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Haplogroup E-M123

Human Y-chromosome haplogroup

Field	Value
name	E-M123
origin-place	Middle East or Sub-Saharan Africa
origin-date	15,000-20,000 ybp
ancestor	E-Z830
descendants	E-M34
mutations	M123, L798.1, L799, L857

|origin-place= Middle East or Sub-Saharan Africa |origin-date=15,000-20,000 ybp In human genetics, Y Haplogroup E-M123 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, and defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M123. Like its closest relatives within the larger E-M215 haplogroup, E-M123 is found in Asia, Europe and Africa.

Origin

The Levant and East Africa have both been proposed as the most likely origin for this lineage rather than North Africa. On the African continent, E-M34 seems to be localized to Semitic speakers in Ethiopia, and it has not been detected in other populations in the region such as in Somalia, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt.

Distribution

E-M123 is best known for its major sub-clade E-M34, which dominates this clade.As of 11 November 2008 for example, the E-M35 phylogeny project had records of four E-M123* tests (20 records; 26 May 2017), compared to 93 test results with E-M34. However, earlier studies did not test for E-M34. Looking beyond its geographical patterns, E-M123 is also quite common in many Semitic language communities, including among Ashkenazi, and Sephardic Jews, accounting for over 10% of all male lines .

Region and Population	N	E-M34	Study
Jordanians (Dead sea)	45	31.1	Flores et al. 2005
Ethiopian Amhara	34	23.5	Cruciani et al. 2004
Maronite Cypriot	57	21.05	Comparative Y-chromosome analysis among Cypriots in the context of historical events and migrations. 2021
Libyan Jews	20	20.0	Shen et al. 2004
Greek Cypriot	344	13.10	Y-chromosomal analysis of Greek Cypriots reveals a primarily common pre-Ottoman paternal ancestry with Turkish Cypriots. 2017
Ethiopian Jews	22	13.6	Cruciani et al. 2004
Kurd	59	13.6	Grugni et al. 2012
Albanians in Calabria	68	13.2	Semino et al. 2004
Jordanians	146	13.01	Floris et al. 2005
Beja Portugal	8	12.5	Beleza et al. 2006
Oman	121	12.0	Abu-amero et al. 2009
Sahara/Mauritania	189	11.1	Bekada et al. 2013
Assyrian Tehran Iran	9	11.1	Grugni et al. 2012
Mazara del Vallo Sicily Italy	18	11.1	Di Gaetano et al. 2009
Piazza Armerina Sicily Italy	28	10.71	Di Gaetano et al. 2009
Troina Sicily Italy	30	10.0	Di Gaetano et al. 2009
Algerian Kabyles	19	10.5	Arredi et al. 2004
Northern Egyptians	49	10.2	Trombetta et al. 2015
Hazara (Bamiyan)	69	10.1	Di Cristofaro et al. 2013
Yemeni Jews	20	10.0	Shen et al. 2004
Sephardim Jewish	40	10.0	Semino et al. 2004
Ashkenazi Jews
non-Levite, non-Cohanim	74	10.0	Hammer et al. 2009
Palestinians	367	9.5	Zalloua et al. 2008
Azeri Iran	63	9.5	Grugni et al. 2012
Ethiopian Wolayta	12	8.3	Cruciani et al. 2004
Yemen	62	8.1	Cadenas et al. 2007
Ethiopian Oromo	25	8	Cruciani et al. 2004
Erzurum Turkish	25	8	Cruciani et al. 2004
Omanite	13	7.7	Cruciani et al. 2004
Bedouins	28	7.1	Cruciani et al. 2004
Sicilians	136	6.6	Cruciani et al. 2004
Sephardi Turkish	19	5.3	Cruciani et al. 2004
United Arab Emirates	41	4.9	Cruciani et al. 2004
Northern Egyptians	21	4.8	Cruciani et al. 2004
Southeastern Turkish	24	4.2	Cruciani et al. 2004
Armenians	413	4.1	Herrera et al. 2011
Druze Arabs	28	3.6	Cruciani et al. 2004
Sardinians	367	3.5	Cruciani et al. 2004
Marrakesh Berbers	29	3.4	Cruciani et al. 2004
Palestinians	29	3.4	Cruciani et al. 2004
Central Anatolian	61	3.3	Cruciani et al. 2004
Istanbul Turkish	35	2.9	Cruciani et al. 2004
Southwestern Turkish	40	2.5	Cruciani et al. 2004
Southern Italians	87	2.3	Cruciani et al. 2004
Turkish Cypriots	46	2.2	Cruciani et al. 2004
Azeri	97	2.1	Cruciani et al. 2004
Northern Italians	67	1.5	Cruciani et al. 2004
Corsicans	140	1.4	Cruciani et al. 2004
Asturians	90	1.1	Cruciani et al. 2004
Caucasus	1952	0.4	Yunusbayev et al. 2011
Northern Portuguese	50	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Southern Portuguese	49	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Pasiegos from Cantabria	56	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Southern Spaniards	62	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Spanish Basques	55	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
French	85	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
French Basques	16	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Orkney Islanders	7	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Danish	35	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Central Italians	89	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Polish	38	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Estonians	74	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Russians	42	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Romanians	14	...	Cruciani et al. 2004
Bulgarians	808	1.9	Karachanak et al. 2013
Albanians	19	...	Cruciani et al. 2004

