Haplogroup T-M184

Structure

Haplogroup_K = ~45,000–50,000 years ago",

"Region": "South or Southeast Asia"

"Descendants" "LT (K1)"~40,000–45,000 years ago",

"Region": "South Asia / Iranian Plateau", "

Descendants": L~25,000–30,000 years ago",

"Region": "South Asia, Dravidians, Indus Valley",

"Notes": "Possibly linked to pre-Neolithic South Asian populations

|  "T": ~25,000–30,000 years ago", |

"Region": "South Asia,",

"Notes": "Later spread into the Levant, Mediterranean, and Africa" ;Subclade structure of Haplogroup T (M184).

• T1 (L206)
  • T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662)
    • T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454)
      • T1a1a (L208/Page2)
        • T1a1a1 (CTS11451)
        • T1a1a2 (Y16897)
          • T1a1a2a (Z19963)
    • T1a2 (L131)
      • T1a2a (PH141/Y13244)
      • T1a2b (L446)
    • T1a3 (FGC1350/Y11151 )
      • T1a3a (Y11675/Z9798)
      • T1a3b (FGC1340/Y8614)
• T2 (PH110)

Distribution

Overview

As a primary branch of haplogroup LT (a.k.a. K1), the basal, undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L* (a.k.a. K1a). (Before 2008, haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2. The name K2 has since been reassigned to a primary subclade of haplogroup K.) It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110). Most males who now belong to haplogroup T1* carry the subclade T-M70 (T1a), a primary branch of T-M206.

Haplogroup T is found at exceptionally high levels amongst the Dir and Isaaq in Somaliland, Djibouti, and Ethiopia. it is also found at relatively high levels in specific populations in other parts of the world especially amongst Arabs from UAE in South Eastern Arabia T-M184 spikes at 19% on FTDNA. These include Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in South Asia; among Toubou in Chad; Somalilander clans: Isaaq and Dir, southern Egyptians and Fula (Fulbe) in north Cameroon; ; Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians and Iraqi Jews in the Middle East. T is a rather rare haplogroup, displaying a global frequency of around 1% (King et al., 2007), but nonetheless it is found at quite high frequencies in Sephardic Levites (23%) and Sephardic Israelis (13%; Behar et al., 2004).

The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T-M184 is 100%, amongst Dir clan males (Iacovacci et al. 2016). [6] It accounts for approximately 82.4% of ethnic Somali male lineages overall in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia (Plaster et al. 2011). T is only 9% in Somalia (Iacovacci et al. 2016). Geographically, it is found at the highest levels in the Dire Dawa area of Ethiopia, and Djibouti.

Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of T on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from West Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Anatolian haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 BP and 9,000 BP, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 BP). According to the authors, haplogroup T-M184 within Africa represents the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the West Asian clade. Later expansions of populations from West Asia carrying the E-M215, E-V38, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.

In the Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4% of the population in southeast and northwest Caucasus as well as in southeast and western Anatolia, peaking up to 20% in Armenians from Sasun. In Middle East it makes up to 4% of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin, peaking up to 10% in Zoroastrians from Kerman, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians (up to 40%), Abudhabians, Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee. In Eastern Africa, it makes up to 4% of the population on Upper Egypt peaking up to 10% in Luxor.

Haplogroup T is uncommon in Europe, except in Southern Europe and adjoining areas. According to Mendez et al. (2011), "the occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow". It makes up to 4% of the population in Central Italy, Western Sicily, Northwest Corsica, Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Western Andalucia, Western Alps, Eastern Crete, and Macedonia, frequencies up to 10% in Ibiza, Miranda de I Douro, Eastern Oviedo, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma and Ragusa, and peaking at 20% in Sciacca, L'Aquila and some German southern regions. T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia. The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.

T1 (T*)

Main article: Haplogroup T-L206

T1 is the most common descent of T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all Eurasian T-M184 members. One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali clans. However, it appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Palestine to the Jordan Valley.

