Haplogroup M-P256

Phylogenetic structure

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by YCC in 2008 and ISOGG in 2016.

• M (P256)*
  • M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
    • M1a(P34_1, P34_2, P34_3, P34_4, P34_5)
      • M1a1 (P51)
      • M1a2 (P94)
    • M1b (P87)
      • M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2)
        • M1b1a (M16)
        • M1b1b (M83)
  • M2 (M353, M387)
    • M2a (M177/SRY9138)
  • M3 (P117, P118)

Distribution

M* (M-P256*)

The paragroup M-P256* is found at a low frequency in New Guinea (6.3%) and Flores (2.5%).Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox, , Sean Downey, J. Stephen Lansing and Michael F. Hammer, "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia", Molecular Biological Evolution, (2010), vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1833-1844.

M1 (M-M4)

|origin-date=8,200 [3,800–20,600] years BP |origin-place=Southeast Asia - Melanesia

This group is found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.

• Una 100%
• Ketengban 100%
• Awyu 100%
• Citak 86%
• Asmat 75%
• West Papua
  • Lowlands/coast 77.5%
  • Highlands 74.5%
• Kombai/Korowai 46%
• Papua New Guinea
  • Coast 29%
  • Highlands 35.5%
• Tolai (New Britain) 31%
• Trobriand Islands 30%
• Maluku (Moluccas) 21%
• Torres Strait Islanders (Australia): up to 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% of samples, when 45% of the total were deemed to be "non-indigenous"

An extreme geographical outlier was apparently identified in a 2012 study, which reported a Hazara individual from Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, with M1 (among a sample of 60 males from the mentioned area). The Hazara individual carried the SNP M186 (which is believed to be equivalent to M4).

M1a (M-P34)

M1a (M-P34) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia (Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands.

M1b (M-P87)

M1b M-P87(xM104/P22) has been found in approximately 18% (20/109) of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% (5/43) of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% (19/395) of a pool of samples from New Britain (and, in particular, in about 24% (15/63) of Baining from East New Britain), in addition to one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea.

The subclade M1b1 (M104_1/P22_1, M104_2/P22_2) is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa.

M2 (M-M353)

M2 is found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna.

The subclade M2a (M-M177, also referred to as M-SRY9138) has been found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands.

Alternative names previously used within peer-reviewed literature for the M2a subclade are listed below.

M3 (M-P117)

M3 (P117, P118) is found frequently in populations of New Britain, and is also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna.

Previous phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, at least seven different naming systems for the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree were used within academic literature, leading to considerable confusion. To resolve this, in 2002, major research groups collaborated to form the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). This resulted in a joint paper publication that contained a single new tree as a standard to use by the scientific community. Later, another group of scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy worked to continually improve the naming system.

The table below brings together the nomenclature used in Haplogroup M studies, prior to the landmark 2002 YCC Tree, enabling researchers reviewing older literature to quickly convert between the different nomenclatures that were in use.

;Sources The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

• α and
• β
• γ
• δ
• ε
• ζ
• η

Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.

References

Sources for conversion tables

References

1. (2006-06-05). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution.
2. (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics.
3. (2008-05-01). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research.
4. "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup M".
5. (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y -chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
6. (2012-03-28). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE.
7. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology.
8. (2008-04-03). "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution.
9. (2006). "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific". Molecular Biology and Evolution.
10. (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology.