From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Harari language

Semitic language of eastern Ethiopia

Summary

Semitic language of eastern Ethiopia

Field	Value
name	Harari
nativename	ሀረሪ ()
states	Ethiopia
ethnicity	Harari
region	Harari Region
speakers	L1:
ref
L2:
speakers_label	Speakers
date	2007 census
familycolor	Afro-Asiatic
fam2	Semitic
fam3	West Semitic
fam4	South Semitic
fam5	Ethiopic
fam6	South
fam7	Transversal
fam8	Harari–East Gurage
ancestor	Old Harari
ancestor2	Middle Harari
script	Ge'ez script (officially)
Arabic script (formerly)
Latin script (informally; diaspora)
Harari script
iso3	har
glotto	hara1271
glottorefname	Harari
image	Kitāb Al Farā'id- ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ʻArāshī et al- Harari Legal Manuscript 18th Century.png
imagecaption	18th century manuscript in the Harari language; titled Kitāb Al Farā'id

L2: Arabic script (formerly) Latin script (informally; diaspora) Harari script

Harari was originally written with a version of the Arabic script, Harari script, then the Ethiopic script was adopted to write the language. Some Harari speakers in diaspora write their language with the Latin alphabet.

Phonology

Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alv./	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal	plain	emphatic	Nasal	Stop	voiceless	voiced	ejective	Fricative	voiceless	voiced	Trill	Approximant

Front	Central	Back	short	long	short	long	Close	Mid	Open

Grammar

Nouns

Number

Wolf Leslau discusses Harari–East Gurage phonology and grammar: The noun has two numbers, singular and plural. The affix -ač changes singulars into plurals:

: abōč ; abōčač : wandaq ; wandaqač : gar ; garač

Nouns ending in a or i become plural without reduplicating this letter: : gafa ; gafač : gubna ; gubnač : liği ; liğiyač : qabri ; qabriyač

/s/ alternates with /z/: : färäz ; färäzač : iraaz ; iraazač

Gender

Masculine nouns may be converted into feminines by three processes. The first changes the terminal vowel into -it, or adds -it to the terminal consonant:

: rágá ; rágít : buchí ; buchít : wasíf ; wasífít

Animals of different sexes have different names. and this forms the second process:

: bárá ; lám

The third and the most common way of expressing sex is by means of korma and inistí , corresponding to English "he-" and "she-":

: korma faraz ; inistí faraz : korma baqal ; inistí basal

Pronouns

English	Independent	Object pronoun suffixes	Possessive
suffixes	Direct	Prepositional	Benefactive	Locative/adversative
I	ኣን
an
you (m. sg.)	አኻኽ
äkhakh
you (f. sg.)	አኻሽ
akhâsh
you (polite/formal)	አኻኹ
akhâkhu
he/him	አዝዞ
äzzo
she/her	አዝዜ
äzze
s/he (polite/formal)	አዝዚዩ
äzziyu
we	ኢኛች
ignâch
you (pl.)	አኻኻች
akhâkhâch
they	አዝዚያች
äzziyach

Number, Gender	Near	Far	Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Plural
ዪ yi (i)	የእ yäǝ
ኢትተ ittä	የትተ
yättä
ዪያች yiyâch	የኣች Ya’âch

Person	Singular	Plural	1	2	3
Án	Innách or Inyách.
Akhákh	Akhákhách
Azo	(383) Azziyách

The affixed pronouns or possessives attached to nouns are:

Singular. : 1st Pers. – e, my or mine. : Gár-e, my house. : 2nd Pers. – khá, thy or thine. Gár-khá, thy house. : 3rd Pers. – zo, or – so, his. Gár-zo, his house.

Plural. : 1st Pers. – zinya or sinya, our. : Gár-zinya, our house. : 2nd Pers. – kho, your. Gár-kho, your house. : 3rd Pers. – ziyu or siyu, their. Gár-ziyu, their house. (384)

In the same way attached pronouns are affixed to verbs: : Sit-ayn: give (thou to) me. : Sit-ana: give (thou to) us.

The demonstrative pronouns are: : Sing. Yí, this. : Yá', that. : Plur. Yíách, these. : Yá'ách, those.

The interrogative pronouns are the following: : Mántá: who? : Mintá: what?

: Án atti'e hárkho: I myself went. : Akhákh attikha hárkhí: thou thyself wentest. : Azo attiizo hára: he himself went.