The basal T1* subclade appears to have spread to northeastern Anatolia, from the Levant and Mesopotamia at least, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Although it is rare in modern populations, T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia.

T1a (M70)

Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylonia and Assyria. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.

T1a1*

With the comparison of the data provided by the Pityusic population with other circumediterranean populations surprises that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with the North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: for some markers shows affinities with Oriental populations (some mtDNA variables), but diverges from these populations when considering other markers. It is a separate case, an island, not in the geographical sense but genetical.

The Pityusans of the Pityusic Islands (Ibiza and Formentera) – have been found by three different studies to possess T1a1 at relatively high levels of 6.7–16.7%. Tomàs et al. (2006) found three cases amongst a sample of 45 (6.7%). Zalloua et al. (2008) found nine examples that were L454+ (an SNP equivalent to L162/Page21) from a sample of 54 (i.e. a rate of 16.7%). Rodriguez et al. (2009) found seven cases of L454+ in a sample of 96 (7.3%).

The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1. In 2009, a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T-L162(xL208) – according to the Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco. Greeks from the Fatsa (originally "Φάτσα") reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope, which was itself colonised by Ionians (from Miletus). Another ancient Ionian colony in north-west Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands (see above) – Lámpsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa.

T1a1a (L208)

This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. The Isaaq clans and dir is T-L208, they found in Somaliland, Djibouti, Somalia and Somali Ethiopia.

T1a1a1a1b1a1* (T-Y3782*)

One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 (a nominal rate of 0.53%) – a resident of the Province of Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) – has been found to have T-Y3782(xY3836), also known T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a).

T1a1a1a1b1a1a (T-Y3836)

This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where the subclade also has its highest diversity. Two subclades can be clearly discriminated. The first, found mainly in post-colonial Puerto Rico, with DYS391=10 and the second, found mainly in Panamá where their Iberian descendants could have the entrance point to America, with DYS439=12.

Some members of Y3836 are found among different communities of the Sephardic diaspora but they are found to be extremely rare in the total percentage of some of these communities as seen in Nogueiro et al. This probably could mean that these members could be integrated by these communities through the contact with other native Iberian populations as seen in Monteiro et al. where this lineage was found among native Astur-Leonese speakers.

T2 (PH110)

This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.

A 2014 study found T-PH110 in one ethnic Bhutanese male, out of a sample of 21, possibly implying a rate of 4.8% in Bhutan. Also have been found in a German individual and another two from Caucasus. The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together.

Possible cases from older research

Modern geographical distribution

Northern Asia

Europe

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl, 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera, 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano, 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal, 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara, 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento, 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium, 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola, 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy, 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia, 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania, 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella, 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba, 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León, 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua, 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià, 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria, 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast, 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia, 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza, 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade, 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov, 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga, 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc, 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese, 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia, 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania, 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro, 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche, 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro, 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece, 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area, 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium, 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden, 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina), 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie

Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Toulouse (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).

• According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup. Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.

Middle East and Caucasus

Haplogroup T has some significant frequencies in southeast and eastern Anatolia, the Zagros Mountains and both sides of the Persian Gulf.

There are also unconfirmed reports of T-M70+ amongst 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan, 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul, 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan, 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga, 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey, 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine, 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz, 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir, 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia, 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran, 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village, 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine, 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia, 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan, 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan, 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia, 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.

Africa

Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been radiocarbon-dated to around 3,000 BCE, have been found to belong to haplogroup T-M184.

South Asia

T1a-M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin.

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada, 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh, 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam, 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India, 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh, 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh, 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir, 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir, 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh, 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India, 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad, 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar, 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh, 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh, (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra, 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat, 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh, 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru, and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.

Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).

Central Asia & East Asia

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning (China), and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.

