Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

Distribution

The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%). There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.

Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands ( It is also found at low frequencies on the Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).

Subclades

F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.

F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India.

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan. F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

• F
  • F* – China, Korea
  • F1
    • F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province), China, Korea, Kazakhstan
      • F1a – China, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Mongolia
        • F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture)
          • F1a1 – Japan, Korea, China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
            • F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
              • F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
            • F1a1b – Japan, Korea
            • F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
              • F1a1c1 – Moken
              • F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
            • F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwanese Aborigines (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
              • F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
          • F1a4
            • F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
              • F1a4a1 – Taiwanese Aborigines (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province), South Africa
            • F1a4b – China
        • F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
          • F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
        • F1a3
          • F1a3a – Philippines (Lipa City, Abaknon, Batak from Palawan Island, Aeta from Bataan), Taiwan, Indonesia
            • F1a3a1 – Taiwan (Bunun, Puyuma, etc.)
              • F1a3a1a – Japan, Korea
            • F1a3a2 – Philippines (Ivatan)
            • F1a3a3 – Taiwanese Aborigines (Tsou, Bunun, Makatao, Thao), Philippines (Ivatan)
            • F1a3a7 - Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia
            • F1a3a8 - Philippines
          • F1a3b - China (Hunan Han, etc.), Taiwan (Minnan from Kaohsiung, etc.), Kazakhstan (Jetisu)
          • F1a3c (C10223T) - Thailand (Khmer, etc.), China (Han)
          • F1a3e (C11860T) - Thailand, China (Uyghurs)
      • F1c – Japan
        • F1c1 – Japan
          • F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province)
            • F1c1a1 – Russia, China (Qingdao, etc.), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Oroqen, Zhuang (Bama), Taiwan (Minnan)
              • F1c1a1a – Tibet (Shannan, Sherpa, etc.), Yi
              • F1c1a1b – China
            • F1c1a2 – Tibet, Thailand, China (Chongqing), India
      • F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
    • F1-T16189C!
      • F1b - Korea, Japan, Mongolia, China (North China)
        • F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
          • F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
            • F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
              • F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
                • F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
                  • F1b1a1a1a – Japan
                • F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
                • F1b1a1a3 – Japan
            • F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
          • F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
          • F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
          • F1b1d – Japan, Korea
          • F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
            • F1b1e1 – Yakut
          • F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
      • F1d – China (Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Liaoning, Korean from Antu County, Hezhen, Minnan, Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province), South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux, Ak-Say), ancient Scythian
        • F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Newar of Nepal (12%), Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province), China, Japan, South Africa
      • F1e
        • F1e1 – China (North China), Mongolia
          • F1e1a – Japan
        • F1e2 – China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • F1e3 – China (Guangdong, etc.), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province and Phichit Province), Sumatra, Vietnam (Kinh)
      • F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao), Nepal (Newar, 2.4%)
  • F2
    • F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
    • F2a'b'g
      • F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan
        • F2a1 – China (Han from Shandong), Naxi, Bai, Nu, Tu (Monguor), Yi, Tibetan
        • F2a2 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Miao (Guizhou), Kinh (Guangxi), Dai and Lisu (Yunnan)
        • F2a3 – China (Han from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Shandong), Tu, Hui, Mongols in Inner Mongolia
      • F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
        • F2b1 – Thailand (Lao Isan in Roi Et Province and Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Yakut, Even (NE Sakha Republic), Yukaghir (NE Sakha Republic), Nepal (Newar, 1.1%)
      • F2g – China, Ladakh
    • F2c – China
      • F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
      • F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
    • F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
    • F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Vietnam (Dao)
      • F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
    • F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara), Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland
    • F2h'i – China
      • F2h – China, Tibet (Lhasa), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province)
      • F2i – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Korea
  • F3 (formerly R9a)
    • F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
      • F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou,Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0. etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
    • F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea, China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
      • F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
        • F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
          • F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
          • F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
        • F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
          • F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
  • F4
    • F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea
      • F4a1
        • F4a1a – Japan, China (Han from Lanzhou, She), Taiwan
        • F4a1b – China, Japan
      • F4a2 – China, Laos (Lao in Vientiane and Luang Prabang), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Nyah Kur in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province)
    • F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province)
      • F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

References

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