Verbs

The following are the two auxiliary verbs:

Past	Present	Imperative	Affirmative	Negative
Án narkhú.	Án alnárkhúm.	Án halkho.	Án elkhúm.
Akhákh nárkhí.	Akhákh alnárkhím.	Akhákh halkhí.	Akhákh elkhím.	Hal.
Azo nárá.	Azo alnárám.	Azo hal ().	Azo elúm.
Inyách nárná.	Inyách alnárnám.	Inyách halna.	Inyách elnám.
Akhákhách narkhú.	Akhákhách alnárkhúm.	Akhákhách halkhú.	Akhákhách elkhúm.	Halkhú.
Aziyách nárú.	Aziyách alnárúm.	Aziyách halú	Aziyásc elúm.

Past tense : Sing. 1. I became: Án ikaní náarkho. : 2. Thou becamest: Akhákh tikání nárkhí. : 3. He became: Azo ikáni nárá. : Plur. 1. We became: Innách nikání nárná. : 2. Ye became: Akhákhách tikání nárkhú. : 3. They became: Aziyách ikání nárú.

Present tense : Sing. 1. I become: Án ikánákh. : 2. Thou becomest: Akhákh tikánákh. : 3. He becomes: Azo ikánál. : Plur. 1. We become: Inyách nikánáná. : 2. Ye become: Akhákhách tikánákhu. : 3. They become: Aziyách yikánálú.

Imperative : Become thou, "Kanni". Become ye, "Kánnú".

Prohibitive : Sing. 2. Become not, ikánnumekh. : Plur. 2. Become not ye, tikánnumekhu.

Past tense

(Affirmative form) : Sing. 1. I went, Án letkho. : 2. Thous wentest, Akhákh letkhí. : 3. He went, Azo leta. : Plur. 1. We went, Inyách letna. : 2. Ye went, Akhákhách letkhú. : 3. They went, Aziyách letú.

(Negative form) : Sing. 1. I went not, Án alletkhúm. : 2. Thou wentest not, Akbákh alletkhím. : 3. He went not, Azo alletám. : Plur. 1. We went not, Inyách aletnám. : 2. Ye went not, Akhákách alletkhúm. : 3. They went not, Azziyách alletúm.

Present tense.

(Affirmative form) : 1. I go, Án iletákh 1. Inyásh niletáná. : 2. Thou goest, Akhákh tiletínakh 2. Akhákhách tiletákhú. : 3. He goes, Azo yiletál 3. Azziyách yiletálú.

(Negative form) : Sing. 1. I go not, Án iletumekh. : 2. Thou goest not, Akhákh tiletumekh. : 3. He goes not, Azo yiletumel. : Plur. 1. We go not, Inyách niletumena. : 2. Ye go not, Akhákhach tiletumekhú. : 3. They go not, Azziyách iletuelú.

: Sing. 1. I will go, Án iletle halkho. : 2. Thou wilt go, Akháhk tiletle halkhí. : 3. He will go, Azo iletle hal. : Plur. 1. We will go, Inyách niletle halns. : 2. Ye will go, Akhákhách tiletle halkhú. : 3. They will go, Azziyách niletle halns.

Writing system

Harari today is generally written in three scripts. It was originally written in an unmodified and now in a standardized modified Arabic Script. The Ethiopic script was then adopted to write Harari. There is a Latin version of the script used by the Harari diaspora.

Historically the language was also written in native Harari secret script until the late 70s.

Harari Arabic script

Harari Arabic script consists of 36 letters, made up of the original 28 Arabic letters, plus 8 additional letters for sounds unique to Harari or to loanwords of European origin. 8 of the original 28 letters are only used for writing of loanwords of Arabic origin (shown in beige in the table below). 2 of the 8 new letters are only used for writing of loanwords of European origin (shown in green in the table below).

Harari Arabic script is also made up of 5 vowel diacritics. A unique and noteworthy feature of this script is that it indicates stressed syllables in an explicit manner, as explained in the following section.

Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial	IPA	Romanization	Ge'ez Equivalent
Arab	أ / إ}}		Arab	ا}}	[ / ]	a / '
Arab	ب}}	Arab	ـب}}	Arab	ـبـ}}	Arab	بـ}}	b
Arab	پ}}	Arab	ـپ}}	Arab	ـپـ}}	Arab	پـ}}	p
Arab	ت}}	Arab	ـت}}	Arab	ـتـ}}	Arab	تـ}}	t
Arab	ث}}	Arab	ـث}}	Arab	ـثـ}}	Arab	ثـ}}	ṫ
Arab	ج}}	Arab	ـج}}	Arab	ـجـ}}	Arab	جـ}}	j
Arab	ݘ}}	Arab	ـݘ}}	Arab	ـݘـ}}	Arab	ݘـ}}	g
Arab	ح}}	Arab	ـح}}	Arab	ـحـ}}	Arab	حـ}}	ḣ
Arab	خ}}	Arab	ـخ}}	Arab	ـخـ}}	Arab	خـ}}	kh
Arab	د}}		Arab	د}}		d
Arab	ذ}}		Arab	ذ}}		dh
Arab	ر}}		Arab	ر}}		r
Arab	ز}}		Arab	ز}}		z
Arab	ژ}}		Arab	ژ}}		zh
Arab	س}}	Arab	ـس}}	Arab	ـسـ}}	Arab	سـ}}	s
Arab	ش}}	Arab	ـش}}	Arab	ـشـ}}	Arab	شـ}}	sh
Arab	ڛ}}	Arab	ـڛ}}	Arab	ـڛـ}}	Arab	ڛـ}}	ch
Arab	ص}}	Arab	ـص}}	Arab	ـصـ}}	Arab	صـ}}	ṡ
Arab	ض}}	Arab	ـض}}	Arab	ـضـ}}	Arab	ضـ}}	ḋ
Arab	ط}}	Arab	ـط}}	Arab	ـطـ}}	Arab	طـ}}	x
Arab	ظ}}	Arab	ـظ}}	Arab	ـظـ}}	Arab	ظـ}}	ż
Arab	ڟ}}	Arab	ـڟ}}	Arab	ـڟـ}}	Arab	ڟـ}}	c
Arab	ع}}	Arab	ـع}}	Arab	ـعـ}}	Arab	عـ}}	ȧ
Arab	غ}}	Arab	ـغ}}	Arab	ـغـ}}	Arab	غـ}}	gh
Arab	ف}}	Arab	ـف}}	Arab	ـفـ}}	Arab	فـ}}	f
Arab	ڤ}}	Arab	ـڤ}}	Arab	ـڤـ}}	Arab	ڤـ}}	v
Arab	ق}}	Arab	ـق}}	Arab	ـقـ}}	Arab	قـ}}	q
Arab	ك}}	Arab	ـك}}	Arab	ـكـ}}	Arab	كـ}}	k
Arab	ڬ}}	Arab	ـڬ}}	Arab	ـڬـ}}	Arab	ڬـ}}	xh
Arab	ل}}	Arab	ـل}}	Arab	ـلـ}}	Arab	لـ}}	l
Arab	م}}	Arab	ـم}}	Arab	ـمـ}}	Arab	مـ}}	m
Arab	ن}}	Arab	ـن}}	Arab	ـنـ}}	Arab	نـ}}	n
Arab	ڹ}}	Arab	ـڹ}}	Arab	ـڹـ}}	Arab	ڹـ}}	gn
Arab	ه}}	Arab	ـه}}	Arab	ـهـ}}	Arab	هـ}}	h
Arab	و}}		Arab	و}}		w
Arab	ي}}	Arab	ـي}}	Arab	ـيـ}}	Arab	يـ}}	y

Vowel markings table

In Harari Arabic script, there are 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u). These vowels are shown with the three Arabic diacritics (a, i, u), plus two additional diacritics (e, o). Furthermore, in Harari Arabic script, vowels are also distinguished by length, indicated by mater lectionis letters, and by stress, indicated by a combination of hamza and mater lectionis letters.

Independent			short vowel		long vowel		Short stressed vowel		long stressed vowel	a	e	i	o	u	Dependent (Template)	-a	-e	-i	-o	-u	Dependent (for letter b as sample)	ba	be	bi	bo	bu	Dependent (for a geminated letter bb as sample)	bba	bbe	bbi	bbo	bbu	Zero-vowel Sign	-

‌( a )

‌( â )

‌( aʼ )
[ˈæ]
‌( âʼ )
[ˈaː]

‌( e )

‌( ê )

‌( eʼ )
[ˈe]
‌( êʼ )
[ˈeː]

‌( i )

‌( î )

‌( iʼ )
[ˈɪ]
‌( îʼ )
[ˈiː]

‌( o )

‌( ô )

