Surf Wiki
Save to docs
general/human-y-dna-haplogroups

From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

FieldValue
nameP (K2b2)
mapHaplogroup P of Y-DNA.png
origin-date44,000 to 41,000 years BP
origin-placeSouth Asia, or Southeast Asia
ancestorPF5850 within K2b
descendantsP-M45 (P1~, formerly P1, a.k.a. QR) and others
mutationsP295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231

| origin-date = 44,000 to 41,000 years BP | origin-place = South Asia, or Southeast Asia

Haplogroup P also known as P-P295 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics, it forms a clade within Haplogroup K2b (K-P331). Its sister clade within K2b is K2b1 (haplogroup MS).

It was proposed to redefine the root of Haplogroup P through the novel Single-nucleotide polymorphism PF5850, yet this is so far not reflected in the International Society of Genetic Genealogy Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree nor in scientific publications.

Basal PF5850* is found in Southeast Asia. Basal P-P295* is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45* (P1~*) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians. P-M45 is the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).

The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians, North Africans, and Central Asians.

Origin and dispersal

Human Y-chromosomal phylogeny

Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P and its ancestral clade K from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades of P-P295 and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonious" and K may have alternatively originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there. According to a geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descended, originated most likely in the Middle East or Central Asia. According to Bergstorm et al (2016), haplogroup K2b1 (Y-haplogroup S/M) found in Indigenous Australians and ancestors of haplogroup R and Q (Y-haplogroup K2b2/root P) split in Southeast Asia near Sahul.

The highest frequency and diversity of haplogroup P clades is observed in Southeast Asia, specifically on the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. To date, the ancestral clade K2b has only been confirmed among the 39,000 year old Tianyuan man.

Structure

Main article: Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation(s):

K2b

  • PF5850
    • P (P295/PF5866/S8, PF5870/F115/M1189/V1651)
      • P1 (CTS196/PF5845, ...)
      • P1~ (M45/PF5962, P226/PF5879, ...)
        • Q (M242, F4052/M1063/V1090, ...)
        • R (P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.3/M705.3, ...)
      • P2 (F20148, ...)
        • P2a~ (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)
        • P2b (F24883)
          • P2b1 (BY49600/Y145258, ...)

Distribution

PF5850*

PF5850* was found among a Jehai sample in Malaysia. Basal P1* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander.

P*(xP1~)

This paraphyletic group comprises all subclades of P-P295 except for the main clade P-M45 (thus also excludes haplogroups Q and R). The position of P1~ alias P-M45 within P is not confirmed, thus the tilde suffix. Because P2 (P-F20148) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases reported as P-P295* or K2b2* in older literature likely include P-B253.

P*(xP1~) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.

P*(xP1~) is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan. P1*(xQ,R) is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency.

PopulationP* %Notes
Papua New Guinea0.69assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found
New Zealand0
Fiji0
Solomon Islands0
French Polynesia0
Vanuatu0
New Caledonia
Guam0
Samoa0
Kiribati
Tonga0
Micronesia FDR0
Marshall Islands0
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Cook Islands0
Wallis and Futuna0
Tuvalu0
Nauru
Norfolk Island
Niue0small sample size
Tokelau0small sample size
Hawaii0small sample size from FTDNA
Australia0
Timor10.8
Aeta (Philippines)28
Austronesians (Philippines)0
Malaysia0
Flores0
Sulawesi0.6
East Indonesia0
Java Indonesia0
Bali Indonesia0
Sumatra Indonesia0
Borneo Indonesia0
West Papua Province0
Papua Province0
Sumba Indonesia3.2

P-M45 (P1~)

Derived P1~ (P-M45) has been found among the Ancient North Eurasian Yana specimens, which carried around 29–47% ancestry from an East Eurasian source represented by the Tianyuan man.

Many modern ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1~, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1), and 35% among Nivkh males.

Modern populationModern ethnolinguistic affiliationReferencenPercentageNotes/SNPs tested
Tuvinian
Nivkh
Altai-Kizhi
Todjin
Chukchi
Koryak
Yupik
Uighur
Kalmyk
Turkmen
Soyot
Uriankhai
Khakas
Kazakh
Uzbek
Khasi-Khmuic
Munda
Nicobarese
Southeast Asia
Garo
India
East Asia
Eastern India
Southern Talysh, Iran
Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan
Mazandarani
Gilaki
Tehran
Isfahan
Bakhtiari
Iranian Arabs
North Iran
South Iran
South Caucacus
South Caucacus
Hvar
Korčula

§ May include members of haplogroup R2.

Population groupNP (xQ, xR)QRCount%Count%Count%
Gope1616.4
Oriya Brahmin2414.2
Mahishya17317.6
Bhumij15213.3
Saora13323.1
Nepali7228.6
Muslims of Manipur9333.3
Himachal Pradesh Rajput1516.7
Lambadi18422.2
Gujarati Patel9222.2
Katkari1915.3
Madia Gond1417.1
Kamma Chowdary150016.71280

Q

Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 70% of Turkmens.

R

The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.

R1
ContinentalCountryPopulationSampleR1a1R1a1*R1a1aSource
CaucasusOssetiansNorth134NA0.000.75vauthors = Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Zhivotovsky LA, King RJ, Lin AA, Chow CE, Semino O, Battaglia V, Kutuev I, Järve M, Chaubey G, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Mehdi SQ, Sengupta S, Rogaev EI, Khusnutdinova EK, Pshenichnov A, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E, Jeran N, Augustin DH, Baldovic M, Herrera RJ, Thangaraj K, Singh V, Singh L, Majumder P, Rudan P, Primorac D, Villems R, Kivisild Ttitle = Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1ajournal = European Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 18issue = 4pages = 479–484date = April 2010pmid = 19888303doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2009.194pmc = 2987245ref =publication-date = April 2010 }}
EuropeEstonia100NA0.0035.00
EuropeRomania335NA0.0017.01
EuropeCroatiaKrk (island)74NA0.0036.49
EuropeCroatiaBrac (island)49NA0.0024.49
EuropeCroatiaHvar (island)91NA0.006.59
EuropeCroatiaKorcula (island)134NA0.0015.67
EuropeCroatiamainland108NA0.0026.85
EuropeBosnia-HerzegovinaHerzegovina141NA0.0012.06
EuropeKosovoAlbanians114NA0.003.51
EuropeSerbia113NA0.0018.58
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonia79NA0.0013.92
EuropeCzech Republic53NA0.0037.74
EuropeBelarusBrest97NA0.0058.8vauthors = Underhill PA, Poznik GD, Rootsi S, Järve M, Lin AA, Wang J, Passarelli B, Kanbar J, Myres NM, King RJ, Di Cristofaro J, Sahakyan H, Behar DM, Kushniarevich A, Sarac J, Saric T, Rudan P, Pathak AK, Chaubey G, Grugni V, Semino O, Yepiskoposyan L, Bahmanimehr A, Farjadian S, Balanovsky O, Khusnutdinova EK, Herrera RJ, Chiaroni J, Bustamante CD, Quake SR, Kivisild T, Villems Rtitle = The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1ajournal = European Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 23issue = 1pages = 124–131date = January 2015pmid = 24667786doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2014.50pmc = 4266736ref = }}
EuropeBelarus267NA0.0054.7
EuropeBelarus50NA0.0042.00
EuropeRussiaRussians39NA0.0038.46
Central AsiaTajiks, Turkmens38NA0.007.89
North AsiaRussiaTuvas104NA0.007.69
North AsiaRussiaAltaians58NA0.0041.38
South AsiaIndiaJammu Jharkhand61NA0.0037.70
South AsiaIndiaAndhra-Pradesh Jharkhand19NA0.0026.32
South AsiaIndiaMadhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh54NA0.0035.19
South AsiaIndiaKhatri-Punjab/Haryana15NA0.0067.00
South AsiaIndiaAhir-Punjab/Haryana24NA0.0063.00
South AsiaIndiaUttar-Pradesh Jharkhand171NA0.0049.71
South AsiaIndiaUttranchal Jharkhand21NA0.0047.62
South AsiaIndiaWest-Bengal Chhattisgarh49NA0.0048.98
South AsiaIndiaAsur Maharashtra88NA0.005.68
South AsiaIndiaHo Madhya-Pradesh45NA0.000.00
South AsiaIndiaMawasi Orissa27NA0.003.70
South AsiaIndiaMawasi Chhattisgarh12NA0.008.33
South AsiaIndiaMahali Orissa32NA0.009.38
South AsiaIndiaSanthal Meghalaya20NA0.0010.00
South AsiaIndiaBirhor Meghalaya27NA0.003.70
South AsiaIndiaBirhor35NA0.002.86
South AsiaIndiaBaiga23NA0.008.70
South AsiaIndiaBaiga42NA0.002.38
South AsiaIndiaKharia37NA0.005.41
South AsiaIndiaSavara21NA0.009.52
South AsiaIndiaMeghwal Rajasthan50NA0.0030.00
South AsiaIndiaGaro25NA0.004.00
South AsiaIndiaLohana Gujarat20NA0.0060.00
South AsiaIndiaKhasi21NA0.004.76
South AsiaIran87NA0.0010.34
South AsiaPakistanSindhi134NA0.0049.00
South AsiaPakistanMohanna70NA0.0071.00
EuropeTurkey89NA0.003.37
CaucasusArmenia25NA0.004.00
CaucasusMegrels67NA0.008.96
CaucasusAbkhazes162NA0.009.26
CaucasusAvars42NA0.002.38
CaucasusChamalals27NA0.007.41
CaucasusBagvalals28NA0.003.57
CaucasusAndis49NA0.002.04
CaucasusLezgis31NA0.000.00
CaucasusDarginians68NA0.000.00
CaucasusTabasarans43NA0.002.33
CaucasusAdyghes160NA0.0011.25
CaucasusKarachays69NA0.0027.54
CaucasusKumyks76NA0.0013.16
CaucasusBalkars136NA0.0025.74
CaucasusCherkessians126NA0.0012.70
CaucasusKabardians141NA0.7113.48
CaucasusAbazas89NA0.0019.10
CaucasusNogays87NA0.0012.64
CaucasusKaranogays77NA0.009.09
CaucasusTats10NA0.000.00
EuropeCrete193NA0.008.81
Middle EastOman121NA0.009.09
Middle EastIran150NA0.6712.67
Middle EastUnited Arab Emirates164NA0.007.32
EuropeTurkey523NA0.006.88
EuropeLithuaniaAukštaičiai10645.3NANAvauthors = Kasperaviciūte D, Kucinskas V, Stoneking Mtitle = Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA variation in Lithuaniansjournal = Annals of Human Geneticsvolume = 68issue = Pt 5pages = 438–452date = September 2004pmid = 15469421doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.xref =s2cid = 26562505orig-date = online September 2004 }}
EuropeLithuaniaŽemaičiai9044.4NANA
EuropeNorwayNorth37727.1NANAvauthors = Dupuy BM, Stenersen M, Lu TT, Olaisen Btitle = Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norwayjournal = Forensic Science Internationalvolume = 164issue = 1pages = 10–19date = December 2006pmid = 16337760doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009ref = }}
EuropeNorwayMiddle31731.5NANA
EuropeNorwayWest30124.3NANA
EuropeNorwayEast49326.8NANA
EuropeNorwayBergen9328NANA
EuropeNorwayOslo10919.3NANA
EuropeNorwaySouth7613.2NANA
EuropeSpain/Portugallarge survey1140NA0.001.2vauthors = Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MAtitle = The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsulajournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 83issue = 6pages = 725–736date = December 2008pmid = 19061982pmc = 2668061doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007ref = }}
EuropeGreeceGreeks92NA0.0016.3vauthors = Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, King RJ, Rootsi S, Marjanovic D, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Drobnic K, Durmishi N, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Underhill PA, Semino Otitle = Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europejournal = European Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 17issue = 6pages = 820–830date = June 2009pmid = 19107149pmc = 2947100doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249ref =orig-date = online December 2008 }}
EuropeGreeceMacedonian Greeks57NA1.8010.5
EuropeAlbania55NA0.009.1
EuropeBosniaSerbs81NA0.0013.6
EuropeBosniaBosniacs84NA0.0015.5
EuropeBosniaCroats90NA0.0012.2
EuropeCroatia89NA0.0027.0
EuropeHungary53NA0.0056.6
EuropeCzech Republic75NA0.0041.3
EuropePoland99NA0.0056.6
EuropeUkraine92NA0.0050.0
EuropeGeorgia66NA0.0010.6
EuropeRussiaBalkarians38NA0.0013.2
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaAlbanian language64NA0.001.6
EuropeCroatiaOsijek29NA0.0037.9
EuropeSloveniaSlovenians75NA0.0038.70
EuropeItalyNorth East67NA0.0010.4
--Ashkenazi Cohen76NA0.001.3vauthors = Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Hammer MF, Bulygina E, Rosengarten D, Jones AL, Held K, Moses V, Goldstein D, Bradman N, Weale MEtitle = Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestriesjournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 73issue = 4pages = 768–779date = October 2003pmid = 13680527pmc = 1180600doi = 10.1086/378506 }}
--Sephardi Cohen69NA0.005.8
Europe-Ashkenazi Levite60NA0.0051.7
--Sephardi Levite31NA0.003.2
Middle EastIsraelAshkenazi100NA0.004.0
Middle EastIsraelSephardi63NA0.001.6
EuropeGermany88NA0.0012.5
EuropeNorway83NA0.0021.7
EuropeGermanySorbs112NA0.0063.4
EuropeBelarus306NA0.3351.0
EuropeSpainSpanish Basques42NANA0.0vauthors = Capelli C, Redhead N, Abernethy JK, Gratrix F, Wilson JF, Moen T, Hervig T, Richards M, Stumpf MP, Underhill PA, Bradshaw P, Shaha A, Thomas MG, Bradman N, Goldstein DBtitle = A Y chromosome census of the British Islesjournal = Current Biologyvolume = 13issue = 11pages = 979–984date = May 2003pmid = 12781138doi = 10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00373-7s2cid = 526263doi-access = freebibcode = 2003CBio...13..979Chdl = 20.500.11820/8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651ehdl-access = free }}
