Haplogroup W

Origin

Haplogroup W is believed to have originated around 23,900 years ago in Western Asia. It is descended from the haplogroup N2.

Distribution

Haplogroup W is found in Europe, Western Asia, and South Asia. It is widely distributed at low frequencies, with a high concentration in Northern Pakistan. Haplogroup W is also found in the Maghreb among Algerians (1.08%-3.23%) and in Siberia among Yakuts (6/423 = 1.42%).

Additionally, the clade has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

The W5 subclade has been found in a fossil associated with the Starčevo culture (Lánycsók site; 1/1 or 100%).

Ancient DNA analysis found that the medieval individual Sungir 6 (730-850 cal BP) belonged to the W3a1 subclade.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup W subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

• W
  • W1 – Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Finland, Spain, Qashqai people of Iran
    • W1a – Finns
    • W1b
      • W1b1 – Finns
    • W1-T119C
      • W1c – Poland, Persians from Iran
        • W1c1
      • W1i
    • W1d - Iraqi Jews
    • W1e
      • W1e1
        • W1e1a
    • W1f – Italy
    • W1g – England, Belgium, Portugal, Gitanos (Roma people of Spain)
    • W1h – Nordic countries, England, Croatia, Ashkenazi Jews
      • W1h1 – Italians
  • W-C194T
    • W3 - Turkey, Azerbaijan, India (Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu)
      • W3a
        • W3a1 – Armenians, Turkey (Turkish, Kurd), France (Toulouse, Sarthe), Italy (Tuscany, Sardinia, Sicily, Umbria, Campania, Trentino-Alto Adige), Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia (Sunghir6 from 750 - 900 ybp Vladimir Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Ingushetia, Volga Tatar, Chechens), Denmark, Berbers from Morocco, Pakistan (Pashtun, Kho), India, Singapore, United States
          • W3a1a
            • W3a1a1 – Polish people, Ashkenazi Jews
            • W3a1a2 - Russia (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Tatar from Buinsk)
            • W3a1a3 - Poland (Podkarpackie), United States
            • W3a1a+T9090C - Pakistan (Kho)
            • W3a1a+A15325G - Italy (Napoli)
          • W3a1b – Pakistan (Pashtuns, Sindhi, Azad Kashmir), India (New Delhi, Andhra Pradesh), Bangladesh (Bengali), Thailand (Mon, Thai), China (Shanghai), United States (Hispanic)
          • W3a1-T199C
            • W3a1c - England, United States, Slovakia, Russia (Ryazan Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Bashkortostan), Kazakhstan, China (Daur)
            • W3a1d – Hungarians, Serbia, Republika Srpska, Latvia, Poland, Ukraine, Russia (Ulyanovsk Oblast, Yakuts), New Zealand
        • W3a2 – France (Seine-Maritime), Poland, India, Uygurs from China
      • W3b – Italy (Calabria), Albania, Serbia, Romania (Bucharest), Bulgarians, Turkey, Iraq (Assyrian), Iran, Armenians, Kurds, Tajiks (especially Wakhis and other Pamiris), Pakistan (Burusho, Kho, Makrani), Cambodia, Uyghurs
        • W3b1 – Austrians, Ashkenazi Jews
    • W4 - Denmark, Poland, Italy (Sardinia, Umbria), Pakistan (Sindhis), India (Jammu and Kashmir), Mongolia, United Kingdom (ancient Orkney)
      • W4a - England (St Mary Spital, pre-Black Death medieval London, ca. 725 years before present), Ukraine (Russian speaker from Kharkiv Oblast), India, China (Xinjiang ca. 1412 - 1529 years before present)
        • W4a1 – Finns, Sweden (Dalarna County), Poland (Mazowieckie), Turkey, England, United States
      • W4b - Italy, Mongolia
      • W4c - Italy, Poland, India
      • W4d - Albania, Turkey (Kurds), Iraq (Baghdad), Iran (Lorestan), Pakistan (Kho)
    • W5 - Denmark, Poland, Serbia, Algeria (Batna), Morocco (Berber), Iran (Persian), United States
      • W5a - Germany, Denmark
        • W5a1
          • W5a1a – Flemish people, Norway (Rogaland), Denmark, Italy (Tuscany), Canary Islands, Brazil, Irish people, Polish people, Russia (Belgorod Oblast), Canada, United States
            • W5a1a1 - England, Estonia, Russia (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria)
              • W5a1a1a
        • W5a2 - United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia), Poland
          • W5a2b
      • W5b - Portugal (Azores, Leiria)
        • W5b1 - Denmark
          • W5b1a
    • W6 – Sindhis, Han Chinese from Xi'an city, Italy, Kuwait, Persians from Iran, Russia (North Ossetia, Belgorod Oblast), Kazakhstan, Mongolia
      • W6a
      • W6b
        • W6b1 – Iran, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia
      • W6c – Greece, England, Ireland, Ingushetia
        • W6c1 – Armenians from Turkey
          • W6c1a – Armenians from Turkey, Kurds, Greece
      • W6d
    • W7 – Armenians
    • W8 – Bedouin of Israel, Yemen, Iran
    • W9
      • W9a – Armenians from Turkey, Kurds from Turkey