Americas (post-colonisation)

Ancient DNA

Abel Beth Maacah

Abel Beth Maacah 2201 was a man with Y-DNA T-CTS2860 who lived between 1014 - 836 BCE during the Levant Iron Age and was found in the region now known as Abel Beth Maacah, Metula,Israel . At the Iron Age layer which also produces a Yahwistic inscription on a pottery jar from the biblical site of Abel-beth-maachah, which bears a faint Hebrew inscription of the name "Benayau". I2201 from Agranat-Tamir et al 2020.

Ancient Egypt

Egyptian mummy 2516 was a man who lived between 798 - 591 BCE during the Third Intermediate Age and was found in the region now known as Egypt. He is wearing a curly wig, a shabti made of multicoloured wood and a multicoloured wesekh-collar. There is an inscription, encircling the entire body in horizontal lines, with the text of Chapter VI of the Book of the Dead. The Ancient Egyptian was under T-Y6671, the saharan offshoot of T-L208 ultimately derived from T-M70. The finding was by Wurst et al 2024.

Ancient Nubia

Multiple Nubians from Kulubnarti site were found to be of the Haplogroup T lineage (T-Y6671), same as the ancient Egyptian clade. The Kulubnarti Nubians had ~43% Nilotic-related ancestry (individual variation between ~36–54%) with the remaining ancestry consistent with being introduced through Egypt and ultimately deriving from an ancestry pool like that found in the Bronze and Iron Age Levant. It is hypothesized "T" lineage originated or evolved in the Levant, and became Saharan Pastoralists via their spread into Africa during the Neolithic. T-Y6671 is associated with this spread. This falls in line perfectly when considering the Levantine-like DNA that the Nubians harbor in concomitance to T-Y6671. The Nubian samples include I6328, I6340 & I19140. These Nubians lived during 700 - 990 CE and were found in "R and S Cemeteries", where E & J haplogroup was buried amongst these "T" individuals. The finding is presented by Sirak et al.

Neolithic North Africans

During the Neolithic Era a new ancestry from the Levant appears in the Maghreb, coinciding with the arrival of pastoralism in the region, and all three ancestries blend together during the Late Neolithic. This places Haplogroup T as a pastoralist lineage, and due to its circumstances, is associated with Levantine expansion,spreading Afro-Asiatic languages, eventually morphing into Saharan Pastoralists and spreading Afro-Asiatic languages. Sample SKH003 and SKH002 were Neolithic local Northwest African (Maghrebis) and differentiated from older Northwest Africans exactly due to an influx of Levantine PPNB ancestry. This ancestry was introduced with this new Y-chromosome haplogroup (T-M70), and is very clearly a Male dominated migration, as only Y-chromosome lineages were replaced, and no mtdna was introduced. Unlike the earlier expansion of Anatolian Neolithic / Early European farmer dna, which were maternally lead migrations. "Because this Neolithic Levantine ancestry has not been observed on the European side of the Mediterranean during the Neolithic, it probably represents an independent expansion of people from the Levant into North Africa."

Peki'in Cave, Israel

A 2018 study conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Zagros area ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation," the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.". The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains MTDNA blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region".

We find that the individuals buried in Peqi'in Cave represent a relatively genetically homogenous population. This homogeneity is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to the Y-chromosome Haplogroup T (Y-DNA), a lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East. This finding contrasts with both earlier (Neolithic and Epipaleolithic) Levantine populations, which were dominated by Haplogroup E (Y-DNA), and later Bronze Age individuals, all of whom belonged to Haplogroup J (Y-DNA).

Ancient city of Ebla

In the ancient city of Ebla in Syria in the Bronze Age, one individual was found belonging to haplogroup T-L162 (T1a1).

Alalakh Amorite city-state

One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014-1781 BC, belonged to haplogroup T-CTS11451 (T1a1a).

Notable haplogroup members

Elite endurance runners

Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T.

According to further studies, T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.