EuropeBritish CrownChannel Islands128NANA2.0
EuropeEnglandChippenham52NANA6.0
EuropeEnglandCornwall52NANA6.0
EuropeEnglandDorchester73NANA4.0
EuropeEnglandFaversham55NANA2.0
EuropeEnglandMidhurst80NANA1.0
EuropeEnglandMorpeth95NANA2.0
EuropeEnglandNorfolk121NANA2.0
EuropeEnglandPenrith90NANA2.0
EuropeEnglandSouthwell70NANA4.0
EuropeEnglandUttoxeter84NANA0.0
EuropeEnglandYork46NANA2.0
EuropeDenmark/GermanyDenmark/Schleswig-Holstein190NANA8.0
EuropeIrelandCastlerea43NANA0.0
EuropeBritish CrownIsle of Man62NANA8.0
EuropeNorway201NANA12.0
EuropeScotlandOrkney121NANA7.0
EuropeIrelandRush, Dublin76NANA1.0
EuropeScotlandDurness51NANA2.0
EuropeScotlandOban42NANA2.0
EuropeScotlandPitlochry41NANA0.0
EuropeScotlandStonehaven44NANA5.0
EuropeScotlandWestern Isles88NANA3.0
EuropeScotlandShetland63NANA6.0
EuropeWalesHaverfordwest59NANA2.0
EuropeWalesLlangefni80NANA1.0
EuropeWalesLlanidloes57NANA4.0
EuropeTurkey523NANA6.9vauthors = Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, Lillie AS, Roseman CC, Lin AA, Prince K, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Semino O, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PAtitle = Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatoliajournal = Human Geneticsvolume = 114issue = 2pages = 127–148date = January 2004pmid = 14586639doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4s2cid = 10763736 }}
EuropeItalySicily236NANA5.5vauthors = Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F, Robino C, Inturri S, Gino S, Guarrera S, Underhill PA, King RJ, Romano V, Cali F, Gasparini M, Matullo G, Salerno A, Torre C, Piazza Atitle = Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosomejournal = European Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 17issue = 1pages = 91–99date = January 2009pmid = 18685561pmc = 2985948doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2008.120 }}
EuropeGreece77NANA15.6vauthors = Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Qtitle = Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistanjournal = European Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 15issue = 1pages = 121–126date = January 2007pmid = 17047675pmc = 2588664doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 }}
South AsiaPakistanBurusho97NANA25.8
South AsiaPakistanKalash44NANA18.2
South AsiaPakistanPathan (Pashtun)96NANA44.8
South AsiaPakistan638NANA37.1
South AsiaNepalTharu from Chitwan District in central Inner Terai ('CI' village sample)57NA0.0010.5vauthors = Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, Torroni A, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti SAtitle = Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variationjournal = BMC Evolutionary Biologyvolume = 9issue = 1article-number = 154date = July 2009pmid = 19573232pmc = 2720951doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-154bibcode = 2009BMCEE...9..154Fdoi-access = free }}
South AsiaNepalTharu from Chitwan District ('CII' village sample)77NA0.003.9
South AsiaNepalTharu from Morang District in eastern Outer Terai37NA0.0016.2
South AsiaNepal/IndiaHindus (as proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan District, Nepal26NA0.0069.2
South AsiaIndiaHindus New Delhi49NA0.0034.7
South AsiaIndiaAndhara Pradesh tribal29NA0.0027.6
EuropePoland913NANA57.0vauthors = Kayser M, Lao O, Anslinger K, Augustin C, Bargel G, Edelmann J, Elias S, Heinrich M, Henke J, Henke L, Hohoff C, Illing A, Jonkisz A, Kuzniar P, Lebioda A, Lessig R, Lewicki S, Maciejewska A, Monies DM, Pawłowski R, Poetsch M, Schmid D, Schmidt U, Schneider PM, Stradmann-Bellinghausen B, Szibor R, Wegener R, Wozniak M, Zoledziewska M, Roewer L, Dobosz T, Ploski Rtitle = Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysisjournal = Human Geneticsvolume = 117issue = 5pages = 428–443date = September 2005pmid = 15959808doi = 10.1007/s00439-005-1333-9s2cid = 11066186 }}
EuropeGermany1215NANA17.9
EuropeGermanyBerlin103NANA22.3
EuropeGermanyLeipzig144NANA27.1
EuropeGermanyMagdeburg100NANA21
EuropeGermanyRostock96NANA31.3
EuropeGermanyGreifswald104NANA19.2
EuropeGermanyHamburg161NANA16.8
EuropeGermanyMünster102NANA7.8
EuropeGermanyFreiburg102NANA10.8
EuropeGermanyCologne96NANA15.6
EuropeGermanyMainz95NANA8.4
EuropeGermanyMunich95NANA14.3
EuropeGreeceNea Nikomedeia57NA0.0021.1vauthors = King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, Kouvatsi A, Lin AA, Chow CE, Zhivotovsky LA, Michalodimitrakis M, Underhill PAtitle = Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithicjournal = Annals of Human Geneticsvolume = 72issue = Pt 2pages = 205–214date = March 2008pmid = 18269686doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.xs2cid = 22406638 }}
EuropeGreeceSesklo/Dimini57NA0.0010.5
EuropeGreeceLerna/Franchthi57NA0.001.8
EuropeGreeceCrete193NA0.508.3
EuropeGreeceCrete, Heraklion Prefecture104NA0.008.7vauthors = Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA, Gayden T, Moschonas NK, Chow CE, Conti S, Mamolini E, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJtitle = Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateaujournal = European Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 15issue = 4pages = 485–493date = April 2007pmid = 17264870doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769s2cid = 9847088doi-access = free }}
EuropeGreeceCrete, Lasithi Plateau41NA0.0029.3
EuropeGreeceCrete, Lasithi Prefecture23NA0.0017.4
EuropeUkraine94NANA43.6vauthors = Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA, Kozhekbaeva ZM, Gusar VA, Grechanina EY, Puzyrev VP, Khusnutdinova EK, Yankovsky NKtitle = Gene pool structure of eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups.journal = Russian Journal of Geneticsdate = March 2004volume = 40issue = 3pages = 326–331doi = 10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2fs2cid = 25907265 }}
EuropeBelarus68NANA45.6
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk)20NANA50.0vauthors = Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Medvedeva OF, Spiridonova MG, Voevoda MI, Tadinova VN, Puzyrev VPtitle = Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups.journal = Russian Journal of Geneticsdate = May 2007volume = 43issue = 5pages = 551–562doi = 10.1134/S1022795407050110s2cid = 566825 }}
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol)11NANA18.2
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Northern Altaians (Turochak)19NANA36.8
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir)43NANA58.1
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Southern Altaians (Kulada)46NANA52.2
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach)7NANA28.6
EuropeEnglandWest Lancashire (standard 2-G)49NANA2.0vauthors = Bowden GR, Balaresque P, King TE, Hansen Z, Lee AC, Pergl-Wilson G, Hurley E, Roberts SJ, Waite P, Jesch J, Jones AL, Thomas MG, Harding SE, Jobling MAtitle = Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest Englandjournal = Molecular Biology and Evolutionvolume = 25issue = 2pages = 301–309date = February 2008pmid = 18032405pmc = 2628767doi = 10.1093/molbev/msm255ref =quote = Samples ascertained on the basis of two generations of residence were compared with independent samples based on known ancestry in the region, plus the possession of a surname known from historical records to have been present there in medieval times. }}