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)
(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)
E-P29	21	III	3A
E-M33	21	III	3A
E-M44	21	III	3A
E-M75	21	III	3A
E-M54	21	III	3A
E-P2	25	III	4
E-M2	8	III	5
E-M58	8	III	5
E-M116.2	8	III	5
E-M149	8	III	5
E-M154	8	III	5
E-M155	8	III	5
E-M10	8	III	5
E-M35	25	III	4
E-M78	25	III	4
E-M148	25	III	4
E-M81	25	III	4
E-M107	25	III	4
E-M165	25	III	4
E-M123	25	III	4
E-M34	25	III	4
E-M136	25	III	4

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

α and
β
γ
δ
ε
ζ
η

Phylogenetic trees

E-M123 (M123)
- E-M34 (M34)
  - E-M84 (M84)
    - E-M136 (M136)
  - E-M290 (M290)
  - E-V23 (V23)
  - E-L791 (L791, L792)

References

Notes

Works cited

Sources for conversion tables

Additional sources

References

"E-M123 YTree".
(2009-09-22). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics.
{{harvp. Cruciani. La Fratta. Santolamazza. Sellitto. 2004: "Although the frequency distribution of E-M34 could suggest that eastern Africa was the place in which the haplogroup arose, two observations point to a Near Eastern origin: (1) Within eastern Africa, the haplogroup appears to be restricted to Ethiopia, since it has not been observed in either neighboring Somalia or Kenya (present study) or Sudan (Underhill et al. 2000). By contrast, E-M34 chromosomes have been found in a large majority of the populations from the Near East so far analyzed (Underhill et al. 2000; Cinnioğlu et al. 2004; Semino et al. 2004 [in this issue]; present study). (2) E-M34 chromosomes from Ethiopia show lower variances than those from the Near East and appear closely related in the E-M34 network (fig. 2D). If our interpretation is correct, E-M34 chromosomes could have been introduced into Ethiopia from the Near East."
(November 2009). "Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood". Human Genetics.
{{Harvcoltxt. ISOGG. 2011
Lazaridis, Iosif. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature.
(3 March 2019). "Y-DNA E-M123; A Closer Look". yfull.
"E-M84 YTree".
(2020). "Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus". Cell.
Allentoft M.E., Sikora M., Sjogren K.G., Rasmussen S., Rasmussen M., Stenderup J., Damgaard P.B., Schroeder H., Ahlstrom T., Vinner L., et al. 2015 Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522(7555), 167-172. (doi:10.1038/nature14507).
(2020). "Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus". Cell.
(5 September 2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science.
(May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature.
"Genetic Landscape of the West Eurasian Steppe before and after the Scythian Dominance - Page 4".

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