An Unpredictable, Poetic And Memorable Finale". NPR.
50. Zogbi, Marina. (December 1, 2009). "'Justified' on FX Premiering in March". [[AOL]].