EuropeEnglandWirral Peninsula (standard 2-G)100NANA4.0
EuropeEnglandWest Lancashire (medieval)42NANA16.7
EuropeEnglandWirral Peninsula (medieval)37NANA13.5
South AsiaIndiaSouth India, Chenchu41NANA26.8vauthors = Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, Metspalu E, Adojaan M, Tolk HV, Stepanov V, Gölge M, Usanga E, Papiha SS, Cinnioğlu C, King R, Cavalli-Sforza L, Underhill PA, Villems Rtitle = The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populationsjournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 72issue = 2pages = 313–332date = February 2003pmid = 12536373pmc = 379225doi = 10.1086/346068bibcode = 2003AmJHG..72..313K }}
South AsiaIndiaSouth India, Koya41NANA2.4
South AsiaIndiaWest Bengal31NANA38.7
South AsiaIndiaKonkanastha Brahmins, Bombay43NANA41.9
South AsiaIndiaGujarat29NANA24.1
South AsiaIndiaLambadi35NANA8.6
South AsiaIndiaPunjab66NANA47.0
South AsiaSri LankaSinhalese39NANA12.8
North AsiaRussiaTuvan40NANA7.5vauthors = Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, Su B, Jin L, Schurr TG, Underhill PA, Wallace DCtitle = The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomesjournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 70issue = 1pages = 192–206date = January 2002pmid = 11731934pmc = 384887doi = 10.1086/338457 }}
North AsiaRussiaTofalar19NANA5.3
North AsiaRussiaBuryat13NANA0.0
North AsiaRussiaYenisey Evenk31NANA9.7
North AsiaRussiaOkhotsk Evenk16NANA0.0
North AsiaRussiaUlchi/Nanai53NANA0.0
North AsiaRussiaUpriver Negidal10NANA0.0
North AsiaRussiaDownriver Negidal7NANA0.0
North AsiaRussiaUgedey20NANA5.0
North AsiaRussiaNivkh17NANA0.0
North AsiaRussiaKamchatka, Koryak27NANA0.0
North AsiaRussiaKamchatka, Itel\'man18NANA22.2
North AsiaRussiaChukotka, Chukchi24NANA4.2
North AsiaRussiaChukotka, Asiatic Eskimo33NANA0.0
CaucasusRussiaAbazinians14NANA14.0vauthors = Nasidze I, Ling EY, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Naderi GA, Asgary S, Sardas S, Farhud DD, Sarkisian T, Asadov C, Kerimov A, Stoneking Mtitle = Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasusjournal = Annals of Human Geneticsvolume = 68issue = Pt 3pages = 205–221date = May 2004pmid = 15180701doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.xs2cid = 27204150doi-access = free }}
CaucasusRussiaChechenians19NANA5.0
CaucasusRussiaDarginians26NANA0.0
CaucasusRussiaIngushians22NANA0.0
CaucasusRussiaKabardinians59NANA2.0
CaucasusRussiaLezgi (Dagestan)25NANA0.0
CaucasusRussiaOssetians (Ardon)28NANA4.0
CaucasusRussiaOssetians (Digora)31NANA0.0
CaucasusRussiaRutulians24NANA0.0
CaucasusGeorgiaAbkhazians12NANA33.0
CaucasusArmeniaArmenians100NANA6.0
CaucasusAzerbaijanAzerbaijanians72NANA7.0
CaucasusGeorgiaGeorgians77NANA10.0
EuropeTurkey39NANA13.0
Middle EastIranIsfahan50NANA18.0
Middle EastIranTehran80NANA20.0
South AsiaPakistanBalti13NANA15.0vauthors = Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Helgason A, Mazhar K, Mansoor A, Zerjal T, Tyler-Smith C, Mehdi SQtitle = Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistanjournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 70issue = 5pages = 1107–1124date = May 2002pmid = 11898125pmc = 447589doi = 10.1086/339929 }}
South AsiaPakistanBrahui110NANA8.2
South AsiaPakistanBurusho94NANA27.7
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Hazara23NANA60.9
South AsiaPakistanKalash44NANA9.1
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Kashmiri12NANA25.0
South AsiaPakistanMakrani Baluch25NANA24.0
South AsiaPakistanMakrani Negroid33NANA18.2
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Parsi90NANA26.7
South AsiaPakistanPathan (Pashtun)93NANA10.8
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Sindhi122NANA12.3
EuropeAlbaniaAlbanian51NANA9.8vauthors = Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AStitle = Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean areajournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 74issue = 5pages = 1023–1034date = May 2004pmid = 15069642pmc = 1181965doi = 10.1086/386295bibcode = 2004AmJHG..74.1023S }}
EuropeFranceFrench Basque22NANA0.0
EuropeSpainSpanish Basque45NANA0.0
EuropeItalyCalabrian37NANA0.0
EuropeSpainCatalan24NANA0.0
EuropeItalyCentral/Northern50NANA4.0
EuropeCroatiaCroatian58NANA29.3
EuropeCzech Republic/SlovakiaCzech/Slovak45NANA26.7
EuropeNetherlandsDutch27NANA3.7
EuropeGeorgiaGeorgian63NANA7.9
EuropeGermanyGerman16NANA6.2
EuropeGreeceGreek76NANA11.8
EuropeHungaryHungarian45NANA60.0
Middle EastLebanonLebanese31NANA9.7
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonian20NANA35.0
EuropePolandPolish55NANA56.4
EuropeSaami24NANA8.3
EuropeItalySardinian77NANA0.0
EuropeSyriaSyrian20NANA10.0
EuropeTurkeyTurkish30NANA6.6
AsiaRussiaUdmurt43NANA37.2
EuropeUkraineUkrainian50NANA54.0
South AsiaPakistan85NANA16.5vauthors = Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PAtitle = Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralistsjournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 78issue = 2pages = 202–221date = February 2006pmid = 16400607pmc = 1380230doi = 10.1086/499411bibcode = 2006AmJHG..78..202S }}
South AsiaIndiaRajput (of Rajasthan)29NANA31.3
South AsiaPakistanSouthern91NANA31.9
Southeast AsiaCambodia6NANA0.0
East AsiaChina128NANA0.0
East AsiaJapan23NANA0.0
North AsiaSiberia18NANA0.0
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Austro-Asiatic)64NANA0.0
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Dravidian)18NANA2.8
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Tibeto-Burman)87NANA4.6
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Indo-European)21NANA19.1
South AsiaIndiaDravidian Upper Caste59NANA28.8
South AsiaIndiaDravidian Middle Caste85NANA11.8
South AsiaIndiaDravidian Lower Caste29NANA24.1
South AsiaIndiaIndo-European Upper Caste86NANA45.4
South AsiaIndiaIndo-European Middle Caste48NANA50.4
South AsiaIndiaIndo-European Lower Caste50NANA26.0
South AsiaIndiaKashmiri Gujars49NA0.0040.86vauthors = Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, Bhat AK, Bhanwer AJ, Tiwari PK, Bamezai RNtitle = The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste systemjournal = Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 54issue = 1pages = 47–55date = January 2009pmid = 19158816doi = 10.1038/jhg.2008.2s2cid = 22162114doi-access = free }}
South AsiaIndiaKashmiri Pandits51NA3.9219.61
South AsiaIndiaGujarat Brahmins64NA0.0032.81
South AsiaIndiaBihar Paswan27NA0.0040.74
South AsiaIndiaBihar Brahmins38NA0.0060.53
South AsiaIndiaHimachal Pradesh Brahmin30NA0.0047.37
South AsiaIndiaIndian Punjab Brahmins49NA0.0035.71
South AsiaIndiaWest Bengal Brahmins30NA0.0072.22
South AsiaIndiaUttar Pradesh Brahmins31NA0.0067.74
South AsiaIndiaUttar Pradesh Kols38NA0.0014.81
South AsiaIndiaMadhya Pradesh Saharia57NA22.828.07
South AsiaIndiaMadhya Pradesh Brahmins42NA0.0038.1
South AsiaIndiaMaharashtra Brahmins32NA0.0043.33
EuropeMoldovaMoldavians, Carahasani72NANA34.7
EuropeMoldavaMoldavians Sofia, Drochia, Moldava54NANA20.4
EuropeRomaniaDniester-Carpathian region-NANA20.4
EuropeUkraineUkrainians, Rașcov (Rashkovo), Camenca district53NANA41.5
EuropeMoldavaGagauzes, Kongaz48NANA12.5
EuropeUkraineGagauzes, Etulia41NANA26.8
East AsiaChinaDongxiang (Mongolian descent)4928.0vauthors = Wang W, Wise C, Baric T, Black ML, Bittles AHtitle = The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiangjournal = Human Geneticsvolume = 113issue = 3pages = 244–252date = August 2003pmid = 12759817doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-0948-ys2cid = 11138499 }}
East AsiaChinaSalar (Central Asian Turkish descent)52NA17.0