‌( oʼ )
[ˈo]
‌( ôʼ )
[ˈoː]

‌( u )

‌( û )

‌( uʼ )
[ˈʊ]
‌( ûʼ )
[ˈuː]

‌( -a )

‌( -â )

‌( -aʼ )
[ˈæ]
‌( -âʼ )
[ˈaː]

‌( -e )

‌( -ê )

‌( -eʼ )
[ˈe]
‌( -êʼ )
[ˈeː]

‌( -i )

‌( -î )

‌( -iʼ )
[ˈɪ]
‌( -îʼ )
[ˈiː]

‌( -o )

‌( -ô )

‌( -oʼ )
[ˈo]
‌( -ôʼ )
[ˈoː]

‌( -u )

‌( -û )

‌( -uʼ )
[ˈʊ]
‌( -ûʼ )
[ˈuː]

‌( ba )
[bæ]
‌( bâ )
[baː]
‌( baʼ )
[ˈbæ]
‌( bâʼ )
[ˈbaː]

‌( be )
[be]
‌( bê )
[beː]
‌( beʼ )
[ˈbe]
‌( bêʼ )
[ˈbeː]

‌( bi )
[bɪ]
‌( bî )
[biː]
‌( biʼ )
[ˈbɪ]
‌( bîʼ )
[ˈbiː]

‌( bo )
[bo]
‌( bô )
[boː]
‌( boʼ )
[ˈbo]
‌( bôʼ )
[ˈboː]

‌( bu )
[bʊ]
‌( bû )
[buː]
‌( buʼ )
[ˈbʊ]
‌( bûʼ )
[ˈbuː]

‌( bba )
[bbæ]
‌( bbâ )
[bbaː]
‌( bbaʼ )
[ˈbbæ]
‌( bbâʼ )
[ˈbbaː]

‌( bbe )
[be]
‌( bbê )
[beː]
‌( bbeʼ )
[ˈbe]
‌( bbêʼ )
[ˈbeː]

‌( bbi )
[bbɪ]
‌( bbî )
[bbiː]
‌( bbiʼ )
[ˈbbɪ]
‌( bbîʼ )
[ˈbbiː]

‌( bbo )
[bbo]
‌( bbô )
[bboː]
‌( bboʼ )
[ˈbbo]
‌( bbôʼ )
[ˈbboː]

‌( bbu )
[bbʊ]
‌( bbû )
[bbuː]
‌( bbuʼ )
[ˈbbʊ]
‌( bbûʼ )
[ˈbbuː]

‌( - )
[-]
‌( b- )
[b]

Modified Ge'ez script

Harari can be written in the unmodified Ethiopic script as most vowel differences can be disambiguated from context. The Harari adaptation of the Ethiopic script adds a long vowel version of the Ethiopic/Amharic vowels by adding a dot on top of the letter. In addition certain consonants are pronounced differently when compared to the Amharic pronunciation.

The table below shows the Harari alphasyllabary with the Romanized, Arabic equivalence, and IPA representation along the rows and the Romanized vowel markings along the columns.