House of Khalifa

The ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain is the House of Khalifa (Arabic: آل خليفة, romanized: Āl Khalīfah) is confirmed West Asian Y-DNA Haplogroup T-L206 subclade of P77*.

The house belongs to the Utab tribe, which is part of the larger Anizah tribal confederation, that migrated from Central Arabia to Kuwait and then ruled all of Qatar. In 1999, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain and proclaimed himself the King of Bahrain in 2002.

The T-FT364053 haplogroup of the house was determined by DNA testing of descendants in the T-Arab Y DNA Haplogroup Project on Family Tree DNA and other Arab world projects.

Thomas Jefferson

A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson (most distant known ancestor "MDKA" is Samuel Jefferson, Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree, Suffolk, England). The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare, as it is less than

Family Tree DNA, found that the Jefferson T patrilineage belongs to T-BY78550 a subclade of T-PF7444 which is likely of MENA Middle Eastern North African Origins. Spencer Wells who led The Genographic Project places his origin to Canaan

Phylogenetic tree

Nomenclatural history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α and

β

γ

δ

ε

ζ

η

Y-DNA backbone tree

Notes

References

Original research

Other works cited

Sources for conversion tables

References

1. "T YTree".
2. Other SNPs – ''M272'', ''PAGES129'', ''L810'', ''L455'', ''L452'', and ''L445'' – are considered to be [[phylogenetic]]ally equivalent to ''M184''.
3. "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup T".
4. (2011). "Increased resolution of Y chromosome haplogroup T defines relationships among populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa". Human Biology.
5. Michael Hodd, ''East Africa Handbook'', 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Somaliland
6. "The Republic of Somaliland's Position on the Somaliland - Somalia Talks".
7. (4 April 2023). "Somaliland and the Need to Update International Law on Statehood Recognition".
8. Giuseppe Iacovacci ''et al.'', "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries," ''^Forensic Science International: Genetics'', 2016
9. "T-Y16897 YTree".
10. (2008). "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics.
11. (2006). "Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs (AmpFLSTR Yfiler) in two Tunisian Berber communities". Forensic Science International.
12. (2011). "Genetic data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia". Forensic Science International. Genetics.
13. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature.
14. (2006). "Differential maternal and paternal contributions to the genetic pool of Ibiza Island, Balearic Archipelago". American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
15. (2008). "Identifying genetic traces of historical expansions: Phoenician footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics.
16. (2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics.
17. (2009). "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci". International Journal of Legal Medicine.
18. (2014). "Genetic diversity in Puerto Rico and its implications for the peopling of the Island and the West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
19. (2008). "The distribution of Y-chromosome STRs in Dominican population". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series.
20. (2009). "Y-STR variation among ethnic groups from Ecuador: Mestizos, Kichwas, Afro-Ecuadorians and Waoranis". Forensic Science International. Genetics.
21. (2008). "Usefulness of 12 Y-STRs for forensic genetics evaluation in two populations from Venezuela". Legal Medicine.
22. (2009). "Y-chromosome haplotype database in Venezuelan central region and its comparison with other Venezuelan populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series.
23. (2006). "Y-chromosome STRs in an Antioquian (Colombia) population sample". Forensic Science International.
24. (1999). "Haplotype frequencies of eight Y-chromosome STR loci in Barcelona (North-East Spain)". International Journal of Legal Medicine.
25. (2009). "Population data of 17 Y-STR loci from Rio Grande do Sul state (South Brazil)". Forensic Science International. Genetics.
26. (2015). "The Y-chromosome tree bursts into leaf: 13,000 high-confidence SNPs covering the majority of known clades". Molecular Biology and Evolution.
27. (2007). "[Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups]". Genetika.
28. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape". PLOS ONE.
29. (2012). "The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations". Molecular Biology and Evolution.
30. (2009). "In search of the pre- and post-neolithic genetic substrates in Iberia: evidence from Y-chromosome in Pyrenean populations". Annals of Human Genetics.
31. (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology.
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