East AsiaChinaBo\'an (Bonan) Mongolian descent47NA26.0
CaucasusArmeniaArarat44NA0.000.0vauthors = Weale ME, Yepiskoposyan L, Jager RF, Hovhannisyan N, Khudoyan A, Burbage-Hall O, Bradman N, Thomas MGtitle = Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national groupjournal = Human Geneticsvolume = 109issue = 6pages = 659–674date = December 2001pmid = 11810279doi = 10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9s2cid = 23113666 }}
CaucasusArmenia/Georgia\"Northern Armenians\"189NA0.534.2
CaucasusArmeniaSyunik (South Armenia)140NA0.009.3
CaucasusAzerbaijan/ArmeniaKarabakh215NA0.005.6
Middle EastIranIsfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent)56NA0.001.8
EuropeTurkeynear Armenia90NA1.113.3
EuropeTurkeyIstanbul University173NA0.0010.4
CaucasusAzerbaijanBaku29NA0.0010.3
Middle EastSyriaDamascus University44NA0.002.3
CaucasusGeorgiaTbilisi68NA0.004.4
EuropeGreeceAthens132NA0.006.1
EuropeMongoliasoldiers mainly from Khalkh402NA0.002.5
EuropeHungary215NA1.4024.2
EuropeWalesNorth Wales98NANA1.0vauthors = Weale ME, Weiss DA, Jager RF, Bradman N, Thomas MGtitle = Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migrationjournal = Molecular Biology and Evolutionvolume = 19issue = 7pages = 1008–1021date = July 2002pmid = 12082121doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160doi-access = free }}
EuropeEnglandEnglish Midlands136NANA4.4
EuropeEnglandEast Anglia173NANA4.6
EuropeNetherlandsFriesland94NANA7.4
EuropeNorway83NANA21.7
EuropeUnited KingdomBritish25NANA0.0
EuropeScotlandOrkney26NANA27.0
EuropeRussiaPomor28NANA36.0
EuropeRussiaRussian, North49NANA43.0
AsiaRussiaRussian, Tashkent89NANA47.0
EuropeRussiaKazan Tatar38NANA24.0
EuropeRussiaSaami23NANA22.0
AsiaRussiaNenets54NANA11.0
Middle EastLebanon50NANA0.0
Middle EastIranTehran24NANA4.0
Middle EastIranShiraz12NANA0.0
Middle EastIranEsfahan16NANA0.0
CaucasusGeorgiaSvans (Svanetians)25NANA8.0
CaucasusGeorgiaKazbegi25NANA4.0
CaucasusGeorgiaSouth Ossetians17NANA6.0
CaucasusAzerbaijanLezgi in Azerbaijan12NANA8.0
CaucasusAzerbaijanAzerbaijanians21NANA10.0
CaucasusArmeniaArmenians47NANA9.0
Central AsiaAfghanistanPashtuns49NANA51.02vauthors = Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, Martínez-Cruz B, Douaihy B, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M, Rafatpanah H, Ghanbari M, Whale J, Balanovsky O, Wells RS, Comas D, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua PAtitle = Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical eventsjournal = PLOS ONEvolume = 7issue = 3article-number=e34288date = 2012pmid = 22470552pmc = 3314501doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0034288bibcode = 2012PLoSO...734288Hdoi-access = free }}
Central AsiaAfghanistanTajiks56NANA30.36
Central AsiaAfghanistanHazara60NANA6.66
Central AsiaAfghanistanUzbeks17NANA17.64
Central AsiaAfghanistanBalochs13NANA0.0
Central AsiaAfghanistanNuristanis5NANA60.0
Central AsiaTurkmenistanTurkmen30NANA7.0
Central AsiaTurkmenistanTurkmenistan Kurd17NANA12.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanSinte Romani15NANA0.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanIranian (Samarkand)53NANA11.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanTajik (Samarkand)40NANA25.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanArab Bukhara42NANA19.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanCrimean Tartar22NANA32.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanKarakalpak44NANA18.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Kashkadarya19NANA16.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Bukhara58NANA28.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Surkhandarya68NANA29.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Khorezm70NANA30.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Tashkent43NANA28.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Fergana Valley63NANA22.0
Central AsiaUzbekistanSamarkand45NANA13.0
Central AsiaTajikistan(near Afghanistan)25NANA68.0
Central AsiaTajikistanBartangi30NANA40.0
Central AsiaTajikistanShugnan44NANA23.0
Central AsiaTajikistanYagnobi31NANA16.0
Central AsiaTajikistanTajiks/Panjikent22NANA64.0
Central AsiaTajikistanTajiks/Dushanbe16NANA19.0
Central AsiaKyrgyzstanKyrgyz52NANA63.0
Central AsiaKyrgyzstanDungan (Sino-Tibetan)40NANA10.0
Central AsiaKazakhstanKazakhs54NANA4.0
Central AsiaKazakhstanUighur41NANA22.0
South AsiaIndiaSouth India Sourashtran46NANA39.0
South AsiaIndiaSouth India Kallar Dravidian84NANA4.0
South AsiaIndiaSouth India Yadhava129NANA13.0
North AsiaRussiaTuvinian42NANA14.0
North AsiaMongolia24NANA4.0
East AsiaKorea45NANA0.0
East AsiaChinaLiqian from Yongchang87NANA1.1vauthors = Zhou R, An L, Wang X, Shao W, Lin G, Yu W, Yi L, Xu S, Xu J, Xie Xtitle = Testing the hypothesis of an ancient Roman soldier origin of the Liqian people in northwest China: a Y-chromosome perspectivejournal = Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 52issue = 7pages = 584–591date = 2007pmid = 17579807doi = 10.1007/s10038-007-0155-0s2cid = 37658783doi-access = free }}
East AsiaChinaYugur from Sunan in Gansu52NANA1.9
East AsiaChinaTibetan from Guide, Qinghai39NANA2.6
East AsiaChinaUyghurs from Urumqi49NANANA
EuropeItalySardinia100.0NANAvauthors = Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte-Real HB, de Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M, Kivisild T, Kravchenko SA, Krumina A, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Livshits LA, Malaspina P, Maria S, McElreavey K, Meitinger TA, Mikelsaar AV, Mitchell RJ, Nafa K, Nicholson J, Nørby S, Pandya A, Parik J, Patsalis PC, Pereira L, Peterlin B, Pielberg G, Prata MJ, Previderé C, Roewer L, Rootsi S, Rubinsztein DC, Saillard J, Santos FR, Stefanescu G, Sykes BC, Tolun A, Villems R, Tyler-Smith C, Jobling MAtitle = Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by languagejournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 67issue = 6pages = 1526–1543date = December 2000pmid = 11078479pmc = 1287948doi = 10.1086/316890 }}
EuropeEnglandCornwall510.0NANA
EuropeSpainBasque260.0NANA
EuropePortugalNorthern3280.0NANA
North AfricaAlgeria270.0NANA
North Africa1290.0NANA
North AfricaTunisia'Jerbian' Arabs (from the island of Djerba)46NA4.34.3
EuropeFinland5710.0NANA
EuropeBulgaria2412.0NANA
EuropeNetherlands8413.0NANA
EuropeGermanyBavarian8015.0NANA
EuropeSwedenGotlander6416.0NANA
EuropeYugoslavian10016.0NANA
EuropeRussiaChuvash1718.0NANA
EuropeSwedenNorthern4819.0NANA
EuropeRomania4520.0NANA
EuropeIceland2821.0NANA
EuropeSaami4821.0NANA
EuropeHungary3622.0NANA
EuropeEstonia20727.0NANA
EuropeRussiaMari4829.0 (Tambets disagrees)NANA
EuropeUkraineUkraine2730.0NANA
EuropeGermany3030.0NANA
EuropeNorway5231.0NANA
EuropeLithuania3834.0NANA
EuropeSlovenia7037.0NANA
EuropeCzech Republic5338.0NANA
EuropeBelarus4139.0NANA
EuropeLatvia3441.0NANA
AsiaRussia12247.0NANA
EuropeSlovakia7047.0NANA
EuropePoland11254.0NANA
EuropeIreland571.0NANA
EuropeOssetia472.0NANA
EuropeCyprus452.0NANA
EuropeItaly992.0NANA
EuropeSpain1262.0NANA
EuropePortugalSouthern572.0NANA
EuropeBelgium924.0NANA
EuropeTurkey1675.0NANA
EuropeFrance405.0NANA
EuropeGeorgia646.0NANA
EuropeArmenia896.0NANA
EuropeDenmark567.0NANA
EuropeScotlandWestern1207.0NANA
EuropeScotland437.0NANA
EuropeGreece368.0NANA
EuropeEnglandEast Anglia1729.0NANA
EuropeIceland18123.8NANAvauthors = Helgason A, Sigureth ardóttir S, Nicholson J, Sykes B, Hill EW, Bradley DG, Bosnes V, Gulcher JR, Ward R, Stefánsson Ktitle = Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Icelandjournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 67issue = 3pages = 697–717date = September 2000pmid = 10931763pmc = 1287529doi = 10.1086/303046 }}