Famous members

• Biologist Rudolf Raff was a member of haplogroup W.
• Journalist and investor Laurel Touby is a member of haplogroup W3a.
• Businesswoman and television host Martha Stewart belongs to haplogroup W6.

References

References

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11. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT588229 Homo sapiens isolate poz377 haplogroup W1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MT588229.1.]
12. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KC911537 Homo sapiens haplogroup W1* mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911537.1.]
13. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN516604 Homo sapiens isolate E8_fi_ath haplogroup W1a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516604.1.]
14. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN516694 Homo sapiens isolate S90_fi_ath haplogroup W1b1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516694.1.]
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22. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF362752 Homo sapiens isolate Ararat_11 haplogroup W3a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MF362752.1.]
23. (4 April 2012). "Homo sapiens isolate KUR94 mitochondrion, complete genome".
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37. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KY849398 Homo sapiens haplogroup W3a1d mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KY849398.1.]
38. (4 July 2018). "Homo sapiens isolate D27 haplogroup W3a1d1 mitochondrion, complete genome".
39. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MK617275 Homo sapiens isolate 257_Sb haplogroup W3a1d mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK617275.1.]
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44. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MG910309 Homo sapiens haplogroup W3b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MG910309.1.]
45. (21 October 2019). "Homo sapiens isolate Assyrian_C165_W3b mitochondrion, complete genome".
46. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MF362844 Homo sapiens isolate Artsakh_54 haplogroup W3b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MF362844.1.]
47. (30 December 2018). "Homo sapiens isolate C266_Banteay_Meanchey_W3b mitochondrion, complete genome".
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49. (October 2013). "Homo sapiens isolate 75401 mitochondrion, complete genome".
50. (2 September 2023). "Homo sapiens isolate K274 haplogroup W4* mitochondrion, complete genome".
51. (20 July 2020). "Homo sapiens isolate PG2012_433 mitochondrion, complete genome".
52. (30 June 2017). "Homo sapiens isolate NG118 mitochondrion, complete genome".
53. (27 January 2022). "Homo sapiens isolate S-917627 mitochondrion, complete genome".
54. (17 January 2022). "Homo sapiens isolate ORK228 mitochondrion, complete genome".
55. (21 April 2019). "Homo sapiens isolate LM97mt mitochondrion, partial genome".
56. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN516681 Homo sapiens isolate S79_fi_ath haplogroup W4a1 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MN516681.1.]
57. (4 April 2012). "Homo sapiens isolate KUR92 mitochondrion, complete genome".
58. (24 August 2013). "Homo sapiens isolate 147_Tor780_W4 mitochondrion, complete genome".
59. (9 November 2021). "Homo sapiens isolate CHF141 mitochondrion, complete genome".
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61. (11 December 2018). "Homo sapiens isolate D479 mitochondrion, complete genome".
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63. (6 June 2023). "Homo sapiens isolate 05-113 mitochondrion, complete genome".
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72. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KF146287 Homo sapiens isolate 188_Tor779_W6 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146287.1.]
73. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KC911449 Homo sapiens haplogroup W6 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KC911449.1.]
74. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ245723 Homo sapiens isolate NOS10 mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: JQ245723.1.]
75. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KF146290 Homo sapiens isolate 205_Tor786_W6b mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF146290.1.]
76. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KX363871 Homo sapiens haplotype W6c1a mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KX363871.1.]
77. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KF553923 Homo sapiens haplotype W6c mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: KF553923.1.]
78. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MK491385 Homo sapiens isolate 32_Mu mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: MK491385.1]
79. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/JQ245759.1 Homo sapiens isolate 32_Mu mitochondrion, complete genome GenBank: JQ245759.1]
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