Arabic Equivalent	IPA	a [æ]	â [aː]	u [ʊ]	û [uː]	i [ɪ]	î [iː]	e [e]	ê [eː]	o [o]
ሀ	ሃ	ሁ	ሁ፞	ሂ	ሂ፞	ሄ	ሄ፞	ሆ	ሆ፞	ህ
ለ	ላ	ሉ	ሉ፞	ሊ	ሊ፞	ሌ	ሌ፞	ሎ	ሎ፞	ል
ሐ	ሓ	ሑ	ሑ፞	ሒ	ሒ፞	ሔ	ሔ፞	ሖ	ሖ፞	ሕ
መ	ማ	ሙ	ሙ፞	ሚ	ሚ፞	ሜ	ሜ፞	ሞ	ሞ፞	ም
ሠ	ሣ	ሡ	ሡ፞	ሢ	ሢ፞	ሤ	ሤ፞	ሦ	ሦ፞	ሥ
ረ	ራ	ሩ	ሩ፞	ሪ	ሪ፞	ሬ	ሬ፞	ሮ	ሮ፞	ር
ሰ	ሳ	ሱ	ሱ፞	ሲ	ሲ፞	ሴ	ሴ፞	ሶ	ሶ፞	ስ
ሸ	ሻ	ሹ	ሹ፞	ሺ	ሺ፞	ሼ	ሼ፞	ሾ	ሾ፞	ሽ
ቀ	ቃ	ቁ	ቁ፞	ቂ	ቂ፞	ቄ	ቄ፞	ቆ	ቆ፞	ቅ
በ	ባ	ቡ	ቡ፞	ቢ	ቢ፞	ቤ	ቤ፞	ቦ	ቦ፞	ብ
ቨ	ቫ	ቩ	ቩ፞	ቪ	ቪ፞	ቬ	ቬ፞	ቮ	ቮ፞	ቭ
ተ	ታ	ቱ	ቱ፞	ቲ	ቲ፞	ቴ	ቴ፞	ቶ	ቶ፞	ት
ቸ	ቻ	ቹ	ቹ፞	ቺ	ቺ፞	ቼ	ቼ፞	ቾ	ቾ፞	ች
ኀ	ኃ	ኁ	ኁ፞	ኂ	ኂ፞	ኄ	ኄ፞	ኆ	ኆ፞	ኅ
ነ	ና	ኑ	ኑ፞	ኒ	ኒ፞	ኔ	ኔ፞	ኖ	ኖ፞	ን
ኘ	ኛ	ኙ	ኙ፞	ኚ	ኚ፞	ኜ	ኜ፞	ኞ	ኞ፞	ኝ
አ	ኣ	ኡ	ኡ፞	ኢ	ኢ፞	ኤ	ኤ፞	ኦ	ኦ፞	እ
ከ	ካ	ኩ	ኩ፞	ኪ	ኪ፞	ኬ	ኬ፞	ኮ	ኮ፞	ክ
ኸ	ኻ	ኹ	ኹ፞	ኺ	ኺ፞	ኼ	ኼ፞	ኾ	ኾ፞	ኽ
ወ	ዋ	ዉ	ዉ፞	ዊ	ዊ፞	ዌ	ዌ፞	ዎ	ዎ፞	ው
ዐ	ዓ	ዑ	ዑ፞	ዒ	ዒ፞	ዔ	ዔ፞	ዖ	ዖ፞	ዕ
ዘ	ዛ	ዙ	ዙ፞	ዚ	ዚ፞	ዜ	ዜ፞	ዞ	ዞ፞	ዝ
ዠ	ዣ	ዡ	ዡ፞	ዢ	ዢ፞	ዤ	ዤ፞	ዦ	ዦ፞	ዥ
የ	ያ	ዩ	ዩ፞	ዪ	ዪ፞	ዬ	ዬ፞	ዮ	ዮ፞	ይ
ደ	ዳ	ዱ	ዱ፞	ዲ	ዲ፞	ዴ	ዴ፞	ዶ	ዶ፞	ድ
ዸ	ዻ	ዹ	ዹ፞	ዺ	ዺ፞	ዼ	ዼ፞	ዾ	ዾ፞	ዽ
ጀ	ጃ	ጁ	ጁ፞	ጂ	ጂ፞	ጄ	ጄ፞	ጆ	ጆ፞	ጅ
ገ	ጋ	ጉ	ጉ፞	ጊ	ጊ፞	ጌ	ጌ፞	ጎ	ጎ፞	ግ
ጠ	ጣ	ጡ	ጡ፞	ጢ	ጢ፞	ጤ	ጤ፞	ጦ	ጦ፞	ጥ
ጨ	ጫ	ጩ	ጩ፞	ጪ	ጪ፞	ጬ	ጬ፞	ጮ	ጮ፞	ጭ
ጰ	ጳ	ጱ	ጱ፞	ጲ	ጲ፞	ጴ	ጴ፞	ጶ	ጶ፞	ጵ
ጸ	ጻ	ጹ	ጹ፞	ጺ	ጺ፞	ጼ	ጼ፞	ጾ	ጾ፞	ጽ
ፀ	ፃ	ፁ	ፁ፞	ፂ	ፂ፞	ፄ	ፄ፞	ፆ	ፆ፞	ፅ
ፈ	ፋ	ፉ	ፉ፞	ፊ	ፊ፞	ፌ	ፌ፞	ፎ	ፎ፞	ፍ
ፐ	ፓ	ፑ	ፑ፞	ፒ	ፒ፞	ፔ	ፔ፞	ፖ	ፖ፞	ፕ
ⶰ	ⶳ	ⶱ	ⶱ፞	ⶲ	ⶲ፞	ⶴ	ⶴ፞	ⶶ	ⶶ፞	ⶵ

:Notes

Gemination can be done by simply writing the "∅/ə" variation of a letter before the letter itself.
Stressed vowels can be written by following a letter with (The "no-vowel" variation of the "a" letter)
- For example, the Harari demonstrative pronoun yaʼ () is written as
Formerly, long-e (ê) and long-i (î) were represented by adding (y) after the character. Now, a dot diacritic is preferred instead.
Formerly, Long-o (ô) and long-u (û) were represented by adding (w) after the character Now, a dot diacritic is preferred instead.