EuropeNorway11217.9NANA
EuropeSweden11017.3NANA
EuropeDenmark1216.7NANA
EuropeIreland2220.5NANA
EuropeScotland616.6NANA
EuropeBritain329.4NANA
EuropeGermany329.4NANA
EuropeGreece424.8NANA
EuropeItaly3322.7NANA
AsiaRussia3043.3NANA
EuropeEstonia7436.5NANA
EuropeRussiaKomi-Permyaks4223.8NANA
EuropeRussiaRussian (Perm)3743.2NANA
EuropeRussia - MordoviaMordovian Erzya4639.1NANA
EuropeRussia - MordoviaMordovian Moksi4621.7NANA
EuropeEstoniaEstonia Russian2626.9NANA
EuropeUkraineUkrainian650.0NANA
EuropeBulgariaBulgarian80817.5NANAvauthors = Karachanak S, Grugni V, Fornarino S, Nesheva D, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Carossa V, Yordanov Y, Torroni A, Galabov AS, Toncheva D, Semino Otitle = Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestryjournal = PLOS ONEvolume = 8issue = 3article-number=e56779date = 2013pmid = 23483890pmc = 3590186doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0056779bibcode = 2013PLoSO...856779Kdoi-access = free }}
EuropeTurkeyNortheast Turkish1118.2NANA
EuropeTurkeyCentral Anatolian1811.1NANA
EuropeTurkeySouthwest Turkish2910.3NANA
EuropeTurkeySoutheast Turkish1315.4NANA
EuropeCyprusTurkish Cypriots2213.6NANA
Middle EastTalysh2010.0NANAvauthors = Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Popa LO, Akar N, Anagnou N, Banyko J, Brdicka R, Barbujani G, Papola F, Ciavarella G, Cucci F, Di Stasi L, Gavrila L, Kerimova MG, Kovatchev D, Kozlov AI, Loutradis A, Mandarino V, Mammi' C, Michalodimitrakis EN, Paoli G, Pappa KI, Pedicini G, Terrenato L, Tofanelli S, Malaspina P, Novelletto Atitle = Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europejournal = Human Geneticsvolume = 115issue = 5pages = 357–371date = October 2004pmid = 15322918doi = 10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9s2cid = 18482536 }}
CaucasusAzerbaijanAzeri2412.5NANA
EuropeCroatiaMainland10834.3NANAvauthors = Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, Terzić R, Colak I, Kvesić A, Popović D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanović BD, Villems R, Rudan Ptitle = High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populationsjournal = Molecular Biology and Evolutionvolume = 22issue = 10pages = 1964–1975date = October 2005pmid = 15944443doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi185doi-access = free }}
EuropeBosnia-HerzogivinaBosnians6924.6NANA
EuropeBosnia-HerzogivinaHerzogivinians14112.1NANA
EuropeSerbiaSerbians11315.9NANA
EuropeKosovaAlbanians1144.4NANA
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonians7915.2NANA
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaRomani571.8NANA
EuropeCroatiaMainland10933.9NANA
EuropeCroatiaKrk7428.0NANA
EuropeCroatiaBrač4913.0NANA
EuropeCroatiaHvar918.0NANA
EuropeCroatiaKorčula13427.0NANA
EuropeRussiaNorth38034.20NANAvauthors = Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A, Kivisild T, Churnosov M, Evseeva I, Pocheshkhova E, Boldyreva M, Yankovsky N, Balanovska E, Villems Rtitle = Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian contextjournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 82issue = 1pages = 236–250date = January 2008pmid = 18179905pmc = 2253976doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019 }}
EuropeRussiaCentral36446.50NANA
EuropeRussiaSouth48455.40NANA
EuropePortugal5531.27NANA
EuropeSwedenSwedes14118.4NANAvauthors = Tambets K, Rootsi S, Kivisild T, Help H, Serk P, Loogväli EL, Tolk HV, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Pliss L, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Balanovska E, Gubina M, Zhadanov S, Osipova L, Damba L, Voevoda M, Kutuev I, Bermisheva M, Khusnutdinova E, Gusar V, Grechanina E, Parik J, Pennarun E, Richard C, Chaventre A, Moisan JP, Barác L, Pericić M, Rudan P, Terzić R, Mikerezi I, Krumina A, Baumanis V, Koziel S, Rickards O, De Stefano GF, Anagnou N, Pappa KI, Michalodimitrakis E, Ferák V, Füredi S, Komel R, Beckman L, Villems Rtitle = The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomesjournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 74issue = 4pages = 661–682date = April 2004pmid = 15024688doi = 10.1086/383203pmc = 1181943ref = }}
EuropeEstoniaEstonians20933.5NANA
EuropeLatviaLatvians8638.4NANA
EuropeRussiaMari11147.7 (Rosser disagrees)NANA
EuropeRussiaMordvin8326.5NANA
EuropeRussiaKomi9433NANA
EuropeRussiaUdmurt8710.3NANA
EuropeRussiaChuvash7931.6NANA
EuropeRussiaVolga Tatars12634.1NANA
EuropeFranceFrench610NANA
EuropeHungaryHungarians11320.4NANA
EuropeRussiaRussians6142.6NANA
North AsiaRussiaKhant474.3NANA
North AsiaRussiaNganasan380NANA
North AsiaRussiaNenets1480NANA
North AsiaRussiaSelkup13119.1NANA
North AsiaRussiaKet480NANA
North AsiaRussiaDolgan6716.4NANA
North AsiaRussiaYakut1551.9NANA
North AsiaRussiaBuryat811.2NANA
North AsiaRussiaEvenk961NANA
North AsiaRussiaEvens316.5NANA
North AsiaRussiaAltaians9846.9NANA
EuropeNorwayNorwegians7223.6NANA
EuropeDenmarkDanes19416.5NANA
EuropeTurkeyKurds Zazaki speakers27NANA25.9vauthors = Nasidze I, Quinque D, Ozturk M, Bendukidze N, Stoneking Mtitle = MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groupsjournal = Annals of Human Geneticsvolume = 69issue = Pt 4pages = 401–412date = July 2005pmid = 15996169doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.xs2cid = 23771698 }}
EuropeTurkeyKurds Kurmanji speakers87NANA12.7
Middle EastIraqKurds95NANA11.6vauthors = Brinkmann C, Forster P, Schürenkamp M, Horst J, Rolf B, Brinkmann Btitle = Human Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Kurdish population samplejournal = International Journal of Legal Medicinevolume = 112issue = 3pages = 181–183date = 1999pmid = 10335882doi = 10.1007/s004140050228s2cid = 25668279 }}
CaucasusGeorgiaKurds25NANA0.0
Middle EastJordanAmman101NANA2.0
Middle EastJordanDead Sea45NANA0.0
Middle EastIraqBaghdad, different ethnic groups139NANA6.5
EuropeRussiaArkhangelsk28NA0.0017.9vauthors = Mirabal S, Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Verbenko DA, Limborska SA, Herrera RJtitle = Y-chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russiajournal = European Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 17issue = 10pages = 1260–1273date = October 2009pmid = 19259129pmc = 2986641doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2009.6 }}
North AsiaRussiaKhanty27NA0.0014.8
EuropeRussia (Komi Republic)Izhma Komi from Izhemsky District54NA0.0029.6
EuropeRussia (Komi Republic)Komi from Priluzsky District49NA0.0032.7
EuropeRussiaKursk region Russian40NA0.0052.5
EuropeRussiaTver region Russian38NA0.0057.9
ContinentPopulation#No.Total%R-P25*R-V88R-M269R-M73
AfricaNorthern Africa6915.9%0.0%5.2%0.7%0.0%
AfricaCentral Sahel Region46123.0%0.0%23.0%0.0%0.0%
AfricaWestern Africa1230.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AfricaEastern Africa4420.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AfricaSouthern Africa1050.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
EuropeWestern Europeans46557.8%0.0%0.0%57.8%0.0%
EuropeNorth western Europeans4355.8%0.0%0.0%55.8%0.0%
EuropeCentral Europeans7742.9%0.0%0.0%42.9%0.0%
EuropeNorth Eastern Europeans741.4%0.0%0.0%1.4%0.0%
EuropeRussians606.7%0.0%0.0%6.7%0.0%
EuropeEastern Europeans14920.8%0.0%0.0%20.8%0.0%
EuropeSouth eastern Europeans51013.1%0.0%0.2%12.9%0.0%
AsiaWestern Asians3285.8%0.0%0.3%5.5%0.0%
AsiaSouthern Asians2884.8%0.0%0.0%1.7%3.1%
AsiaSouth eastern Asians100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AsiaNorth eastern Asians300.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AsiaEastern Asians1560.6%0.0%0.0%0.6%0.0%
TOTAL5326
R2

Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.

Tibeto-BurmanAustro-AsiaticDravidianIndo-EuropeanTribeLower CasteMiddle CasteUpper Caste
5.75%10.94%5.00%-
--13.79%10.00%
--3.53%18.75%
--10.17%16.28%
CountSample SizeR-M124 Frequency %UAEvauthors = Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJtitle = Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman.journal = European Journal of Human Geneticsdate = March 2008volume = 16issue = 3pages = 374–386doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934pmid = 17928816s2cid = 32386262doi-access = free }}vauthors = Mohammad T, Xue Y, Evison M, Tyler-Smith Ctitle = Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwaitjournal = Heredityvolume = 103issue = 5pages = 425–433date = November 2009pmid = 19639002pmc = 2869035doi = 10.1038/hdy.2009.72bibcode = 2009Hered.103..425M }}Yemenvauthors = Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AMtitle = Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordanjournal = Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 50issue = 9pages = 435–441date = 2005pmid = 16142507doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4s2cid = 6490283doi-access = free }}Lebanonvauthors = Myres NM, Rootsi S, Lin AA, Järve M, King RJ, Kutuev I, Cabrera VM, Khusnutdinova EK, Pshenichnov A, Yunusbayev B, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E, Rudan P, Baldovic M, Herrera RJ, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Villems R, Kivisild T, Underhill PAtitle = A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europejournal = European Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 19issue = 1pages = 95–101date = January 2011pmid = 20736979pmc = 3039512doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2010.146 }}vauthors = Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJtitle = The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrationsjournal = American Journal of Human Geneticsvolume = 74issue = 3pages = 532–544date = March 2004pmid = 14973781pmc = 1182266doi = 10.1086/382286 }}
82173.69%
1721.39%
11530.65%
11040.96%
21461.37%
29350.21%
1492.04%
11470.68%
R2b%Population
10.3%Burusho
6.8%Kalash
1.0%Pashtuns
3.4%Gujarat
0.63%Pakistan

P2a~ (P-B253)

The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P2a~ (P-B253).

Notes

References

References

  1. (September 2014). "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor". Journal of Human Genetics.
  2. (January 2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
  3. (2013). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data".
  4. (12 September 2020). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches".
  5. "P YTree".
  6. This pattern leads us to hypothesize a southeastern Asian origin for P-P295 and a later expansion of the ancestor of subhaplogroups R and Q into mainland Asia. An alternative explanation would involve an extinction event of ancestral P-P295* chromosomes everywhere in Asia. These scenarios are equally parsimonious. They involve either a migration event (P* chromosomes from Indonesia to mainland Asia) or an extinction event of P-P295* paragroup in Eurasia.
  7. (February 2021). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics.
  8. (20 November 2007). "Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past". National Geographic Books.
  9. (March 2016). "Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes". Current Biology.
  10. "P YTree".
  11. "Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data". [[David Reich Lab]].
  12. "ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020". ISOGG.
  13. (July 2018). "The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia". Science.
  14. (December 2018). "Early human dispersals within the Americas". Science.
  15. (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature.
  16. (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature.
  17. (March 2024). "The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal". Nature Communications.
  18. (January 2006). "Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions". Human Genetics.
  19. (April 2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics.
  20. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
  21. (February 2005). "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis". Gene.
  22. (November 2007). "Austro-Asiatic tribes of Northeast India provide hitherto missing genetic link between South and Southeast Asia". PLOS ONE.
  23. (March 2008). "Close genetic relationship between Semitic-speaking and Indo-European-speaking groups in Iran". Annals of Human Genetics.
  24. (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Human Heredity.
  25. (June 2001). "Mitochondrial DNA variation and language replacements in the Caucasus". Proceedings. Biological Sciences.
  26. (July 2003). "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  27. (January 2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
  28. (April 2010). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  29. (January 2015). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  30. (December 2006). "Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway". Forensic Science International.
  31. (December 2008). "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  32. (June 2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  33. (October 2003). "Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  34. (May 2003). "A Y chromosome census of the British Isles". Current Biology.
  35. (January 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics.
  36. (January 2009). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  37. (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  38. (July 2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology.
  39. (September 2005). "Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis". Human Genetics.
  40. (March 2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics.
  41. (April 2007). "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  42. (March 2004). "Gene pool structure of eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups.". Russian Journal of Genetics.
  43. (August 2005). "Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians.". Russian Journal of Genetics.
  44. (May 2007). "Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups.". Russian Journal of Genetics.
  45. (February 2008). "Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest England". Molecular Biology and Evolution.
  46. (February 2003). "The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  47. (January 2002). "The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  48. (May 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics.
  49. (May 2002). "Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  50. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  51. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  52. (January 2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics.
  53. The source (Varzari) gives location as ''Karahasani'', [[Tighina County (Moldova). ''Tighina district'']]. The [[Ștefan Vodă District]], where Carahasani, or {{sic
  54. (July 2006). "Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from ''Alu'' Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms".
  55. (August 2003). "The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang". Human Genetics.
  56. (December 2001). "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group". Human Genetics.
  57. (August 2008). "Haplogroup distribution of Hungarian population and the largest minority group.". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series.
  58. (July 2002). "Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration". Molecular Biology and Evolution.
  59. (2012). "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS ONE.
  60. (2007). "Testing the hypothesis of an ancient Roman soldier origin of the Liqian people in northwest China: a Y-chromosome perspective". Journal of Human Genetics.
  61. (December 2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  62. (October 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia". Journal of Human Genetics.
  63. (September 2000). "Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  64. (2013). "Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry". PLOS ONE.
  65. (October 2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics.
  66. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution.
  67. (January 2008). "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  68. (July 2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics.
  69. (April 2004). "The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  70. (April 2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis.". Elsevier.
  71. (July 2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups". Annals of Human Genetics.
  72. (1999). "Human Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Kurdish population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine.
  73. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations.". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
  74. (October 2009). "Y-chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  75. (2009). "Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity". Human Heredity.
  76. (March 2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman.". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  77. (November 2009). "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait". Heredity.
  78. (2005). "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan". Journal of Human Genetics.
  79. (April 2008). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  80. (January 2011). "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics.
  81. (March 2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics.
  82. (March 2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics.
Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

human-y-dna-haplogroups
Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Haplogroup P (Y-DNA) — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report