Modified Latin script

Teble below shows the Latin script, modified and adapted for Harari language.

Upper case letter	Lower case letter	IPA	Arabic Equivalent	Ge'ez equivalent
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har			ፈ
har	har
har	har
har	har
H	h	[h]	ه	ሀ
Ḣ	ḣ	[ħ]
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har	har
har

:Notes

The Harari Latin Alphabet has eight digraphs: ch, dh, gh, gn, kh, sh, xh, and zh. It is possible to have a geminated (double) consonant. In the case of digraphs, only the initial letter is doubled, i.e. “dh” followed by “dh” is written as “ddh” / )
The apostrophe character has multiple functions in Harari Latin orthography:
1. It indicates that the preceding consonant is an isolated consonant and not part of a digraph, e.g. hêgʼna ( / - replace), i.e. gʼn is “g+n” rather than “gn”.
2. It distinguishes between a geminated digraph and a consonant followed by digraph, magʼgna ( / - throwing) i.e. gʼgn is “g+gn” rather than “ggn”.
3. It separates a consonant and a following independent vowel, Gaz’i ( / - God)
4. If following a vowel, it indicates that the vowel is stressed, raʼyi ( / - idea) or usuʼ ( / - person).

Sample Text

Below is a sample text, in the three scripts for Harari.

Latin Script	Ge'ez Script	Arabic Script	Translation
Waldâchzinâw dînziyu wâ sinânzîw matlêmadle 1992be qurân gêy kafatnama gêy sinânuw amânbe matlêmad nifarkikut lâtin harfîbe matlêmad êgalna.
ولدڛزنو دينزي وا سننزيوو متلٚيمدلٚ 1992بٚ قرن ݘٚيي كفتنم ݘٚيي سننو اَمَانبٚ متلٚيمد نفرككت لتين هرفيبٚ متلٚيمد اٚيݘلن.
Back in 1992 Harari Language School was established to teach our children the Harari language. To simplify the process of teaching we adopted the Latin script and have successfully developed it for the need of the Harari language.

Numerals

1. Ahad
1. Ko'ot
1. Shi'ishti
1. Haret
1. Ham'misti
1. Siddisti
1. Sa'ati
1. Su'ut
1. Zahtegn
1. Assir
1. Asra ahad
1. Asra ko'ot
1. Asra shi'ishti
1. Asra haret
1. Asra ham'misti
1. Asra siddisti
1. Asra sa'ati
1. Asra su'ut
1. Asra zahtegn
1. Kuya
1. Saasa
1. Arbîn
1. Hamsein
1. Sit'tin
1. Sa'ati asir
1. Su'ut asir
1. Zahtana
1. Baqla
1,000. Kum or Alfi

References

Works cited

Cerulli, Enrico. “La lingua e la storia di Harar” in Studi Etiopici, vol. I, 1936 (Roma).

References

{{e27. har. Harari
[http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/regional/CountryLevel.pdf Ethiopia 2007 Census, p. 115]
2021 Census of Canada. (9 February 2022). "Statistics Canada 2021". Government of Canada.
(October 31, 2024). "himml - Sherif Harar City Museum Manuscripts".
(2004). "Leaf of Allah". Ohio State University.
(2002). "Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia". LITverlag.
"Harari secret script". Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
Leslau, Wolf. (1999). "Zway Ethiopic Documents: Grammar and Dictionary". Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
"Harari language, alphabet and pronunciation".
(2013-10-23). "Harari".
(1983). "Harari-Texte in Arabischer Schrift : Wagner, Ewald : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming".
"Saay Harari Afocha".
"The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages". OUP Oxford.
Andrew Cunningham. (2011). "Harari Harfi". State Library of Victoria and the Australian Saay Harari Association.
Omniglot - Harari [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/harari.htm https://www.omniglot.com/writing/harari.htm]

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

languages-of-ethiopia transverse-ethiopian-semitic-languages

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Harari language — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report